The evolution of digital libraries as socio-technical systems
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The evolution of digital libraries as socio-technical systems Presented at Nimitz Library United States Naval Academy December 14, 2015 by Karen Calhoun
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Transcript of The evolution of digital libraries as socio-technical systems
The evolution of digital libraries as socio-technical systems
Presented at Nimitz Library United States Naval Academy
December 14, 2015by Karen Calhoun
Karen Calhoun 2
What’s a socio-technical system?
Library as place, place
as library
InformationPeopleTechnology
(and space)
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A question for later discussion
Consider: Libraries have been defined along a continuum, from definitions emphasizing technology and/or collections toward those emphasizing their social (people) aspects.
Question: Where would you place Nimitz Library on this continuum, and in what ways is the library evolving (or not) to emphasize its social roles, for example, information fluency, or individual empowerment?
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Focus on collections Focus on community engagement
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Chapter 3 “Key themes and challenges in digital libraries”
Open access pre-print:https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/39195
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Differing perspectives on DLs
Actual or potential users
of DLsDL builders
Librarians and libraries
Publishers, professional societies, A&I services …
Computer and information scientists
Technologists
Experts in collaboration technology
Educators
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?
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“Digital libraries” defined
1. A field of research and practice with participants from many disciplines and professions, chiefly the computer, information and library sciences; publishing; the cultural heritage sector; and education.
2. Systems and services, often openly available, that (a) support the advancement of knowledge and culture; (b) contain managed collections of digital content (objects or links to objects, annotations and metadata) intended to serve the needs of defined communities; (c) often use an architecture that first emerged in the computer and information science/library domain and that typically features a repository, mechanisms supporting search and other services, resource identifiers, and user interfaces (human and machine).
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Technology
Collections
CommunitiesSource of definition: Exploring Digital Libraries, p. 18
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Thematic framework of core topics
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Image source: Exploring Digital Libraries, p. 64. ©2014. Used with permission.
Technology
CollectionsCommunities
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Interoperability and its facets
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Image: "INTERoperability" by Axelsaffran - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons –https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:INTERoperability.png#/media/File:INTERoperability.png
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Some aspects of interoperability
• Many “islands” of content• “Deep web” • Three dimensions:
• Getting disparate systems to work together in real time• Enabling software to work on different systems• Supporting the exchange of content
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A continuum of interoperability
Superficial uniformity
Syntactic interoperability
Semantic interoperability
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Semantic web approach: Google Knowledge Graph
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Semantic web approach: MusicBrainz & the BBC
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/music
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Community engagement
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Image: "Social Network Diagram (segment)" by DarwinPeacock, Maklaan. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg#/media/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg
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An example: Notre Dame Center for Digital Scholarship
“The Center for Digital Scholarship serves as a “hub” that enhances the teaching,
learning, and research process in every academic discipline”
http://library.nd.edu/cds/
EXPERTISE – metadata, GIS, digital initiatives, subject expertiseSERVICES – data analysis, data management planning, text mining, digitization, workshopsSTUDIOS – 3D printing, scanners, digitizationPARTNERSHIPS – Research Computing, Office of Research
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Participatory collection-building, roadshows, collecting days ...
http://www.nowseethis.org/peopleshistoryCarnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh PASource of slide: Aaron Brenner, my co-author for “Engaging Your Community Through Cultural Heritage Digital Libraries.” http://www.slideshare.net/amarintha/supporting-digital-scholarship-engaging-your-community-through-cultural-heritage-digital-libraries12/14/2015
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“Digital co-curation”
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“Engaging directly with how the war is experienced and felt in the present …” – Ross Wilson, 2012
“When we launched in late April, 2011, our sights were set on the approximately 9,000 menus photographed several years ago for inclusion in the NYPL Digital Gallery. Volunteers transcribed those in about three months!”
From 2008-2012 (4 years since release):
• 60K volunteer text correctors
• 92M lines of text corrected in 4M articles
Holley, Rose. 2012. “Building and Managing Online Communities.” Presented at the Web 2.0 Workshop, International Congress of Archives, Brisbane, Australia, August. http://www.slideshare.net/RHmarvellous/building-and-managing-online-communities12
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Intellectual property rights
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Image: Public domain.
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Impact of the current legal framework
• Traditional copyright law misaligned with the digital era• Re-use and exchange of metadata and digital content• What is lawful to digitize and preserve• National legal deposit programs• High costs of compliance with scholarly content license
terms• Complexity and costs of system development
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Issues associated with copyright
• Public domain and orphan works• Mass digitization• Digital preservation• Scholarly communications and open access• E-resource management (licensing, user authentication, … )• New options for content distribution (Creative Commons,
Open Data Commons, etc.)
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Sustainability
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Image source: Exploring Digital Libraries, p. 83 (figure 3.2) ©2014. Used with permission.
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Digital libraries and the social web
The advent of the social web provides an opportunity to shift the focus and core assumptions of digital libraries …
Away from:Their collections and information processes (selecting, organizing, providing access, etc.)
In favor of:New, community-centered ways of thinking about services, expectations and potential social roles.
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What is the social web?
The phrase social web refers collectively to the websites, tools, and services that facilitate interactions, collaboration, content creation and sharing, contribution and participation on the web.
PEOPLEE-mail, discussion forums, bookmarking, wikis, blogs, microblogs, media sharing, social networks …MACHINESWeb services, APIs, mashups, mobile apps, semantic web/linked data, Internet of Things (IoT)
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Changing community expectations
When individuals who use social sites and tools approach libraries, including digital libraries, they bring their social web expectations with them.
The digital libraries that continue to operate from a traditional, collections-centered service model (that is, nearly all of them) are now faced with finding their place in the fast-moving, chaotic information space of the social web.
Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/lukew/10453074195/ CC BY 2.0
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“The library is a growing organism”—Ranganathan
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Europeana Network. 2014. “Europeana Strategy 2020: ‘We Transform the World with Culture’: Europeana Strategy 2015-2020.” http://strategy2020.europeana.eu/
See also: DPLA. 2015. “Digital Public Library of America: Strategic Plan, 2015 through 2017.” http://dp.la/info/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/DPLA-StrategicPlan_2015-2017-Jan7.pdf
From portal to platform …“People want to re-use and play with the material, to interact with others and participate in creating something new.”
Access“If we can make material available online … we’ll start to see the benefits for society and the economy.”
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Over to you!
Consider: “Digital libraries” have been defined along a continuum, from definitions emphasizing technology and/or collections toward those emphasizing their social (people) aspects.
Question: Where would you place Nimitz Library on this continuum, and in what ways is the library evolving (or not) to emphasize its social roles, for example, information fluency, or individual empowerment?
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Focus on collections Focus on community engagement
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Some possibilities to consider?• Needs assessment of your
intended audiences?• Environmental scan: look at
examples in other organizations?
• Inventory your digital collections to identify opportunities to make them more social and aligned with community needs/practices?
• Reach out, look for willing partners and pilot/demo projects?
What else?
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No man is an Island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the Continent, a part of the main.Meditation XVII, John Donne
Thank you!
Image: public domain
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