The Euro-Mediterranean Tsunami Catalogue · 2017. 4. 4. · Papadopoulos and Chalkis 1984 PC84...

ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS, 57, 4, 2014, S0435; doi:10.4401/ag-6437

S0435

The Euro-Mediterranean Tsunami Catalogue

Alessandra Maramai*, Beatriz Brizuela, Laura Graziani

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy

ABSTRACT

A unified catalogue containing 290 tsunamis generated in the Europeanand Mediterranean seas since 6150 B.C. to current days is presented. It isthe result of a systematic and detailed review of all the regional cata-logues available in literature covering the study area, each of them hav-ing their own format and level of accuracy. The realization of a singlecatalogue covering a so wide area and involving several countries was acomplex task that posed a series of challenges, being the standardizationand the quality of the data the most demanding. A “reliability” valuewas used to rate equally the quality of the data for each event and this pa-rameter was assigned based on the trustworthiness of the informationrelated to the generating cause, the tsunami description accuracy and alsoon the availability of coeval bibliographical sources. Following these cri-teria we included in the catalogue events whose reliability ranges from 0(“very improbable tsunami”) to 4 (“definite tsunami”). About 900 docu-mentary sources, including historical documents, books, scientific reports,newspapers and previous catalogues, support the tsunami data and de-scriptions gathered in this catalogue. As a result, in the present paper a listof the 290 tsunamis with their main parameters is reported. The onlineversion of the catalogue, available at http://roma2.rm.ingv.it/en/facilities/data_bases/52/catalogue_of_the_euro-mediterranean_tsunamis,provides additional information such as detailed descriptions, pictures,etc. and the complete list of bibliographical sources. Most of the includedevents have a high reliability value (3= “probable” and 4= “definite”)which makes the Euro-Mediterranean Tsunami Catalogue an essentialtool for the implementation of tsunami hazard and risk assessment.

1. IntroductionIn the last two decades the interest of the scientific

community in tsunami studies has increased signifi-cantly, especially in terms of hazard assessment and riskreduction. The occurrence of catastrophic Indonesian(2004) and Tohoku (2011) tsunamis lighted out the ne-cessity of taking adequate countermeasures to protectcoastal areas from this threat and implementingtsunami warning systems in all the regions prone totsunami. In this context, the attention of scientists wasalso drawn on the European area where the tsunami-

genic hazard was for long time underestimated. TheEuropean Union answered this demand by financingscientific projects on tsunami research in the European-Mediterranean (EM) area, in order to develop strategiesfor tsunami risk reduction.

One of the last EU financed project was TRANS-FER (Tsunami Risk ANd Strategies For the EuropeanRegion, 2006-2009), which aimed to improve the knowl-edge of tsunami processes within the EM area, in par-ticular assessing the risk associated with tsunami andestablishing risk methodologies and risk reduction poli-cies, from prevention to mitigation. The project cov-ered the whole Mediterranean basin, the north-easternAtlantic, the North Sea and the Marmara and BlackSeas and it maintained the continuity with the previousEuropean projects such as GITEC and GITEC-TWOOne of the main goals of the project was the upgradingof the GITEC-TWO tsunami catalogue that covers thesame area and that was the result of efforts of variousEuropean research groups co-operating in the previousEU projects.

At the end of the TRANSFER project several re-gional tsunami catalogues were published. Neverthe-less, despite the efforts made in the frame of all EUprojects, a unified tsunami catalogue for the EM area,containing homogeneous and equally graded and rateddata, has not been published yet.

Since a reliable and unified tsunami catalogue is anessential tool for the implementation of hazard and riskstudies, in this work we present a Euro-MediterraneanTsunami Catalogue (hereafter indicated as EMTC), as aresult of the analysis of all the catalogues available in lit-erature covering the study area, including the regionalcatalogues delivered in the frame of the TRANSFERproject. An online version of the EMTC catalogue,where an interactive map allows the user to retrievemore details on each event, has also been realised. Theonline version is available at http://roma2.rm.ingv.

Article historyReceived November 6, 2013; accepted July 16, 2014.Subject classification:Tsunami, Euro-Mediterranean region, Data dissemination, Collections, Catalogue.

it/en/facilities/data_bases/52/catalogue_of_the_euro-mediterranean_tsunamis.

2. The European-Mediterranean Tsunami CatalogueThe realization of a single catalogue covering a

vast geographical area and involving several countriesis a complex task, a lot of work was done during thisstudy to achieve a reliable tool. The EMTC is the resultof a systematic revision of several data sets (see Table 1)characterized by different formats and levels of accu-racy. In some cases the available catalogues coveredgeographical areas that partially overlapped and,therefore, sometimes for the same tsunami event dis-cordant references or data were published. Moreover, ithas to be mentioned that for some areas well compiled

tsunami catalogues were already available and in thesecases most of the work consisted in updating and addingdetails. In other regions the existing tsunami catalogueswere very poor and scarcely documented, when that wasthe case, the necessity of consulting as much as originalsources as possible was a fundamental matter.

The revision consisted in examining each tsunamievent contained in the above mentioned data sets, ap-plying uniform criteria to evaluate the informationsources and parameterize the data in order to establisha standard format and structure. Based on the invalu-able work done by national groups of experts duringthe GITEC, GITEC-TWO and TRANSFER projects thefirst step was the analysis of the bibliographical sourcesin order to get information on the generating cause, onthe accuracy of the tsunami description and on the qual-ity of the sources themselves, to ascertain if the eventwas worthy of being included in the EMTC. In otherwords, to each event a reliability value has been attrib-uted following the criteria suggested by Tinti et al.[2004].The reliability value ranges from degree 0 (“veryimprobable tsunami”) to degree 4 (“definite tsunami”),as shown in Table 2. Once the reliability of the eventwas rated, the tsunami was inserted in the catalogue.

The EMTC reports, for each tsunami, informationon the main parameters of the event (date, region, sub-region, reliability, tsunami intensity, run-up) and of thegenerating cause (i.e. geographical coordinates, earth-quake magnitude, intensity, focal depth, etc.) as well asdetailed descriptions of the tsunami effects in the af-fected localities. As far as concern the tsunami intensity,for each event the authors, based on the available de-scriptions, assigned the maximum intensity value ac-cording to the 6-degree Sieberg-Ambraseys scale[Ambraseys 1962]. Intensity values on the Papadopou-los-Imamura 12-degree scale were also assigned to theEMTC events, [Papadopoulos and Imamura 2001] it isimportant to notice that this intensity scale has beencalibrated to modern coastal environments, thereforedoes not provide accurate information when evaluat-ing historical events.

The EMTC gathers events occurred within the EMarea, a large region that comprehends countries facingthe Mediterranean Basin, the north-eastern Atlanticcoast, the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea, the MarmaraSea and the Black Sea coasts. Following the GITEC-TWO and TRANSFER nomenclature, the EM area wasdivided into seven regions, namely NW (NorwegianSea), NS (North Sea), AT (Atlantic Ocean), M3 (westernMediterranean), M2 (central Mediterranean), M1 (east-ern Mediterranean), BS (Black Sea). Each region wasdivided into several sub-regions that represent the geo-graphical areas where the events originated (Figure 1).

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Catalogue ID code

Jørstad 1968 J68

Papadopoulos and Chalkis 1984 PC84

Papadopoulos 2000 P00

Soloviev et al. 2000 S00


Maramai et al. 2003 M03


Tinti et al. 2004 T04

Yalciner et al. 2004 Y04

Guidoboni and Comastri 2005 GC05

Papadopoulos and Fokaefs 2005 PF05

Sbeinati et al. 2005 SB05

Andrade et al. 2006 AN06

Long and Wilson 2007 LW07

Fokaefs and Papadopoulos 2007 FP07

Papadopoulos et al. 2007 P07

Salamon et al. 2007 S07

Yolsal et al. 2007 Y07

Baptista and Miranda 2009 BM09

Kaabouben et al. 2009 KA09



Altinok et al. 2011 A11

Lambert and Terrier 2011 LT11

Salamon et al. 2011 SA11

IGN 2013 IGN

Table 1. List of the examined datasets. The acronyms “ID code”are used in Appendix 2.

