The Enlightenment. Sir Isaac Newton Born 1642 in England Cambridge University –Studies math and...
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Transcript of The Enlightenment. Sir Isaac Newton Born 1642 in England Cambridge University –Studies math and...
![Page 1: The Enlightenment. Sir Isaac Newton Born 1642 in England Cambridge University –Studies math and science. –The invention of Calculus –The “hated” Professor.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed45503460f94be4610/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Enlightenment
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Sir Isaac Newton• Born 1642 in England• Cambridge University
– Studies math and science.– The invention of Calculus– The “hated” Professor
Newton– Proves Kepler’s Laws of
Planetary Motion
– The spectrum, laws of gravity, planetary physics, and magic.
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Religion and Science• Newton was a very devout
Catholic.– Wanted to prove God is in
control of the universe and had an active role in it.
– He finds out there are Natural Laws which control everything. The universe is run by a set of complex laws, not God.
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The Beginning of the Enlightenment
• If there are rules for how nature works…….are there rules for how society/science/math/all of life should work?
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The Enlightenment
• A movement to discover the rules of nature and society. “Natural Laws”
• Based on these two principles:– 1. There are laws which govern the universe.– 2. Humans can discover those laws.
In other words, trying to discover how the universe works.
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John Locke (1632-1704)
• “Tabula raza”, the blank slate.– “All men are created equal”
• Power comes from the people.• There is no “natural right” to rule.
– Therefore there should be no Kings.• The Social Contract
– Government is a contract among people, and must protect the rights (life, liberty, property) of the people, if it fails to do so, the people can change it.
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Other Enlightenment Thinkers
• Adam Smith – “The Wealth of Nations”
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Edward Gibbon
• “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire”
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James Cook
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Mozart and Beethoven
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Dennis Diderot
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Government Thinkers
• Voltaire – French– Questioned absolute
monarchs.
– “Popular government is in itself, less unjust, less hated, than despotic power.”
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Montesquieu -French
• Need to separate powers of government.• Legislative, Executive, Judicial Branches.
• “There is no liberty if the judicial power is not separated from the legislative and executive branches.”
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Rousseau – Swiss, living in Paris• In a natural state, we are all
free and equal.
• “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.”
• “The government is created by a contract among the people, and receives its powers from them. The government exists to serve the people, and when it no longer does so, the people may change it.”
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Those who listened…..
• Catherine the Great of Russia
Frederick II of Prussia
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Those who did not…..• Louis XV and Louis XVI of France