The European Breeder Blanket concepts European TBM Project Organization TBM testing at ITER
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Transcript of The European Breeder Blanket concepts European TBM Project Organization TBM testing at ITER
International Workshop on Ceramic Breeder Blanket Interactions (CBBI-16)
Sept. 8-10, 2011, Portland, OR, USA
European Test Blanket Modules Project:
Organization, Objectives, Time Schedule and Development Strategy
M. ZmitkoTBM & MD Project Team, Fusion for Energy (F4E), Barcelona, Spain
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– The European Breeder Blanket concepts – European TBM Project Organization– TBM testing at ITER
• Time schedule– Ceramic breeder material for BB
• Requirements• Some R&D results• Current status
– Functional Materials Development Strategy• Key Milestones• Development, qualification and procurement plan• Key Technical Issues
Presentation Outline
The European Breeder Blanket concepts
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European breeder blanket concepts
HCPBHe-Cooled Pebble Bed
HCLLHe-Cooled lithium Lead
Structural material
Ferritic-Martensitic steel (EUROFER)
Ferritic-Martensitic steel (EUROFER)
Coolant Helium
(8 MPa, 300/500C)
Helium
(8 MPa, 300/500C)
Tritium breeder, multiplier
Solid (pebbles bed)
Li2TiO3/Li4SiO4, Be
6Li enrich. 40-70%
Liquid (liquid metal)
Pb-15.7at.%Li
6Li enrich. 90%
Tritium extraction
He purge gas
(~1 bar)
Slowly re-circulating PbLi; extraction outside the blanket
BreederBlanketsmodules
The European TBM Project organization
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• Fusion for Energy is the EU Domestic Agency for ITER
• The objectives of Fusion for Energy are threefold:– Provide Europe’s contribution to the ITER
international fusion energy project; • EU TBM Project Management & interface with ITER IO
– Implement the Broader Approach agreement between Euratom and Japan;
– Prepare for the construction of demonstration fusion reactors (DEMO).
Fusion for Energy
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European Laboratories and Institutions Involved
KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
NRG Petten, The Netherlands
CEA Saclay/Cadarache, France
ENEA Brasimone/Frascati, Italy
NRI Rez, Czech Republic
IPUL, Riga, Latvia
KFKI, HAS, Hungary
CIEMAT, Spain
TBM Consortium of Associates
Fusion for Energy (F4E)
TBMs ProjectTBMs Project
TBM Systems (and support equipment) ready to operate in
ITER
= HARDWARE
1.1 - HCLL TBS1.1.1 TBMs1.1.2 Ancillary Syst.1.1.3 DACS1.1.4 TBS Intg. Eng.
1.3 - HCPB TBS1.3.1 TBMs1.3.2 Ancillary Syst.1.3.3 DACS1.3.4 TBS Intg. Eng.
1.5 – Port Cell Int. Eng.
1.6 – SUPPORT EQUIPMENT
TBMs prototypes qualification prior
to ITER
= QUALIFICATION
1.2 - HCLL TBM/S PROTOTYPICAL PERF. EVAL./DEMO (*)
1.4 - HCPB TBM/S PROTOTYPICAL PERF. EVAL./DEMO (*)
Tests in ITER (and associated
maintenance, PIE)
= OPERATION
1.10 – TESTS IN ITER & PIE (*)
Project & System Engineering Management
= MANAGEMENT (SERVICE)
1.11 – PROJECT /TECHNICAL
MANAGEMENT
1.11.1 Proj. Man.
1.11.2 TBS Tech. Man.
1.11.2.1 HCLL TBS Tech. Man.
1.11.2.2 HCPB TBS Tech. Man.
Project Data (all types: tests, engineering,
qualification, PM, etc.)
= DATA COLLECTION
1.12 - DATA
Development and validation of DEMO relevant Materials,
Blanket Technologies and Predictive Tools to
be used/validated in TBMs
= VALIDATED TECHNO /
MATERIALS / TOOLS
1.7 - MATERIAL DEV/CHARACT.
1.8 - TECHNO DEV/QUALIF
1.8.1 Box fab.
1.8.2 Be coating
1.8.3 Anti-corr./perm.
1.8.4 Sensors
1.9 - PREDICTIVE TOOLS DEV/QUALIF
1.13 - SUPPORT TEST FACILITIES
TBM & Materials Development
Project Scope (1)
More details – See next slide
Note: TBM Project WBS dictionary issued in 2008
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TBM & Materials Development
Project Scope (2)
Development and validation of DEMO relevant Materials,
Blanket Technologies and Predictive Tools to
be used/validated in TBMs
= VALIDATED TECHNO /
MATERIALS / TOOLS
1.7 - MATERIAL DEV/CHARACT.