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In Appendix 1 the list of tsunamis contained in theEMTC is shown.

Further information, like detailed descriptions ofeach event, the full list of the bibliographical sourcesused in EMTC compilation, as well tide-gauge records,maps and pictures (when available) can be consulted atthe following website http://roma2.rm.ingv.it/en/facilities/data_bases/52/catalogue_of_the_euro-mediterranean_tsunamis.The EMTC contains 290 tsunamis(Figure 2) occurred since 6150 B.C. (the Storegga event)

to present days. The first event that was mentioned incoeval bibliographical sources is the 479 B.C. westAegean tsunami.

The NW region presents a very low seismic activ-ity and the 18 tsunamis that hit this area were triggeredby gravitational phenomena occurred in fjords. Gener-ally speaking, tsunamis generated by landslides usuallystrike severely local areas but do not propagate region-ally, moreover, when they occur in fjords, their effectsare amplified by the funnel bathymetry. This is the case

THE EURO-MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMI CATALOGUE

Reliability Description Cause Tsunami Sources

4 Definite tsunami r r r

3 Probable tsunami r r /

2 Questionable tsunami r / r

/ r r

□ r r

1 Improbable tsunami r / /

/ r /

□ r /

0 Very improbable tsunami / / r

/ / /

□ / r

No No tsunami All other combinations

Table 2. Reliability Scale used in the EMTC (from Tinti et al. [2004]). r : fulfilled condition; / :partially fulfilled condition; □ : not fulfilledcondition.

Figure 1. Geographical regions and sub-regions included in the EMTC.

of the 1731 tsunami when more than 100,000 cubic me-ters of rocks sliding down from the mountain Ram-merfjell into the fjord Storfjorden. The run-up heightwas more than 70 m, causing extensive damage and 17casualties [Jørstad 1968].

The NS region, like the NW, is characterized by ascarce seismicity and only one event has been docu-mented with improbable tsunami effects.

In the AT region 27 tsunamis are listed, most of theevents are associated with moderate to large earthquakesand among them the strongest and better studied is theLisbon November 1st, 1755, tsunami. The analysis ofhistorical events in this region highlighted that a largenumber of tsunamis had local effects but some eventspropagated regionally and, in certain cases, Atlanticwidely. As a matter of fact, those events are associatedto strong earthquakes, sometimes exceeding magnitude8, occurred at the Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary [Bapti-sta and Miranda 2009].

The Mediterranean basin was divided into three largeregions: eastern (M1), central (M2) and western (M3).

M1 is definitely the most tsunamigenic region ofthe EM area, with a total of 127 tsunamis occurred alongthe coasts of Albania, Greece, Levantine countries and

Marmara Sea. Almost all tsunamis were generated byearthquakes and within this region is located the mostthreatening tsunamigenic source, the Hellenic Arc, ca-pable of triggering powerful basin-wide tsunamis. In1303 this source generated a very large tsunamigenicearthquake (Me= 8) that ruptured the eastern segmentof the Hellenic Arc between Crete and Rhodes islands.Tsunami waves struck the coast of Egypt, Israel andTurkey [Ambraseys et al. 1994, Guidoboni and Coma-stri 2005, Papadopoulos et al. 2007, Yolsal et al. 2007,Ambraseys 2009]. In the M1 region another relevanttsunamigenic source is the North Anatolian Fault zone,capable of generating destructive earthquakes, like theAugust 1999 shock (Mw= 7.4) that triggered a damag-ing tsunami in the Izmit Bay: there was a complicatedcombination of waves caused by submarine faultingand multiple coastal landslides [Alpar 1999, Yalciner etal. 2000].

The Mediterranean coast of France, the Italian andCroatian coasts are included in the M2 region, with 81tsunami events mainly concentrated along the Italiancoasts. This region is one of the most tsunamigenic in theEM area and the majority of tsunamis were triggeredby earthquakes. Generally speaking, tsunamis observed

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Figure 2. Geographical distribution of tsunamis reported in the EMTC.

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in the M2 region were local and sometimes destructive,like 1627 Gargano (Apulia) event, the 1667 Croatiantsunami, and the 1783 Calabrian tsunamis. In othercases, like the 1693 eastern Sicily and the catastrophic1908 Messina events, tsunami waves propagated re-gionally; in 1908 waves propagated northward reach-ing the Latium coast and southward hitting the coastsof Malta [Platania 1909, Baratta 1910, Camilleri 2006].In addition, M2 is the only region in which a relevantnumber of tsunamis are associated with volcanic ac-tivity, specifically eruptions and gravitational phenom-ena related to the Vesuvius and the Aeolian volcanoes(Stromboli and Vulcano), followed by the M1 region,in which the volcanic triggered tsunamis are related tothe Thera (Santorini) activity.

The M3 region covers the coasts of Algeria, Balearesislands and the Spanish coasts facing the Alboran Sea.The majority of the 13 events of this region were gen-erated by the Tell-Atlas thrust system, which accom-modates a significant portion of the Africa-Europeconvergence in the western Mediterranean and is ca-pable of generating strong earthquakes and triggerbasin wide tsunamis [Aoudia and Meghraoui 1995,Aoudia et al. 2000, Meghraoui et al. 2004].

The BS region includes the Crimean coasts and theBulgarian coast facing the Black Sea. In this region allthe 23 events were generated by earthquakes. The ma-jority of the tsunamis were very weak, only recorded bytide gauges. The most significant event was the Septem-ber 1968, triggered by a submarine earthquake, whichflooded the coast at Amasra for about 100 m draggingsome boats [Lander 1969, Altinok and Ersoy 2000].

3. The online version of the EMTCAiming to present a detailed version of the EMTC

we also prepared an online interactive map that allowedus to insert for each event a larger number of informa-tion, such as detailed descriptions of the tsunami effectsin the affected localities, tide-gauge records, picturesand maps for the most relevant events and the full listof the 870 bibliographical sources used during theEMTC compilation. The online version of the EMTC isavailable at http://roma2.rm.ingv.it/en/facilities/data_bases/52/catalogue_of_the_euro-mediterranean_tsunamis. All the 290 events have been uploaded in a publicESRI map by means of which the user can have accessto the data available for each tsunami event.

In Figure 3 an example of a typical screen that theuser would find when consulting the online version isreported. The window shows the geographical locationof the event, a pop-up with all the available parametersand a link to the detailed description of each event.

4. DiscussionThe EMTC contains 290 tsunamis occurred in the

EM region. As expected, the majority of the eventshave seismic origin (83%), mainly triggered by subma-rine earthquakes and less frequently by earthquakes lo-cated in land. A small number of seismic generatedtsunamis (17 events) were caused by gravitational phe-nomena induced by earthquakes (sub aerial or subma-rine landslides).

Tsunamis caused by mass failures due to meregravity load account for the 9% of the 290 events andare mainly located in the NW region, associated to


Figure 3. Example of the online version of the EMTC.

slope instability in fjords. Few tsunamis (less than 5%)are engendered by volcanic activity, for the most partcaused by the Vesuvius and Aeolian islands volcanoes inthe M2 region. Finally, the generating cause of the 3%of the tsunamis is unknown; in these cases the reporteddescription is typical of a tsunami but the generatingmechanism has not been found. In Figure 4 a pie chartshowing the tsunamigenic causes is reported.

As mentioned before, the tsunami reliability has akey role in the EMTC catalogue because it is an indica-tor of the quality of the data, so that in one hand it al-lows the end user to decide how much the data retrievedare trustworthy and on the other hand, it allows the cat-alogue editor to insert historical tsunamis for which dataare quite scarce and the correspondingly uncertaintiesare many. The former prevents from avoiding loss ofhistorical events which is confirmed by the trend shownin Figure 5, where the number of reliable tsunamis in-creases in time to the detriment of less reliable events.It can be observed that most entries in the EMTC are“definite” or “probable” tsunamis, having been attributedreliability values of 4 or 3. In addition, the trend ofFigure 5 shows that in the last three centuries the totalnumber of entries tends to be stable while prior to 1700the EMTC is far from being complete.

