The Engineering of Sport 6

Eckehard Fozzy Moritz and Steve Haake (Eds.)

The Engineering of Sport 6Volume 1: Developments for Sports

~ Springer

Eckehard Fozzy MoritzSportKreativWerkstatt GmbHHerzogstral3e 48D-80803 MiinchenGermanyefm@SportKreativWerkstatt.dewww.SportKreativWerkstatt.de

Steve HaakeCentre for Sport and Exercise ScienceCollegiate HallSheffield Hallam UniversitySheffield S10 2BPUKs.j.haake@shu.ac.uk

Library of Congress Control Number: 2006927112

ISBN-tO: 0-387-31773-2ISBN-13: 978-0387-31773-1

Printed on acid-free paper.

© 2006 Springer Science-Business Media, LLCAll rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without thewritten permission of the publisher (Springer Sciencc+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street,New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarlyanalysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronicadaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafterdeveloped is forbidden.The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even ifthey are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether ornot they are subject to proprietary rights.

Printed in the United States of America. (EB)

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Preface

What you are holding in your hands is probably the best overview of activities insports engineering available at the time of printing; i.e. the state of the art in summer2006 . It is the result of so many people's work to whom we are indebted that it isdifficult to name them: there are the authors, the scientific advisory board, thescientific committee, the theme patrons, the publisher and printer , the advisors ofwhatever kind - and, here we have to make an exception, there is Ingo and Amanda.Nobody who has been part of the production of this book could have done withoutthem, at the very least us: they handled issues you wouldn't even believe could turn upwith efficiency and charm . Thanks, Ingo Valtingoier; thanks, Amanda Staley .

In the accumulation of the contributions and the preparation of the proceedingswe encountered one development that we were very happy about: the sportsengineering community keeps growing - in the number or researchers and expertsinvolved, but also in the breadth of disciplines and institutions contributing. Thisshould definitely be interpreted as a positive development - even though in theevaluation of contributions this lead to a number of intricate discussions. Is sportsengineering primarily science? Is it engineering? Is it science and engineering helpingsports? Some reviewers had differing views on that: if it is science , you need method,data, and discussion; if it is engineering, you need method and an outcome with somedemonstrable usefulness, if it is an aide to sports then whatever has been done needsdemonstrable relevance. As a consequence, some contributions very well done froman engineering perspective have been turned down by hardcore scientists, and viceversa; in some cases we tried to intermediate, in others it may have been bad luck forthe contributors. We think sports engineering will have to live with this variety ofperspectives and interests; it is rather the appeal of this field in the process of findingitself. Openness combined with consistent reasoning will be needed to progress fromhere; somewhere in-between academic traditions and Feyerabend's famous "Anythinggoes".

As a quick glimpse behind the scene, besides the disciplinary quarrels sketchedabove some "cultural" clashes could also not be avoided. One German reviewer puthis comments in a very direct way that was hard to bear for the British author; someEast Asian authors had a hard time in focusing their writing on the most interestingresults and were thus bluntly thrown out; some well-known members in onecommunity have seen their abstract turned down by experts from another area who didnot know about the writer 's fame .. . these anecdotes point to just a couple of moreissues the sports engineering community will have get to grips with in the not toodistant future .

vi Preface

As the result of various influences in these proceedings you will find a number ofnew topic areas indirectly related to but important to sports engineering. One area ofconcern we like to especially highlight here is the topic of sustainability, which mayserve as an important yardstick for the future development of sports engineering andhopefully other industrial activities. Furthermore, you will find contributions ontrends, cultural influences, human factors and on neural network modeling. Finally,according to the special emphasis of this conference we were successful in seeking alarge number of papers in the area of innovation and design, including economicperspectives and proposals for novel design approaches. To our regret, even thoughwe had tried hard we could get no contributions on industrial design - this area with somuch relevance to sports equipment apparently is still a step-child in our community.

In the assembly of these proceedings we have endeavored to realize some novelapproaches. First of all, we used "theme patrons" for different topic areas who notonly helped acquire contributions but were also asked to write a synopsis of thecontributions in "their" fields. This will hopefully increase the use value for readers,who by just reading the synopses can have a basic idea about developments in certainfields, and can then scan contributions on a much better knowledge basis. This is afirst step towards converting the proceedings into a sort of handbook which hopefullywill be taken up by future editors.

Then, as we tried to increase the relevance of sports engineering to sports, wehave asked authors to take special care to illustrate the respective relevance, and to puttheir contribution into a sports-related category rather than a discipline-orientedcategory. Therefore, one volume of these proceedings has been named "developmentsfor sports"; it is the biggest and could have even been bigger. The second volume istermed "developments in disciplines", which consists mainly·of contributions focusingon modeling and measurements. A third volume has been named "developments forinnovation", a tribute to this special focus of this conference (being organized by acenter for innovation in sports), and to the fact that we could accumulate an amazingnumber of contributions in this field.