1.8 - TECHNO DEV/QUALIF
1.8.1 Box fab.
1.8.2 Be coating
1.8.3 Anti-corr./perm.
1.8.4 Sensors
1.9 - PREDICTIVE TOOLS DEV/QUALIF
1.13 - SUPPORT TEST FACILITIES
EUROFER-ODSR&D
SiC Dual Insulator R&D
MD Group
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ITER, a unique opportunity to test Breeder Blanket mock-ups:
‘Test Blanket Modules’ (TBMs)
TBMs mission in ITER
ITER should test Tritium Breeding Module concepts that
would lead in a future reactor to tritium self-sufficiency and to
the extraction of high grade heat and electricity production
• To develop and build the European Test Blanket Module (TBM) Systems for ITER
• To develop numerical tools for analysis of TBM tests and design of DEMO breeder blankets
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Test Blanket Modules (TBM)
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
HCLL TBM
(Helium-Cooled Lithium Lead) TBM
HCPB TBM
(Helium-Cooled Pebble Bed) TBM
1,66 m
ITER Equatorial Port #16
Back plate 4
Back plate 3
Back plate 2
Back plate 1
PbLi internal pipes
PbLi outlet pipe +manifold
He inlet pipe
He outlet pipe
PbLi inlet pipe +manifold
Breeder unit
Stiffening grid
Stiffening rod bolt
First wall
Stiffening rod
Cover
He by-pass pipe
Back plate 5
Back manifold
Tie Rod
BeCeramicBreeder
He coolant
Purge gas
Plasma
Manifolds
Breeder Unit
TBM Port Plug
AEU
Pipe forest
– From L.V. Boccaccini , SOFT-2010
Port Cell
InterspacePort Plug
Bio Shield
ITER Equatorial Port #16
Tokamak Building
Tritium Building
TBS in EPP16
TBS in CVCS area: HCS & CPSTBS in L1 of Tritium building
TBS locations
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EU TBMs master schedule(prior to ITER)
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Adopted Strategy for the TBM Programme Integration (IRP v2.0)
4 versions per each TBM are considered with specific objectives as follow:
Learning/validation phase the Electro Magnetic module (EM-TBM): H phase, H-He phase;
the Thermal/Neutronic module (TN-TBM): D-phase;
DEMO-relevant data acquisition phase the Neutronic/Tritium & Thermo-Mechanic module (NT/TM-TBM): DT1 phase;
DEMO-relevant data acquisition phase (2nd 10 years) the INTegral TBM (INT-TBM): DT2 (high duty, long pulses)
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TB
Ms
te
st p
rog
ram
ITE
R p
ha
ses
TBMs testing in ITER
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Ceramic Breeder Materials
Lithium Orthosilicate (OSi)
Li4SiO4
(FZK-Schott, melt-spray process)
= [0.25 - 0.63] mm
Lithium Metatitanate (MTi)
Li2TiO3
(CEA-CTI, extrusion-spheronisation-sintering)
= [0.6 – 1.2] mm
Two Li-ceramic breeder materials in the form of pebbles have been extensively investigated in the EU
Ceramic solid breeder materials
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Ceramic breeder materials:Functional requirements
• Withstand stresses without excessive fragmentation
• Heat transfer parameters of the pebble beds (temperature control Tmax = 920°C)
• Compatibility between the ceramic and EUROFER (max. T~ 550°C)
• Neutron irradiation resistance
• Low tritium residence time in the Li ceramics to minimize tritium inventory (safety)
• As low as possible activation under neutron irradiation (impurities)
• Easy reprocessing capability20
Ceramic breeder materials:R&D activities (1/4)
Li4SiO4
T= 600-650 oC
Li2TiO3
T= 750-800 oC
Li2TiO3
T= 750-800 oC
Li4SiO4
T= 750-800 oC
Pebble Bed Assembly (PBA) irradiation campaign
Post-irradiation examination and final evaluation still on-going
300 FPD achievedLi burn-up 2-3% (DEMO: ~13% OSi; ~20% MTi)EUROFER 2.3 dpa
Be pebble bed
Breeder pebble bed
EUROFER
Irradiation capsule preparation for PIE
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Ceramic breeder materials:R&D activities (2/4)
PBA #4 Tirr = 750 CPBA #1 Tirr = 600 C
Optical Microscopy
Post-irradiation examination of OSi and MTi pebbles
before irradiation
EXOTIC-9/1 Tirr = 500 C
MTi
OSi
OSiCrack along grain boundariesFragmentationMTiHigh internal porosity
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Ceramic breeder materials:R&D activities (3/4)
MTi (PBA #2)700-740 C
OSi (PBA #4)750-770 C
- On-line tritium release measurements- MTi and OSi similar behavior
Tritium release from irradiated OSi and MTiFractional release R9/1-04-01
0.5 K/min He+0.1%H2
0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000Temperature [oC]
Fra
ctio
n
HT+HTOHT
Fractional release R9/1-02-030.5 K/min He+0.1%H2
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Temperature [oC]
Fra
ctio
n HTO+HTHT
MTi (EXOTIC 9/1) 6Li 29.5%
MTi (EXOTIC 9/1) 6Li 7.5%
Out of pile Tritium release (TPD)
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Ceramic breeder materials:R&D activities (4/4)
OSi2 cell temperatures
150175200225250275300325350375400425450475500525550575600625650675700