In order to get a glimpse on the severity of thetsunamis within the EM area, the intensity frequencyhistogram for each region is shown in Figure 6. Ac-

cording to the Sieberg-Ambraseys [Ambraseys 1962]intensity scale, the intensity 3 represent the thresholdfor which tsunamis are capable of producing somedamage to boats and light coastal structures whilestrong damage can be observed starting from intensity4. The total number of tsunamis with intensity I ≥ 4 inthe whole EM region is 85 and more than half of theseevents occurred in M1. Regarding the M3 region, it isinteresting to highlight that despite the low intensitytsunamis occurred there, most of them propagated re-gionally as can be seen in the event descriptions in-cluded in the online version of the EMTC.

5. Discarded eventsThe EMTC is the result of a scrupulous revision of

several tsunami catalogues, performed following a seriesof systematic criteria suggested by Tinti et al. [2004] toevenly rate the events. Those events that did not fulfillthe requirements of the revision were discarded and col-lected in a separate table in order to keep track of themand to explain the reasons of the exclusion. The lack ofdetailed and reliable description on tsunami effects is themost common cause of event exclusion, followed to alesser extent by meteorological phenomena, duplicationand false events. As far as concern the most commoncause, the No tsunami description category means that 1)the description available in the consulted sources clearlyindicates that the event is a “seaquake” (that is a strongpush felt on board ship due to the propagation of seismicP-waves through the sea water) or is related to subsi-dence/bradyseism and/or 2) the event is not sufficientlydocumented and needs further investigations.

The total number of discarded events is 248: 164 be-long to the No tsunami description category and most ofthem occurred in the M1 region, 26 belong to the Dupli-cate category, 55 can be classified as Meteorological events(including storm surges and meteotsunamis) and they aremainly located in the M2 region specifically in Liguria-Côte d’Azur sub-region. Finally, 2 are False event. The fulllist of the discarded events is shown in Appendix 2.

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Figure 5. Time distribution of the tsunamis per reliability classes. Figure 6. Regional distribution of the tsunamis per intensity classes.

Figure 4. Distribution of the tsunamis in the EMTC by generat-ing cause.

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6. ConclusionsThe EMTC was created to fulfill the need of hav-

ing a single tsunami catalogue covering the geographi-cal area of the Euro-Mediterranean region. It is theresult of the gathering and systematic revision of sev-eral data sets available in literature and its worthiness lieon the fact that for the first time tsunami events oc-curred in the EM region have been judged with uni-form criteria. The EMTC counts 290 tsunamis andspans a time interval ranging from the 6150 B.C. Sto-regga event to the 2004 Liguria-Côte d’Azur tsunami.About 900 bibliographical sources (including contem-porary chronicles, catalogues, historical reports, books,newspapers, specific monograph and scientific articles)support the tsunamis inserted in the EMTC and mostof the entries have a high level of reliability (3-4), whichindicates the good quality of the available information.Several factors, such as doubtful generating causes, lackof tsunami description and scarcity of bibliographicalsources, account for the low reliability value of someevents. The reliability value of those events could beimproved in case of retrieval of further data. Followingthe same logic, some of the discarded events could beupgraded to tsunamis and thus inserted in the EMTC.

Finally, the online version of the EMTC provides ageographical context by including interactive maps thatallow displaying supplementary information such asdetailed descriptions and, when available, tide-gaugerecords, pictures and photos.

Acknowledgements. The authors thank Prof. Stefano Tinti,Dr. Alberto Armigliato and Dr. Sara Gallazzi (Università di Bologna,Italy) for their valuable contribution. We would also like to thankDr. Adriano Azzarone (INGV) for providing technical support andfinally a special thank to the referees for their suggestions to im-prove this paper.

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*Corresponding author: Alessandra Maramai,Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma 2,Rome, Italy; email: [email protected].

© 2014 by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. Allrights reserved.

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Appendix 1. List of tsunamis of the EMTC

Date of the event: year, month, day, hour, minuteand seconds indicating the initiation time of the eventas deduced by the sources. For earthquake- inducedtsunamis it corresponds to the earthquake origin time.

Region (Reg.): in the EM area seven tsunamigenic re-gions were identified: NW (Norwegian Sea), NS (NorthSea), AT (Atlantic Ocean), M3 (western Mediterranean),M2 (central Mediterranean), M1 (eastern Mediter-ranean), BS (Black Sea).

Source subregion (Source_sub): inside each region, sev-eral subregions were identified. They are the geographicregions where the tsunamigenic event originated.

Short description: a short description of the mostrelevant tsunami effects.

Reliability (Rel.): is a parameter indicating the qualityof the data. For each event this parameter was assignedbased on the trustworthiness of the information relatedto the generating cause, the tsunami description accu-racy and also on the availability of coeval bibliographicalsources. It ranges from 0 to 4: 0= very improbabletsunami; 1= improbable tsunami; 2= questionabletsunami; 3= probable tsunami; 4= definite tsunami.

Cause: a two-letters code specifying the cause ofthe tsunami. When the tsunami is directly or indirectlygenerated by an earthquake, the letter E is used: ER(submarine earthquake), EA (earthquake in land), EL(earthquake landslide -when the earthquake triggered alandslide), ES (earthquake marine slide - when theearthquake triggered a submarine slide). Analogously,letter V is used when the tsunami is directly or indi-rectly related to volcanic activity: VO (submarine erup-tion), VA (volcano associated – when the volcano isclose to the coast), VL (volcanic landslide – subaerialavalanches on the volcano flanks), VS (volcanic marineslide – submarine avalanches on the volcano flanks).When the tsunami is caused by a gravitational instabil-ity not amenable to earthquakes or volcanic activity, theletter G is used: GL (gravitational landslide), GS (grav-itational marine slide), GA (gravitational snow ava-lanche). The code UN (unknown cause) is used whenthe tsunami cause is unknown.

Intensity (Int.): the tsunami intensity is attributedon the basis of the six-degree Sieberg-Ambraseys scale[Ambraseys 1962]. 1= very light, 2= light, 3= ratherstrong, 4= strong, 5= very strong, 6= disastrous.


MARAMAI ET AL.