Finally, we hope that the reader will appreciate the outcome, and we' ll be veryhappy to receive comments of whatever kind, be it criticism, proposals forimprovement or grappa casks and flower arrangements.

Eckehard Fozzy MoritzStephen Haake

EditorsJuly 2006

Contents

1 Baseball

Synopsis 3Alan M. Nathan

An Experimental Investigation of Baseball Bat Durability 5Patrick 1. Drane, James A. Sherwood. Rebecca H. Shaw

Bending Modes, Damping, and the Sensationof Sting in Baseball Bats IIDaniel A. Russell

Experimental Investigations of the Relationship of Baseball Bat Properties 17on Battered-Ball PerformanceRebecca H. Shaw , James A. Sherwood

The Effectof Spin on the Flight of a Baseball 23Alan M. Nathan, Joe Hopkins. Lance Chong. Hank Kaczmarski

Rigid Wall Effectson Softball Coefficientof Restitution Measurements 29Lloyd Smith. Aaron Ison

The Effectof HoldingMethods on a Baseball Bat Performance Estimation 35SystemHiroyuki Kagawa , Takeshi Yoneyama, Masaya Takahashi

2 Climbing - Instrumentation And Testing OfEquipment

Synopsis 43Franz Konstantin Fuss

An Estimation of the Load Rate Imparted to a Climbing Anchor During Fall 45ArrestDave Custer

Dynamicsof Speed Climbing 51Franz Konstantin Fuss , Gunther Niegl

Instrumented Climbing Holds and Dynamicsof Sport Climbing 57Franz Konstantin Fuss. Gunther Niegl

Forces Generated in a Climbing Rope During a Fall 63Andrew Phillips , Jeff Vogwell, Alan Bramley

viii Contents

Rock Climbing Belay Device Analysis, Experiments and ModellingLionel Manin, Matthieu Richard, Jean-Daniel Brabant, Marc Bissuel

3 Cycling

69

Synopsis 77Martin Strangwood

Thermo-mechanical Modification Techniques for Structural Foams used in 79Racing Bicycle Wheels .Catherine Caton, Mike Jenkins, Martin Strangwood

The Effect of a Non Circular Chainring on Cycling Performance 85Nicolas Horvais , Pierre Samozino, Frederique Hintzy

Dynamic Characteristics of Modem Mountain Bikes Rear Linkages 91Angelo Tempia, Aleksandar Subic , Ricardo M Pagliarella

An Ambient Intelligence System to Assist Team Training and Competition in 97Cyclinglngmar Fliege, Alexander Geraldy, Reinhard Gotzhein, Thomas Jaitner,Thomas Kuhn, Christian Webel

Indoor-Simulation of Team Training in Cycling 103Thomas Jaitner, Marcus Trapp. Dirk Niebhur, Jan Koch

A Bond Graph Model of a Full-Suspension Mountain Bicycle Rear Shock 109Robin Redfield, Cory Sutela

Track Cycling: An Analytical Model I 15Richard Lukes, Matt Carre, Stephen Haake

Forces During Cycling After Total Knee Arthoplasty 121Maximilian Mueller , Veit Senner, Markus Wimmer

A Study of Aerodynamic Drag and Thermal Efficiency of a Series of Bicycle 127HelmetsFiroz Alam, Aleksandar Subic , Simon Watkins

4 Golf

SynopsisSteve Mather

135

Contents ix

An Instrumented Grip Handle for Golf Clubs to MeasureForcesand 137Moments Exerted by Each Hand During Swing MotionS. Koike. H. Iida, H. Shiraki, M Ae

The Aerodynamic Influenceof Dimple Designon Flying Golf Ball 143T. Sajima, T. Yamaguchi. M Yabu, M Tsunoda

Experimental Verificationof Trajectory Analysis of Golf Ball Under 149Atmospheric Boundary LayerTakeshi Naruo, Taketo Mizota

Validationof Accelerometers And Gyroscopes to Provide Real-Time 155Kinematic Data for Golf AnalysisK. Fitzpatrick. R. Anderson

Investigation of Wrist Release During the Golf Swing by Using a Golf Swing 161RobotYohei Hoshino, Yukinori Kobayashi. Soichiro Suzuki

Segmental Sequencingof Kinetic Energy in the Golf Swing 167Brady C. Anderson. Ian C. Wright. Darren 1. Stefanyshyn

5 Gymnastics

Synopsis 175David G. Kerwin

Effect of ShoulderComplianceon Peak High Bar Forces During the Giant 177SwingAlison L. Sheets. Mont Hubbard

Effectsof Horizontal Surface Complianceon BalanceStrategies 183Wendy Kimmel. Mont Hubbard

Predicting High Bar Forces in the Longswing 189David Kerwin. Gareth Irwin

Musculoskeletal Work in the Longswing on High Bar 195Gareth Irwin. David G Kerwin

