THE EVOLUTION OF THE AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT POLICIES IN EUROPE

Prof. Giuseppe FumarolaUniversity of L’Aquila, Vice President CSIA/ATI, ItalyPresident EFCA

THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION & ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASSOCIATIONS (IUAPPA)

International SeminarURBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

21st – 23rd October 2002 - Sao Paulo, Brazil

“The most important message that IUAPPA has is for developing countries through the world, not to make the same mistakes which most industrial countries made over 100 years ago and which has taken them over 100 years to put right”

Rear Admiral P.G. Sharp, Director NSCA (UK),Fifth Int. Clean Air Congress, Buenos Aires, 1980

URBAN AIR QUALITY

MANAGEMENT

AIR POLLUTANT SOURCES

INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES

TRANSPORTATIONSTATIONARY COMBUSTION

PLANTS

ROMA at the August Emperor time, two thousand years ago, transportation by carts animal-

drawn at any time of the day created noise, nauseous odour and sanitary problems today a similar problem is smartly called sustainable mobility

LONDON at the time of King Edward I, in 1306, combustion in stationary sources (domestic

furnaces) which burned coal today the old "fashionable" smog of London has been substituted by the sly PM10. 

VENICE the furnaces for glass manufacture in XII century had to move away from the city, on the

near Murano island. today the artistic Murano glass production plants have still to comply with new

emission limits. A recent decree of the Italian Ministry of the Environment establish a deadline at the end of December 2002

At the beginning of the third Millennium: nothing new under the sun

Historical examples of complained environmental problems

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS

AIR

WATER

SOIL

Raw Materials

Products

Energy

EMISSIONS

/

WASTES

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS

A SB YA ST TE EM ME SN T

AIR

WATER

SOIL

Raw Materials

Products

Energy

E M WI AS SS TI EO SN S

END-OF-PIPE

TECHNOLOGIES Cmax= f(A.Q.S.)

Distance downwind to the chemney

u

PROCESS

Q (Kg/h)

Ce (mg/m3)

Ce Co

Co - Ce

= ------------

Co

Best Practicable Means (BPM)

Air Quality Management (AQM)

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS

ABATEMENT

SYSTEMS

AIR

WATER

SOIL

Raw Materials

Products

Energy

Emissions -Wastes

Recycle

Recycle

By-products-Wastes

RATIONAL USE AND RECYCLE OF

ENERGY, RAW MATERIALS, BY-PRODUCTS AND WASTES

EMISSIONS-

WASTES

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS

ABATEMENT

SYSTEMS

AIR

WATER

SOIL

Raw Materials

Products

Energy

Emissions-Wastes

Recycle

Recycle

By-products-Wastes

EMISSIONS-

WASTES

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

Command and Control

EUROPEAN UNION ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Polluter pays principle

Environmental taxation

Voluntary instruments

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS

AIR

WATER

SOIL

Raw Materials

Products

Energy

EmissionsWastes

Recycle

Recycle

By-productsWastes

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYCommand and Control

ABATEMENT

SYSTEMS

EMISSIONS-

WASTES

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS

AIR

WATER

SOIL

Raw Materials

Products

Energy

EmissionsWastes

Recycle

Recycle

By-productsWastes

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYEnvironmental Taxation

ABATEMENT

SYSTEMS

EMISSIONS-

WASTES

Ecolabel is an ecological quality mark for products of wide

use adopted in Europe in 1992.

It requires an environmental performance assessment

(impact on air, water and soil, waste production, energy

consumption, safety, etc.), along with defined criteria,

during the entire life cycle (from cradle to grave).

The label may be used in the market place relying on the

consumers perception for eco-labelled products.

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

ECOLABEL

EMAS is a voluntary instrument, adopted in Europe in 1993, conceived to encourage companies, not only industrial, and even public administrations, to adopt proactive initiatives for continuous improvements of the environmental performance of their processes, products and services.It aims at having more efficient use of raw materials and energy, minimizing wastes, minimising risk of impact on the environment, planning the investment in a more environmental friendly manner.The site subjected to EMAS is filed on an European Register and receives a mark which may be used in the market place to demonstrate to the public at large the positive commitment in the protection of the environment.