10

Year

Mon

thD

ayH

our

Min

ute

Reg

Sour

ce_s

ubSh

ort

desc

ript

ion

Rel

Cau

se1

Int

-615

0N

WM

id-N

orw

ayH

uge

tsun

ami i

n N

orw

egia

n N

orth

Sea

3G

S6

-163

0M

1So

uth

Aeg

ean

Exp

losi

on o

f Sa

ntor

ini V

ulca

no3

VA6

-136

5M

1Le

vant

ine

Tsun

ami a

t Uga

rit

2E

A4

-479

M1

Wes

t Aeg

ean

Des

truc

tive

wav

e at

Pot

idea

2E

R3

-426

6M

1C

orin

thia

kos-

Patr

as G

ulf

Sea

wav

es in

the

Gul

f of

Eub

oea

4E

A5

-373

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

fD

estr

uctio

n of

Hel

ike

4E

R5

-227

M1

Dod

ecan

ese

Isla

nds

Tsun

ami a

t Rho

des

1E

R5

-218

AT

SWIT

Tsun

ami i

n C

adiz

2E

R2

-141

M1

Leva

ntin

eTs

unam

i bet

wee

n T

yre

and

Acr

e2

ER

4

-60

AT

SWIT

Floo

ded

coas

ts3

ER

4

-50

BSBu

lgar

iaFl

oodi

ng o

f K

avar

na a

nd B

alch

ik1

EA

3

20BS

Cri

mea

Su

bmer

sion

of

Dio

scur

ia1

EA

3

66M

1C

rete

Tsun

ami i

n C

rete

3E

R3

68M

1So

uth

Asi

a M

inor

Sea

wav

e on

the

coas

t of

Lyci

a2

ER

2

798

24M

2C

ampa

nia

Sea

retr

eat i

n th

e G

ulf

of N

aple

s2

VA2

103

BSC

rim

eaC

hang

es o

f th

e se

a le

vel

3E

R3

115

1213

M1

Leva

ntin

eTs

unam

i at C

aesa

rea

et Y

avne

1E

A3

120

1110

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aTs

unam

i in

Cyz

icus

2E

A3

148

M1

Dod

ecan

ese

Isla

nds

Tsun

ami i

n R

hode

s4

ER

3

300

M1

Sout

h A

sia

Min

orTs

unam

i in

Cyp

rus

1E

R2

358

824

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aD

amag

ing

wav

es a

t Izm

it4

EL

4

365

721

M1

Cre

teW

aves

obs

erve

d in

Eas

tern

Med

iterr

anea

n 4

ER

6

382

AT

SWIT

Floo

ding

in se

vera

l isl

ands

3E

R4

407

41

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aSh

ip w

reck

ing

in Is

tanb

ul2

ER

4

447

116

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aSe

a in

unda

tions

4

ER

4

1C

AU

SE C

OD

E: E

R s

ubm

arin

e ea

rthq

uake

- E

A e

arth

quak

e as

soci

ated

- E

L ea

rthq

uake

land

slid

e - E

S ea

rthq

uake

mar

ine

slid

e - V

O s

ubm

arin

e er

uptio

n - V

A v

olca

no a

ssoc

iate

d - V

L vo

lcan

ic la

ndsl

ide

- VS

vol-

cani

c m

arin

e sl

ide

- GL

grav

itatio

nal l

ands

lide

- GS

grav

itatio

nal m

arin

e sl

ide

- GA

gra

vita

tiona

l sno

w a

vala

nche

- U

N u

nkno

wn

caus

e.

11


Year

Mon

thD

ayH

our

Min

ute

Reg

Sour

ce_s

ubSh

ort

desc

ript

ion

Rel

Cau

seIn

t

478

925

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aTs

unam

i in

Mar

mar

a Se

a4

ER

4

543

BSBu

lgar

iaW

aves

in V

arna

, Bal

chik

and

in K

apid

ag P

enin

sula

2E

R5

551

4M

1C

orin

thia

kos-

Patr

as G

ulf

Sea

with

draw

al/fl

oodi

ng4

EA

4

551

79

M1

Leva

ntin

eTs

unam

i in

Leba

non

4E

R5

556

M1

Dod

ecan

ese

Isla

nds

Sea

wav

es a

t Cos

4E

R4

740

1026

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aSe

a w

ithdr

awal

and

floo

ding

4E

R3

746

118

M1

Leva

ntin

eTs

unam

i in

the

Leva

ntin

e co

ast

3E

A4

800

M1

Kyt

hira

Str

ait

Tsun

ami a

t Kyt

hira

1E

R4

881

610

AT

SWIT

Sea

retr

eat i

n So

uth

Spai

n3

ER

2

989

1025

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aSe

a w

aves

in T

hrac

e0

EA

3

1033

125

M1

Leva

ntin

eTs

unam

i on

the

coas

t of

Pale

stin

e4

EA

3

1068

529

M1

Leva

ntin

eTs

unam

i in

Isra

el4

EA

4

1112

620

M2

Cam

pani

aSe

a w

ithdr

awal

of

abou

t 200

step

s2

UN

2

1169

24

7M

2E

aste

rn S

icily

Floo

d an

d de

stru

ctio

n at

Mes

sina

4E

A4

1202

520

240

M1

Leva

ntin

eTs

unam

i on

Leva

ntin

e co

ast

4E

A5

1222

511

615

M1

Sout

h A

sia

Min

orTs

unam

i in

Cyp

rus

4E

R2

1265

811

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aTs

unam

i in

Mar

mar

a Is

land

2E

L3

1303

88

330

M1

Dod

ecan

ese

Isla

nds

Tsun

ami i

n C

rete

4E

R6

1329

628

M2

Eas

tern

Sic

ilyBo

ats c

arri

ed to

the

sea

2VA

3

1343

1018

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aTs

unam

i at I

stan

bul

4E

R5

1348

125

15M

2N

orth

Adr

iatic

Stro

ng a

gita

tion

of th

e ca

nals

in V

enic

e2

EA

2

1389

320

1230

M1

Eas

t Aeg

ean

Dam

agin

g in

unda

tion

at C

hios

4

ER

4

1402

6M

1C

orin

thia

kos-

Patr

as G

ulf

Hig

h w

ave

near

Aeg

hion

4

EA

4

1408

1229

M1

Leva

ntin

eTs

unam

i in

Lata

kia

4E

A4

1419

12M

1M

arm

ara

Sea

Sea

mov

emen

t at I

stan

bul

2E

R2

1427

BSC

rim

eaV

illag

es w

ashe

d aw

ay n

ear Y

alta

1E

R4

1456

125

3M

2G

ulf

of N

aple

s Sh

ips d

amag

ed in

the

harb

or o

f N

aple

s4

EA

2

MARAMAI ET AL.

12

Year

Mon

thD

ayH

our

Min

ute

Reg

Sour

ce_s

ubSh

ort

desc

ript

ion

Rel

Cau

seIn

t

1481

53

M1

Dod

ecan

ese

Isla

nds

Tsun

ami i

n R

hode

s 4

ER

5

1489

M1

Dod

ecan

ese

Isla

nds

Tsun

ami i

n A

dalia

1E

R2

1494

71

1010

M1

Cre

teBi

g w

aves

in H

erak

lion

4E

R3

1509

910

22M

1M

arm

ara

Sea

Larg

e in

unda

tion

in C

osta

ntin

ople

4E

R3

1511

326

1430

M2

Nor

th A

dria

ticLa

rge

sea

leve

l ris

e at

Tri

este

2E

A2

1522

922

8M

3A

lbor

an S

eaTs

unam

i in

Alm

eria

and

Bad

ès3

EA

3

1531

126

430

AT

TE

Floo

ding

of

Lisb

on4

ER

4

1546

114

M1

Leva

ntin

eSe

a w

ithdr

awal

in th

e co

ast o

f Pa

lest

ine

4E

A5

1564

720

M2

Ligu

ria

Cot

e d’