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630
Time (min)
T (
°C)
TE301
TE302
TE303
TE304
TE310
TE311
TE312
TE313
TE314
TE315
TE316
TE317
TE318
HEXCALIBER test campaign
- 2 OSi breeder pebble beds- 2 Be pebble beds (1 mm in diameter)- 36 thermocouples – temperature distribution in beds- 6 LVDT transducers – displacement- Electrical heaters- Thermo-mechanical performance of pebble beds- Database for validation of modelling/predictive tools
Be1 cell temperatures
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
550
575
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630
Time (min)
T (
°C)
TE201
TE202
TE203
TE204
TE210
TE211
TE212
TE213
TE214
TE215
TE216
TE217
TE218
OSi pebble bed temperatures
Be pebble bed temperatures
Pebble beds thermo-mechanical behaviour
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Functional materials:Review of the current situation
• Ceramic solid breeder materials– Two ceramic breeder materials available, OSi and MTi; minor differences in
certain physical parameters but no critical issue exists
– Materials extensively characterized under non-irradiation conditions,
– Fabrication processes up to semi-industrial level (with industrial partnership),
– Only limited data on the impact of irradiation,
– HICU irradiation results (in 2012-2013) a crucial milestone for the materials qualification,
– Possible testing of the both materials in ITER (e.g. in different breeder units of a TBM).
• Beryllium multiplier materials– The 1 mm Be pebbles at present the reference multiplier material for the EU
HCPB concept; will be used in the first HCPB TBMs,
– In later stages of ITER operation beryllides (e.g. Be12Ti) could be tested when the level of maturity achieved,
– HIDOBE-01 & -02 irradiation results a crucial milestone for the qualification of the reference Be material (HIDOBE-01 PIE on-going)
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Functional Materials Development & Procurement Strategy
1. Technical situation of the Work-package2. Key milestones up to installation in ITER3. Key technical and project issues4. Technical risk registered and possible mitigations5. Competences needed6. Preliminary analysis/knowledge of the market7. Division of works8. Elements of procurements strategy
• TBS conceptual design review (CDR) achieved: Jan-2013• TBS preliminary design review (PDR) achieved: Dec-2014• TBS final design review (FDR) achieved: Dec-2016• Functional materials for HCPB & HCLL PMUs procured: Jun-2016• TBM PMU Test phase 2 (IN-TBM relevant) achieved: Dec-2016• EM-TBM-Sets Delivery on ITER Site completed: Oct-2019• Functional materials for HCPB & HCLL EM-TBM procured: Dec-2019• Installation of 2 TBM-Sets + Frame and TBSs completed: Oct-2020• TBS Commissioning completed: Mar-2021
Key milestones up to installation in ITER
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As agreed with ITER IO and integrated in the TBM Project Plan
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General strategy for the FM
Development, qualification, procurement plan for functional materials (e.g. status review, suitability for design needs, additional tests/experiments)
Optimization of production processes (e.g. thermal treatment, fabrication routes, impurity level etc.)
Design, realization and evaluation of the experiments (e.g. effect of irrad., compatibility, tritium interaction/release, PBTM)
HCLL & HCPB TBMs design qualification
Updating of the functional materials’ database (MAR, MDBH)
Technical specification, procurement and characterization of the functional materials for the TBM mock-ups and TBMs
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Predictive / modelling tools development strategy
Step 1: Expression of the needs
Definition of technical contour for DEMO breeder blankets, DEMO requirements and figures of merit
List of experiments/tests to be performed in ITER (EM, TH, MHD, PBTM, neutronics, tritium cycle, system/coupled phenomena); the proposals to be prepared by experts
Step 2: State-of-the-art and rationale for the R&D program (level of maturity for each modeling field)
Step 3: Workplan for the development of the TBS experimental program (in ITER & out-of-ITER) and simulation capacity
Ranking of the proposed experiments/tests based on the addressed issue, technical feasibility, model/software development needs, instrumentation, integration into TBMs, etc.
Step 4: Development and validation of predictive tools for each modeling field(for TBMs conceptual design & for ITER test results analyses)
• Review of TBM and DEMO functional requirements for the functional materials
• Review of current status of development of already produced functional materials within the past activities (e.g. used fabrication processes/routes, characteristics/properties of produced materials, etc.)