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYEMAS (Eco-Management and Audit Scheme)

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive 96/61/CE

PURPOSETo provide for a permitting system for certain categories of industrial

installations to achieve integrated prevention and control of pollution

and ensure a high level of protection for the environment as a whole

CONDITION To take all appropriate preventive measures against pollution through

the application of the Best Available Technology

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY

AVAILABLE: shall mean those techniques developed on a scale which allows implementation in the relevant industrial sector, under economically and technically viable conditions, taking into considerations costs and advantages, whether or not the techniques are used or produced inside the Member States in question, as long as they are reasonably accessible to the operator

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY: the most effective and advanced stage in the development of activities and their methods of operation which indicate the practical suitability of particular techniques for providing in principle the basis for emission limit values designed to prevent and, where that is not practicable, generally to reduce emissions and the impact on the environment as a whole

BEST: shall mean most effective in achieving a high general level of protection of the environment as a whole

TECHNOLOGY: shall include both the technology used and the way in which the installation is designed, built, maintained, operated and decommissioned.

Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

EUROPEAN UNION ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

“Seveso” Directives

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

ENGINE

EXHAUST

FUEL

THREE-WAY CATALITIC CONVERTER

EVAPORATION

COMPOSITION

EMISSION STANDARDSTECNICAL MODIFICATION

NEW PERFORMANCE

WASTE ENERGY

AIR POLLUTION FROM VEHICLES

GASOLINE/DIESEL OIL COMPOSITION

Parameter Unitmin max min max

Reasearch octane number RON 95Motor octane number MON 85Reid vapour pressure kPa 60Distillation : evaporated at 100 °C % v/v 46 evaporated at 120 °C % v/v 75Hydrocarbon analysis : olefins % v/v 18,0 aromatics % v/v 40,0 35,0 benzene % v/v 1,0Oxigen content % m/m 2,3Sulphur content mg/Kg 150 50Lead content g/l 0,005

Cetane number 51Density at 15 °C Kg/m3 845Distillation: 95% point °C 360

Some environmental rilevant limits for motor vehicle fuels

DIESEL OIL

Limits 2000 Limits 2005

UNLEADED GASOLINE

EMISSION LIMITS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES (g/Km)

PM NOX HC CO HC + NOX

Euro 2 1996 2,2 0,5Euro 3 2000 0,15 0,2 2,3*Euro 4 2005 0,08 0,1 1,0

Euro 2 1996 0,080 1,06 0,71Euro 3 2000 0,050 0,50 0,64 0,56Euro 4 2005 0,025 0,25 0,50 0,30

* different measure method

DIESEL OIL

UNLEADED GASOLINE

STATIONARY COMBUSTION PLANTS

General measures to fight air pollution

For domestic furnaces

USE OF SOLID FUELS FORBIDDEN

LIQUID FUELS WITH LOW SULPHUR CONTENT

GAS PIPE NETWORK

CONTROL OF COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY

For power plants

STRINGENT EMISSION STANDARDS

EMISSION TAXATION

MAIN ACTIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT IN

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

PURSUE A PROACTIVE APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AS A WHOLE

Integrated Product Policy

PURSUE THE MARKET-BASED MECHANISMS ACCORDING TO POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE

INVOLVE PUBLIC AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONS TO STIMULATE CHANGES IN CONSUMPTION PATTERNS

Green Public Procurement

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

IN AIR POLLUTION POLICY FOR VEHICLES

ENFORCE TAXATION INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION

EQUIP NEW CARS WITH ON-BOARD-DIAGNOSIS

PROMOTE ECO-LABELS FOR CARS WITH LOW

CONSUMPTION AND/OR ALTERNATIVE FUELS

IMPROVE FUEL COMPOSITION WITH NEW

ADDITIVES

REDUCE SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION OF FUEL

GLOBAL MANAGEMENT

HEALTH

ENVIRONMENT SAFETY

Two main lines for GLOBAL MANAGEMENT

TECHNOLOGIES:

• INHERENTLY EFFICIENT (minimal use of raw materials and energy)

• INHERENTLY CLEAN (minimal production of flue gases and wastes)

• INHERENTLY SAFE (minimal risk at workplace and for the living environment)

SOCIAL ASPECTS:

• EDUCATION

• PUBLIC PERCEPTION

• LEGISLATION

• ECONOMICAL RESOURCES