Azu

rSe

a in

unda

tion

in A

ntib

es4

EA

2

1577

717

18M

1M

arm

ara

Sea

Sea

wav

es a

t Ist

anbu

l1

ER

3

1598

BSSo

uth

Blac

k Se

aT

he se

a ad

vanc

ed fo

r a m

ile in

land

3E

A6

1609

4M

1D

odec

anes

e Is

land

sD

estr

uctiv

e w

aves

in R

hode

s1

ER

5

1612

118

M1

Cre

teM

any

ship

wre

cks i

n C

rete

2

ER

4

1613

825

M2

Nor

ther

n Si

cily

Sea

flood

ing

at N

aso

1E

A2

1614

524

AT

Azo

res

Sea

retr

eat a

nd ri

sing

in T

erce

ira

3E

L3

1615

65

BSC

rim

eaSe

a re

cess

ion

at F

eodo

sia

0E

R2

1624

319

1945

M2

Nor

th A

dria

ticSt

rong

sea

agita

tion

4E

A2

1627

730

1050

M2

Gar

gano

Larg

e se

a w

ithdr

awal

and

floo

ding

4E

A5

1630

39

M1

Kyt

hira

Str

ait

Tsun

ami i

n K

ythi

ra4

ER

3

1631

1217

9M

2C

ampa

nia

Sea

with

draw

al in

the

Gul

f of

Nap

les

4VA

2

1633

115

M1

Ioni

an S

eaC

liff

colla

psed

in th

e se

a at

Zan

te3

ER

3

1638

327

155

M2

Tyr

rhen

ian

Cal

abri

aSe

a re

trea

t at P

izzo

Cal

abro

2E

A2

1641

1221

12A

TA

zore

sIn

unda

tion

and

dam

age

in S

.Jorg

e is

land

3E

R5

1646

45

M2

Tus

cany

Sea

rise

in L

ivor

no4

EA

3

1646

45

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aSh

ips d

estr

oyed

at I

stan

bul

3E

R4

1649

1M

2M

essi

na S

trai

tsSh

ipw

reck

s in

the

Mes

sina

har

bor

1E

R3

13


Year

Mon

thD

ayH

our

Min

ute

Reg

Sour

ce_s

ubSh

ort

desc

ript

ion

Rel

Cau

seIn

t

1650

929

M1

Sout

h A

egea

nD

estr

uctiv

e w

aves

at T

hera

4

VO

6

1650

BSC

rim

eaFl

oodi

ng a

t Siv

ash

1E

R3

1667

46

710

M2

Dal

mat

ian

coas

tsSe

a w

ithdr

awal

at D

ubro

vnik

4E

R3

1672

414

1545

M2

Cen

tral

Adr

iatic

Sea

with

draw

al-fl

oodi

ng a

t Rim

ini

4E

A2

1676

AT

Azo

res

Dam

age

in th

e is

land

of

Terc

eira

1U

N3

1680

109

7M

3A

lbor

an S

eaSe

a ri

se (5

m) i

n M

alag

a ha

rbor

4E

R3

1688

710

1145

M1

Eas

t Aeg

ean

Wea

k ts

unam

i at S

myr

na1

ER

2

1691

726

AT

Azo

res

Sea

dist

urba

nce

1E

R2

1693

19

21M

2E

aste

rn S

icily

Ano

mal

ous s

ea m

ovem

ent

2E

R2

1693

111

1330

M2

Eas

tern

Sic

ilyLa

rge

sea

with

draw

al a

nd fl

oodi

ng4

ER

5

1698

514

10M

2C

ampa

nia

Sea

osci

llatio

ns in

the

Gul

f of

Nap

les

2VA

2

1703

22

115

M2

Latiu

mat

the

Tib

er m

outh

0E

A2

1703

72

1M

2Li

guri

a-C

ôte

d’A

zur

Sea

with

draw

al in

Gen

oa2

ER

2

1706

55

AT

Can

ary

Isla

nds

Sea

retr

eat/

flood

ing

at G

arac

hico

3V

O4

1722

1227

1730

AT

SWIT

Riv

er w

ater

with

draw

al4

ER

3

1723

218

2M

1Io

nian

Sea

Sea

inun

datio

n at

Leu

kas

2E

R3

1725

64

18M

3A

lger

iaSe

a re

trea

t at A

nnab

a (B

onne

)2

UN

3

1725

629

20M

2Li

guri

a-C

ôte

d’A

zur

Sea

retr

eat/

flood

ing

in th

e M

arse

ille

harb

or

2U

N3

1726

91

2155

M2

Nor

ther

n Si

cily

Sea

with

draw

al a

t Pal

erm

o4

ER

2

1727

74

M2

Sici

ly C

hann

elSe

a w

ithdr

awal

at S

ciac

ca2

ER

2

1731

18

NW

Wes

tern

Nor

way

Gia

nt w

ave,

Str

anda

3G

L5

1731

320

3M

2A

pulia

Sea

rise

at S

ipon

to a

nd B

arle

tta

4E

A2

1741

131

115

M1

Dod

ecan

ese

Isla

nds

Sea

retr

eat/

flood

ing

in R

hode

s3

ER

5

1741

2M

1C

rete

Tsun

ami i

n H

erak

lion

2E

R3

1742

119

1630

M2

Tus

cany

Sea

osci

llatio

ns in

Liv

orno

har

bour

4E

A2

1743

220

1630

M2

Apu

liaSe

a w

ithdr

awal

Bri

ndis

i2

ER

2

MARAMAI ET AL.

14

Year

Mon

thD

ayH

our

Min

ute

Reg

Sour

ce_s

ubSh

ort

desc

ript

ion

Rel

Cau

seIn

t

1743

314

M1

Sout

h A

sia

Min

orSe

a re

trea

t in

Ant

alya

1E

A2

1748

525

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

fD

amag

ing

inun

datio

n at

Aeg

hion

3E

R5

1754

92

2145

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aSe

a re

cede

d in

Izm

it G

ulf

1E

R2

1755

111

940

AT

SWIT

Cat

astr

ophi

c ts

unam

i4

ER

6

1755

1116

1530

AT

Cor

uña

Sea

flux/

reflu

x at

La

Cor

uña

2E

R2

1756

2N

WW

este

rn N

orw

ay3

wav

es, s

ever

e tu

rbul

ence

, Tje

lle4

GL

6

1756

329

AT

TE

Tagu

s lev

el ri

se2

ER

2

1757

79

AT

Azo

res

Sea

rise

at S

t.Jor

ge, P

ico

3E

R2

1759

1030

345

M1

Leva

ntin

eTs

unam

i at A

cre

and

Trip

oli

4E

A3

1759

1125

1923

M1

Leva

ntin

eTs

unam

i in

Acr

e4

EA

4

1760

616

15M

2C

ampa

nia

Sea

with

draw

al in

Por

tici

2E

R2

1761

331

121

AT

SWIT

Osc

illat

ions

and

sea

rise

4E

R3

1766

522

530

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aIn

unda

tion

and

dam

age

in th

e Bo

spho

rus

4E

R3

1769

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

fSe

a re

trea

t in

Des

fina

(Cor

inth

Gul

f)3

EA

2

1772

1124

745

M1

Eas

t Aeg

ean

Tsun

ami i

n C

hios

1E

R2

1773

56

10M

3A

lbor

an S

eaTs

unam

i in

Tang

iers

and

Alg

iers

2E

R3

1780

921

M2

Dal

mat

ian

coas

tSe

a w

ithdr

awal

in K

otor

4E

R3

1783

25

8M

2Io

nian

Cal

abri

aA

t Cap

o R

izzu

to in

unda

tions

2E

A3

1783

25

12M

2T

yrrh

enia

n C

alab

ria

With

draw

als a

nd in

unda

tions

4E

A4

1783

26

020

M2

Mes

sina

Str

aits

Mor

e th

an 1

500

vict

ims a

t Sci

lla4

EL

6

1783

27

1310

M2

Tyr

rhen

ian

Cal

abri

aSe

a ri

se a

t Stil

o2

EA

2

1783

31

140

M2

Tyr

rhen

ian

Cal

abri

aSe

a flo

odin

g at

Tro

pea

3E

A2

1783

324

12M

2M

essi

na S

trai

tsC

apsi

zing

of

a bo

at 1

man

kill

ed4

GL

3

1783

328

1855

M2

Tyr

rhen

ian

Cal

abri

aSe

a flo

odin

g at

Bag

nara

3E

A2

1784

17

M2

Ioni

an C

alab

ria

Sea

flood

ing

at R

occe

lla4

ER

3

1784

19

20

M2

Tyr

rhen

ian

Cal

abri

aA

t Biv

ona

a sh

ip b

roke

its m

oori

ngs

2E

R3

15


Year

Mon

thD

ayH

our

Min

ute

Reg

Sour

ce_s

ubSh

ort

desc

ript

ion

Rel

Cau

seIn

t

1784

119

M2

Mes

sina

Str

aits

Sea

flood

ing

at F

aro

and

Cat

ona

4E

R4

1790

109

1M

3A

lger

iaFl

oodi

ng o

f Sp

ain-

Nor

th-A

fric

a co

asts

3E

A3

1791

112

M1

Ioni

an S

eaSe

a m

ovem

ent a

t Zak

ynto

s2

ER

3

1794

611

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

fTs

unam

i in

the

Gul

f of

Cor

inth

4E

L3

1800

62

2017

AT

Azo

res

3 se

a w

aves

at T

erce

ira

2E

R3

1802

810

NS

SW E

ngla

ndSe

a ri

se/f

all a

t Tei

gnm

outh

2U

N2

1802

1026

BSBu

lgar

iaW

aves

in E

vpot

oria

0E

A2

1804

113

1745

M3

Alb

oran

Sea

Sea

retr

eat i

n A

lmer

ìa p

rovi

nce

4E

A2

1804

68

3M

1C

orin

thia

kos-

Patr

as G

ulf

Tsun

ami i

n Pa

tras

1E

R3

1805

726

21M

2C

ampa

nia

Sea

rise

in th

e G

ulf

of N

aple

s4

EA

2

1809

73

1M

2Li

guri

a-C

ôte

d’A

zur

1 m

eter

sea

risi

ng a

t La

Spez

ia2

UN

2

1810

217

M1

Cre

teSe

a w

aves

in A

lexa

ndri

a1

ER

2

1810

NW

Nor

ther

n N

orw

ay3

wav

es in

Lyn

gsfjo

rd4

GL

6

1813

517

M2

Cam

pani

aSe

a w

ithdr

awal

in th

e G

ulf

of N

aple

s1

VA2

1817

114

1430

M2

Sici

ly C

hann

elSe

a os

cilla

tions

at S

ciac

ca1

ER

2

1817

823

8M

1C

orin

thia

kos-

Patr

as G

ulf

Sea

retr

eat/

inun

datio

n in

Aeg

hion

4E

R6

1818

220

1815

M2

Eas

tern

Sic

ilyW

ithdr

awal

/inu

ndat

ion

at C

atan

ia4

EA

2

1818

223

1810

M2

Ligu

ria-

Côt

e d’