• Evaluation of suitability of the existing properties with respect to the HCPB/HCLL TBM design needs; identification of missing elements in the Material Assessment Report (MAR) and in the Material Data Base Report (MDBR)
• Identification of further development needs in order to fulfil TBM/DEMO functional requirements and definition of a roadmap for such development
• Development of a qualification plan for functional materials allowing the use of these materials in TBMs in ITER e.g. identification of additional tests/experiments to be performed in order to qualify the material(s) for TBM application
Development, qualification & procurement plan for FM (1/2)
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Development, qualification & procurement plan elaborated for CB, Be and Pb-Li alloy (TBM-CA)
• Survey of regulation aspects and identification of requirements of Host Country licensing authorities and ITER Organization (e.g. for Li-6 enrichment, Be handling/processing)
• Development of a preliminary procurement plan for the functional materials defining:
– The amount of the material to be procured at various steps/phases of the TBM project (e.g. for the TBM prototypical mock-up, EM-TBM, NT-TBM, INT-TBM)
– The quality of the material to be procured (e.g. geometrical characteristics, chemical composition, impurities level, grade, Li-6 enrichment level, etc.)
• Evaluation of the proposed procurement plan with respect to the materials commercial availability and, if necessary, identification of development needs for a relevant production facility
Development, qualification & procurement plan for FM (2/2)
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1. Development and further optimization of fabrication routes:– Optimization of ceramic and Be pebbles fabrication processes with
respect to the production yield, pebbles’ characteristics (e.g. sphericity, pebbles size distribution, porosity, density, chemical and phase composition, microstructure, grain size) and mechanical properties (e.g. brittleness/crush load, creep characteristics)
– Production of Be pebbles with small grains (considered to be in favour for tritium release),
– Development of an alternative fabrication route to the Rotating Electrode Method (REM) back-up solution for fabrication/procurement of Be pebbles,
– Development of a suitable fabrication route for Be-alloy material(s) (e.g. Be12Ti),
– Control of undesired impurities level in the functional materials (FM) (e.g. Co, U, Bi),
Key technical issues related to the FM (1/4)
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2. Availability of the materials properties needed for a proper TBMs design:– Effect of neutron irradiation on thermo-mechanical properties as function of
irradiation temperature, neutron dose, lithium burn-up (e.g. swelling, thermal conductivity degradation, irradiation induced creep and embrittlement, changes in open/close porosity),
– Tritium retention/release characteristics as a function of irradiation temperature, neutron dose, purge gas chemistry, material properties (e.g. porosity, grain size)
– Compatibility with structure material under neutron irradiation,
– Interaction of air/steam with Be/Be-alloy pebbles and Pb-Li alloy (safety related issue),
– Thermal conductivity in pebble beds under compressive loads (e.g. in the bulk of the pebble bed, at the interface between structural material and pebble bed),
– Pb-Li alloy properties (e.g. H-isotopes solubility and diffusivity, He transport properties in Pb-Li, corrosion products (Fe, Cr) solubility in Pb-Li, effect of neutron irradiation on He nano bubbles formation, Po/Hg impurities behaviour),
Key technical issues related to the FM (2/4)
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3. Modelling:– Thermo-mechanical behaviour of pebbles beds:
• Further development of the pebble bed thermo-mechanics (PBTM) predictive tool(s) to be used for TBMs design (both DEM & FEM approaches),
• Benchmarking and validation of the PBTM predictive tool(s),
• Definition and realization of validation experiments necessary for verification of PBTM modelling tools,
– Be/Be-alloy materials behaviour:
• Be/Be-alloy materials behaviour under neutron irradiation (e.g. involving atomic scale modelling),
• Tritium production, inventory and release in irradiated Be/Be-alloy pebbles
– Activation analysis:
• Definition of allowable limits of impurities in the functional materials (e.g. Bi Po, U Pu, Co60)
Key technical issues related to the FM (3/4)
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4. Procurement of functional materials:– Elaboration of a proper Specification for the materials to be procured in
various stages of the TBM Project taking into account needed quality (non-/nuclear grade, impurities level), quantity and cost;
– Decision on selection of a reference ceramic breeder material (OSi or MTi) or/and determination of the amount of OSI & MTi to be procured for dedicated Breeder Units of PMU and EM-TBM to be filled in with OSi & MTi pebbles,
– Scaling of the laboratory developed production methods,
– Ensure adequate production capability, involving industrial partners,
– Limited production capacity batch-like production ensure reproducibility of materials properties at a batch-like fabrication process,
– Mass production with proper quality control,
– Li-6 enrichment of ceramic breeder (e.g. availability of enriched Li-6 in a proper chemical form, procurement of a sufficient amount of Li-6, dual use material issue),
– Standardization (i.e. elaboration of standard procedures) to be used for characterization of the produced materials,
Key technical issues related to the FM (4/4)
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Thank you for your attention