Azu

rV

iole

nt se

a w

aves

at A

ntib

es2

EA

2

1821

16

M1

Ioni

an S

eaTs

unam

i in

Patr

as3

EA

4

1821

1117

BSBu

lgar

iaSe

a ri

sing

in O

dess

a1

EA

2

1823

35

1637

M2

Nor

ther

n Si

cily

Boat

s car

ried

and

dam

aged

at C

efal

ù4

ER

4

1825

119

1145

M1

Ioni

an S

eaTs

unam

i at L

euka

da1

EA

3

1828

109

220

M2

Ligu

ria-

Côt

e d’

Azu

rSh

ipw

reck

in G

enoa

har

bour

4E

A3

1831

526

1030

M2

Ligu

ria-

Côt

e d’

Azu

rSe

a w

ithdr

awal

in S

anre

mo

2E

R2

1832

38

1830

M2

Ioni

an C

alab

ria

Sea

flood

ing

at M

aglia

cane

Cro

tone

4E

A3

1833

119

M1

Alb

ania

-Nor

th Io

nian

Tsun

ami a

t Val

ona

1E

A2

MARAMAI ET AL.

16

Year

Mon

thD

ayH

our

Min

ute

Reg

Sour

ce_s

ubSh

ort

desc

ript

ion

Rel

Cau

seIn

t

1836

425

020

M2

Ioni

an C

alab

ria

Sea

retr

eat/

flood

ing.

Boa

ts d

amag

ed4

EA

4

1838

123

BSBu

lgar

iaSe

a sw

ell i

n O

dess

a ha

rbor

1E

A3

1838

810

M2

Nor

th A

dria

ticSe

a os

cilla

tions

at F

ium

e2

ER

2

1843

1018

M1

Cre

teTs

unam

i at C

halk

i2

ER

2

1845

816

1638

M2

Dal

mat

ian

coas

tsSe

a le

vel r

aisi

ng a

t Gru

z4

ER

3

1846

814

12M

2T

usca

nySe

a ri

sing

one

yar

d at

Liv

orno

4E

A2

1847

826

M2

Cam

pani

aSe

a le

vel l

ower

ing

in N

aple

s0

UN

2

1851

228

15M

1D

odec

anes

e Is

land

sTs

unam

i at M

akri

(Rho

des)

2E

R2

1851

43

17M

1D

odec

anes

e Is

land

sSe

a w

ave

in F

ethi

ye4

ER

3

1851

1012

7M

1A

lban

ia-N

orth

Ioni

anSe

a le

vel r

ise

at V

alon

a4

EA

2

1852

98

2230

M1

Eas

t Aeg

ean

Tsun

ami a

t Izm

ir2

EA

2

1853

818

830

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

fTs

unam

i in

the

Gul

f of

Eub

ea

1E

A2

1856

1113

M1

Eas

t Aeg

ean

Tsun

ami a

t Chi

os3

ER

4

1856

821

2145

M3

Alg

eria

Tsun

ami a

long

the

Alg

eria

n co

ast a

nd B

alea

res

4E

A3

1856

822

1140

M3

Alg

eria

Tsun

ami a

long

the

Alg

eria

n co

ast

4E

A3

1861

1226

630

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

fD

estr

uctiv

e w

aves

and

ship

s dam

aged

4

EL

4

1866

12

M1

Alb

ania

-Nor

th Io

nian

Tsun

ami a

t Val

ona

and

Kan

ina

3E

A2

1866

119

M1

Eas

t Aeg

ean

Sea

leve

l osc

illat

ion

in th

e C

esm

e st

raits

1E

R4

1866

26

M1

Cre

teD

amag

ing

wav

es a

t Kith

yra

4E

R4

1866

33

M1

Alb

ania

-Nor

th Io

nian

Tsun

ami a

t Val

ona

1E

A3

1867

37

M1

Eas

t Aeg

ean

Sea

risi

ng in

Miti

lini

4E

R2

1867

57

10N

WW

este

rn N

orw

ayW

ithdr

awal

of

sea

and

osci

llatio

ns4

EA

3

1867

920

544

M1

Ioni

an S

eaSt

rong

tsun

ami i

n th

e co

ast o

f G

ulf

of G

ythi

on4

ER

4

1869

1011

13BS

Cri

mea

Sea

risi

ng in

har

bors

in C

rim

ea2

ER

3

1869

1228

M1

Ioni

an S

eaTs

unam

i wav

es a

t Val

ona

2E

R3

1870

624

17M

1C

rete

Inun

datio

n in

Ale

xand

ria

3E

R2

17


Year

Mon

thD

ayH

our

Min

ute

Reg

Sour

ce_s

ubSh

ort

desc

ript

ion

Rel

Cau

seIn

t

1872

43

740

M1

Leva

ntin

eFl

oodi

ng n

ear A

ntak

ya (A

ntio

ch)

3E

A3

1875

317

2351

M2

Cen

tral

Adr

iatic

Sea

flood

ing

at R

imin

i and

Cer

via

4E

R3

1875

725

BSC

rim

eaSe

a ag

itate

d on

the

wes

tern

coa

st o

f C

rim

ea1

ER

2

1878

419

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aSe

a w

aves

in th

e G

ulf

of Iz

mit

1E

A3

1880

414

NW

Wes

tern

Nor

way

Boat

hous

es d

estr

oyed

at S

unny

lven

2G

L3

1881

43

1150

M1

Eas

t Aeg

ean

Tsun

ami i

n C

hios

2

EA

2

1883

627

10M

1Io

nian

Sea

Sudd

en w

ithdr

awal

at S

t.Geo

rges

3E

R3

1885

129

730

M3

Alg

eria

Sea

leve

l cha

nge

in A

lger

ian

coas

ts1

EA

2

1886

827

2130

M1

Ioni

an S

eaBo

ats c

arri

ed o

n la

nd in

Pyl

os4

ER

3

1887

223

521

M2

Ligu

ria-

Côt

e d’

Azu

rE

xten

ded

sea

retr

eat.

Boat

s dam

aged

.4

EA

3

1887

103

2253

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

f20

m in

unda

tin in

Gal

axid

i3

ER

2

1888

423

NW

Mid

-Nor

way

Floo

d w

ave

in T

rond

heim

har

bor

1G

S3

1888

730

M2

Ligu

ria-

Côt

e d’

Azu

r2

sea

retr

eats

at P

ietr

a Lu

nga

2E

R2

1888

99

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

fSm

all t

suna

mi i

n G

alax

idi

3E

S2

1889

128

M2

Gar

gano

Sea

agita

tion

2E

A2

1891

115

4M

3A

lger

iaSe

a w

ithdr

awal

-floo

ding

at t

he A

lger

ian

coas

t4

EA

3

1893

29

18M

1N

orth

Aeg

ean

Dam

agin

g w

ave

at A

gist

ron

4E

R4

1893

417

M1

Ioni

an S

eaSe

a w

ithdr

awal

at Z

akyn

thos

4E

R2

1893

614

730

M1

Alb

ania

-Nor

th Io

nian

Tsun

ami a

t Val

ona

1E

A2

1894

427

1942

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

f3m

hig

h w

ave

in A

tala

nti

3E

A4

1894

710

1233

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aSe

a re

trea

t/in

unda

tion

at Is

tanb

ul4

ER

3

1894

1116

1752

M2

Tyr

rhen

ian

Cal

abri

aVe

ssel

car

ried

land

war

d in

Reg

gio

Cal

abri

a.4

EA

3

1898

62

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

fFl

oodi

ng in

the

sout

hern

coa

st o

f C

orin

th G

ulf

1E

A2

1898

123

550

M1

Ioni

an S

eaSm

all t

suna

mi a

t Zak

ynto

s 4

EA

2

1899

122

756

M1

Ioni

an S

eaTs

unam

i at M

esse

nia

4E

S3

1899

23

AT

Azo

res

Dam

age

at T

erce

ira

and

S.Jo

rge

isla

nds

0U

N4

1901

331

712

BSBu

lgar

iaA

t Bal

chik

boa

ts u

plift

ed4

ER

4

MARAMAI ET AL.

18

Year

Mon

thD

ayH

our

Min

ute

Reg

Sour

ce_s

ubSh

ort

desc

ript

ion

Rel

Cau

seIn

t

1905

98

143

M2

Tyr

rhen

ian

Cal

abri

aE

xten

ded

flood

ing.

Boa

ts a

ffect

ed.

4E

A4

1905

104

2229

BSN

orth

Cau

casu

sSe

a ri

sing

at A

napa

har

bor

3E

R3

1906

44

4M

2C

ampa

nia

Sea

osci

llatio

ns in

Nap

les G

ulf

4VA

2

1907

1023

2028

M2

Ioni

an C

alab

ria

Sea

flood

ing

at C

apo

Bruz

zano

4E

A3

1908

1228

420

M2

Mes

sina

Str

aits

Des

truc

tions

, hun

dred

s of

vict

ims

4E

R6

1909

48

BSC

rim

eaT

hree

wav

es n

ear S

ochi

-Tua

pse

1E

R3

1912

89

129

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aTs

unam

i wav

es a

long

the

Mar

mar

a Se

a co

ast

4E

S4

1914

1127

1439

M1

Ioni

an S

eaSt

rong

loca

l wav

e at

Leu

kada

1E

L2

1915

87

154

M1

Ioni

an S

eaT

wo

tsun

amis

in th

e Io

nian

isla

nds

1E

R3

1916

73

2321

M2

Aeo

lian

Isla

nds

With

draw

al/i

nund

atio

n at

Str

ombo

li4

ER

2

1916

816

76

M2

Cen

tral

Adr

iatic

At T

avol

lo ts

unam

i wav

es o

bser

ved

4E

R2

1919

522

1745

M2

Aeo

lian

Isla

nds

Sea

retr

eat/

flood

ing

at S

trom

boli

4V

O3

1920

1218

21

M1

Alb

ania

-Nor

th Io

nian

Tsun

ami a

t Sas

eno

Isla

nd

4E

A5

1926

817

142

M2

Aeo

lian

Isla

nds

Ano

mal

ous s

ea re

trea

t at S

alin

a2

ER

2

1927

626

1120

BSC

rim

eaSe

a re

trea

t/ri

se in

Nor

th B

lack

Sea

4E

R2

1927

911

2215

BSC

rim

ea2

hous

es d

estr

oyed

in B

alak

lava

4E

R4

1927

916

821

BSC

rim

eaSe

a re

cede

d at

Bal

akla

va1

ER

2

1928

331

029

M1

Eas

t Aeg

ean

Tsun

ami a

t Sm

yrna

1

EA

2

1929

1118

2032

AT

GB

Tid

e ga

uge

reco

rds i

n Po

nta

Del

gada

and

Lei

xoes

4G

S1

1930

34

183

AT

MA

DE

norm

ous w

ave

at V

igar

io b

each

4G

L4

1930

52

NW

Mid

-Nor

way

Larg

e flo

od w

ave,

Ork

dals

fjord

en3

GS

2

1930

911

952

M2

Aeo

lian

Isla

ndSt

rong

sea

retr

eat/

flood

at S

trom

boli

4V

O4

1930

1030

713

M2

Cen

tral

Adr

iatic

Sudd

en h

igh

tide

at A

ncon

a4

EA

4

1932

926

1920

M1

Nor

th A

egea

nTs

unam

i at C

halk

idik

i4

ER

2

1934

47

3N

WW

este

rn N

orw

ayG

iant

wav

es in

Taf

jord

4G

L6

1938

3N

WW

este

rn N

orw

ay3

wav

es, S

tran

da1

GL

2

1939

58

146

AT

Azo

res

Rec

orde

d on

tide

gau

ges

4E

R1

19


Year

Mon

thD

ayH

our

Min

ute

Reg

Sour

ce_s

ubSh

ort

desc

ript

ion

Rel

Cau

seIn

t

1939

1226

2357

BSSo

uth

Blac

k Se

aSe

a w

ithdr

awal

at F

atsa

bay

4E

A2

1940

115

1319

M2

Nor

ther

n Si

cily

Sea

wav

es in

Gul

f of

Pal

erm

o2

EA

2

1940

831

7N

WN

orth

ern

Nor

way

Impr

essiv

e w

ave

in F

innv

ika

4G

L2

1941

1125

184

AT

GFD

Rec

orde

d on

tide

gau

ges

4E

R1

1944

106

234

M1

Eas

t Aeg

ean

200

m in

unda

tion

at A

yval

ik (E

drem

it G

ulf)

3E

R2

1944

820

630

M2

Aeo

lian

Isla

nds

Sea

flood

ing.

One

hou

se d

estr

oyed

4V

O4

1947

106

1955

M1

Sout

h Io

nian

Loca

l wav

e at

Met

honi

4

ES

2

1948

29

1258

M1

Dod

ecan

ese

Isla

nds

Sea

inun

datio

n at

Kar

path

os is

land

4

ER

4

1948

422

1042

M1

Ioni

an S

eaTs

unam

i at L

euka

da4

ER

2

1949

723

153

M1

Eas

t Aeg

ean

Stro

ng w

ave

at C

hios

4E

R2

1952

19

8N

WM

id-N

orw

ay1-

2 m

hig

h w

ave

in F

olla

fjord

en

4G

L2

1953

910

46

M1

Sout

h A

sia

Min

orW

aves

in C

ypru

s3

EA

2

1954

22

M2

Aeo

lian

Isla

nds

Slig

ht ts

unam

i at S

tom

boli

4V

O3

1954

99

14

M3

Alg

eria

Rec

orde

d by

tide

-gau

ges

4E

S1

1956

79

311

M1

Sout

h A

egea

nD

estr

uctiv

e w

aves

in C

ycla

des

4E

R6

1956

112

164

M1

Nor

th A

egea

nSe

a ri

sing

at V

olos

1E

A2

1959

57

NW

Nor

ther

n N

orw

ayTs

unam

i at S

okke

lvik

, Nor

drei

sa4

GS

4

1961

523

245

M1

Dod

ecan

ese

Isla

nds

Wea

k w

ave

in th

e G

ulf

of Iz

mir

1E

R2

1962

111

55

M2

Dal

mat

ian

coas

tsSe

a le

vel o

scill

atio

n at

Spl

it4

ER

2

1963

27

1928

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

fD

estr

uctiv

e w

ave.

2 v

ictim

s 4

GS

4

1963

918

1658

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aSe

a w

aves

at B

andi

rma

4E

R3

1965

76

318

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

fLo

cal w

ave

at G

alax

idi

4E

L4

1966

58

NW

Eas

tern

Nor

way

2 flo

od w

aves

, Osl

ofjo

rden

4G

S3

1966

712

1853

BSN

orth

Cau

casu

sR

ecor

ded

on ti

de g

auge

s4

ER

1

1968

219

2245

M1

Nor

th A

egea

nTs

unam

i at L

emno

s 4

ER

2

1968

418

1938

M2

Ligu

ria-

Côt

e d’

Azu

rSe

a w

ithdr

awal

-floo

ding

at A

lass

io4

EA

2

1968

93

819

BSSo

uth

Blac

k Se

aSe

a w

ithdr

awal

and

risi

ng a

t Am

asra

4E

R3

MARAMAI ET AL.

20

Year

Mon

thD

ayH

our

Min

ute

Reg

Sour

ce_s

ubSh

ort

desc

ript

ion

Rel

Cau

seIn

t

1969

228

240

AT

SWIT

Rec

orde

d on

tide

gau

ges

4E

R2

1969

717

50

AT

Unk

now

nR

ecor

ded

on ti

de g

auge

s4

UN

1

1970

124

159

BSC

auca

sus

Sea

osci

llatio

ns n

ear S

ochi

3E

R2

1975

526

911

AT

GFD

Rec

orde

d on

tide

gau

ges

4E

R1

1978

814

1417

AT

SWIT

Rec

orde

d on

one

tide

gau

ge in

Spa

in4

ER

1

1979

415

619

M2

Dal

mat

ian

coas

tsD

amag

ing

wav

e at

Kot

or B

ay4

EA

4

1979

106

NW

Nor

ther

n N

orw

ay2

m r

un-u

p at

isla

nd Ïk

snin

gen

4G

L3

1979

1016

1357

M2

Ligu

ria-

Côt

e d’

Azu

r3m

hig

h w

aves

at A

ntib

es4

GS

3

1980

11

1642

AT

Azo

res

Rec

orde

d on

one

tide

gau

ge4

ER

1

1980

1010

1224

M3

Alg

eria

Rec

orde

d on

tide

gau

ges

4E

S1

1981

224

2053

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

fR

ecor

ded

in o

ne ti

de g

auge

4E

R1

1983

117

M1

Ioni

an S

eaSe

a re

trea

t at Z

akyn

thos

4E

S2

1983

86

1543

M1

Nor

th A

egea

nTs

unam

i in

Lem

nos

1E

R2

1983

818

9N

WW

este

rn N

orw

ay5-

7 m

run

-up

at Å

rdal

stan

gen

4G

L4

1984

211

82

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

fLo

cal w

ave

at S

ergo

ula

4E

L3

1988

420

530

M2

Aeo

lian

Isla

nds

Smal

l wav

es in

Vul

cano

and

Lip

ari

4G

L2

1990

1213

014

M2

Eas

tern

Sic

ilyA

nom

alou

s wav

e at

Aug

usta

4E

R2

1994

428

1130

NW

Wes

tern

Nor

way

4 m

hig

h w

ave

in fj

ord,

Bal

estr

and

4G

A4

1995

615

015

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

fSm

all t

suna

mi a

t Era

tini

4E

R2

1996

11

M1

Cor

inth

iako

s-Pa

tras

Gul

fSt

rong

sea-

wav

es a

t Aeg

hion

4G

S3

1998

319

1830

NW

Wes

tern

Nor

way

Dam

age

to b

oat h

ouse

s4

GL

4

1999

817

011

M1

Mar

mar

a Se

aD

estr

uctio

n/vi

ctim

s in

Izm

it Ba

y4

EA

5

2000

45

436

M1

Cre

teSe

a os

cilla

tions

in H

erak

lio4

ES

3

2002

324

M1

Dod

ecan

ese

Isla

nds

3-4

m h

igh

wav

es in

Rho

des

4G

S3

2002

1230

1315

M2

Aeo

lian

Isla

nds

Hea

vy d

amag

e at

Str

ombo

li4

VL

5

2003

521

1844

M3

Alg

eria

Dam

agin

g w

aves

in B

alea

ric

isla

nds,

Sea

retr

eat i

n A

lgie

rs re

gion

4E

R3

2004

824

M2

Ligu

ria-

Côt

e d’

Azu

rSe

a re

trea

t in

Mar

seill

e3

GL

3

21

Appendix 2. List of discarded events

Codes used in the column Bibliographical sources are the acronyms of the datasets reported in Table 1 (ID code).


Year Month Day Region Elimination cause Bibliographical sources

1 -1300 M1 No tsunami description A11

2 -760 M1 No tsunami description S00

3 -590 M1 No tsunami description SA11, S00

4 -525 M1 No tsunami description A11, S00

5 -330 M1 No tsunami description A11, S00

6 -223 10 M1 No tsunami description P01

7 -210 AT No tsunami description IGN

8 -197 M1 No tsunami description P01, S00


10 -92 2 28 M1 False event A11, S11


12 -23 M1 No tsunami description FP07, A11

13 46 M1 No tsunami description A11

14 76 M1 No tsunami description A11, S00

15 177 M2 No tsunami description S00


17 262 M1 No tsunami description P07, A11, S00

18 303 4 2 M1 No tsunami description A11, Y07



21 348 M1 No tsunami description A11, Y07, S00

22 368 M1 No tsunami description P01


24 488 9 26 M1 Duplicate of the 478/9/26 A11

25 524 M1 Duplicate of the 543/9/6 A11

26 542 M1 Duplicate of the 543/9/6 A11


28 552 5 M1 Duplicate of the 551/4 P01

29 555 8 15 BS Duplicate of the 556 in M1 A11, S00, Y04

30 557 12 14 M1 No tsunami description A11, S00

31 792/793 M2 No tsunami description S00

32 803 12 19 M1 No tsunami description A11

33 803 6 26 M1 No tsunami description SA11


35 881/882 M1 No tsunami description S00


37 986 10 26 M1 Duplicate of the 989/10/25 P01


MARAMAI ET AL.

22


39 1036/1037 M1 No tsunami description A11, SA11, Y07




43 1068 3 18 M1 Duplicate of the 1068/5/29 Y07, S00

44 1106 3 M2 False event S00

45 1114 8-Nov 10 M1 No tsunami description A11


47 1169 2 11 M2 Duplicate of the 1169/2/4 S00



50 1185 BS Meteorological event (storm) P11

51 1231 3 11 M1 No tsunami description P01

52 1270 3 M1 No tsunami description P01

53 1273 9 M2 No tsunami description S00

54 1321 M2 Meteorological event ('acqua alta') S00

55 1332 2 12 M2 Meteorological event (storm) A11, S00

56 1341 BS Duplicate of the 1343/10/18 in M1 P11


58 1343 11 25 M2 Meteorological event (storm) S00

59 1365 1 2-Apr M3 No tsunami description S00, GC05

60 1403 11 16 M1 Duplicate of the 1402/6 A11, S00

61 1404 2 20 M1 Duplicate of the 1402/6 A11, Y07


63 1508 5 29 M1 No tsunami description S00



66 1538 9 26 M2 No tsunami description (bradyseism) S00




70 1571 7 AT No tsunami description AN06

71 1591 7 26 AT No tsunami description AN06

72 1594 M2 No tsunami description (bradyseism) S00




76 1653 AT Meteorological event (storm) AN06




80 1668 11 23 AT No cause, no tsunami description AN06

23



81 1672 2 14 M1 No tsunami description (subsidence) P07, A11, S00






87 1699 M2 Duplicate of the 1693/1/11 S00

88 1707 5 M1 No tsunami description S00

89 1707 7 20 M2 Meteorological event (low tide) S00

90 1714 6 30 M2 Meteorological event (low tide) S00


92 1723 3 28 M2 Meteorological event S00

93 1732 2 12 M1 Meteorological event (storm) P01

94 1732 11 M1 Meteorological event (storm) S00

95 1742 2 21 M1 Meteorological event (high tide) P03


97 1751 8 15 M1 Meteorological event (storm) A11


99 1752 7 21 M1 No tsunami description FP07, A11,S00


101 1756 1 1 AT No tsunami description IGN


103 1758 5 M1 No tsunami description P01


105 1774 9 24 M2 No tsunami description

The Euro-Mediterranean Tsunami Catalogue · 2017. 4. 4. · Papadopoulos and Chalkis 1984 PC84...

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