6 Lawn Sports

SynopsisMatt Carre

203

x Contents

Quantification of the Cricket Bowling Delivery; a Study of Elite Players to 205Gauge Variability and ControllabilityLaura Justham, Andrew West. Andy Harland. Alex Cox

Ball Launch Characteristics for Elite Rugby Union Players 211Christopher Holmes . Roy Jones. Andy Harland. Jon Petz ing

A Novel Quantitative Method for the Determination of Wear in an Installed 217Synthetic Turf SystemAndrew McLeod, lain James. Kim Blackburn. Gavin Wood

Multi-Optimization of Three Kicks in Rugby 223Kazuya Seo , Osamu Kobayashi. Masahide Murakami

The Mechanical Behaviour of Cricket Soils During Preparation by Rolling 229Pete r Shipton . lain James. Alex Vickers

Studies on the Oblique Impact of a Cricket Ball on a Cricket Pitch 235David James. Matt Carre . Stephen Haake

Test Devices for the Evaluation of Synthetic Turf Pitches for Field Hockey 241Colin Young. Paul Fleming. Neil Dixon

7 Skiing, Snowboarding and Ski Jumping

Synopsis 249Veit Senner

Laboratory Device for Measuring the Friction Between Ski-Base Materials 251and Ice or SnowMathieu Fauve, Lukas Bdurle, Hansueli Rhyner

Biomechanical Instrumentation of the BergIsel Jumping Hill in Innsbruck 257and Exemplary AnalyseseKurt Schindelwig. Werner Nachbauer

Dynamic Properties of Materials for Alpine Skis 263Christian Fischer. Mathieu Fauve, Etienne Combaz. Pierre-Etienne Bourban,Veronique Michaud. Christopher J.G. Plummer. Hansueli Rhyner. Jan-Anders E. Manson ,

Calculation of Friction and Reaction Forces During an Alpine World Cup 269Downhill RaceM. Schiestl, P. Kaps, M. Mossner, W. Nachbauer

Contents xi

Measurement of Jumper's Body Motion in Ski Jumping 275Yuji Ohgi, Kazuya Seo, Nobuyuki Hirai. Masahide Murakami

Ridingon Air: A New Theory for Lift Mechanicsof Downhill Skiing and 281SnowboardingQianhong Wu. Yesim Igci, Yiannis Andreopoulos, Sheldon Weinbaum

SubjectiveEvaluation of the Performance of Alpine Skis and Correlations 287with Mechanical Ski PropertiesPeter Federo/f. Mirco Auer. Mathieu Fauve, Anton Luthi. Hansueli Rhyner

Timing of Force Applicationand Joint Angles Duringa Long Ski Turn 293Takeshi Yoneyama , Nathan Scott. Hiroyuki Kagawa

Effectof Bindingsand Plates on Ski Mechanical Properties and Carving 299PerformanceAnton Luthi. Peter Federo/f. Mathieu Fauve, Hansueli Rhyner

Development of a Prototype that Measures the Coefficientof Friction 305BetweenSkis and SnowPaul Miller . Andy Hytjan , Matthew Weber. Miles Wheeler. Jack Zable, AndyWalshe , Alan Ashley

8 Football

Synopsis 313Matt Carre

An Investigation into the Link BetweenSoil PhysicalConditionsand the 315Playing Quality of Winter Sports Pitch RootzonesMarke Jennings- Temple . Peter Leeds-Harrison. lain Jam es

Measuringand Modelling the Goalkeeper's Diving Envelope in a Penalty 321KickDavid G. Kerwin. Ken Bray

Flow Visualization on a Real Flight Non-spinning And SpinningSoccer Ball 327Takeshi Asai, Kazuya Seo, Osamu Kobayashi. Reiko Sakashita

Gaze Point Analysis in Movement Prediction of Soccer Players By Image 333ProcessingYuusuke Hiramatsu, Shigemichi Ohshima, Atsumi Ohtsuki

Traction Testing of Soccer Boots Under Game Relevant LoadingConditions 339Thomas Grund. Veit Senner

xii Contents

Correlation betweenSupport Foot Placementand Goal Accuracy for Instep 345Kicks in the Soccer FieldGiuseppe Marcolin, Nicola Petrone, Claudio Robazza

Analysis of the Influenceof Rubber Infill on the Mechanical Performance of 351ArtificialTurf Surfaces for SoccerEnrique Alcantara, David Rosa, Javier Gamez , Antonio Martinez. MarioComin. Maria Jose Such, Pedro Vera.Jaime Prat

Soccer Ball Modal Analysis Using a Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer 357(SLDV)Jouni Ronkainen, Andy Harland

9 Tennis

Synopsis 365Stuart Miller

Normal Impact of Hollow Balls on Flat Surfaces 367Yoshihisa Honda

Factors in Tennis Ball Wear 373Carolyn Steele. Roy Jones. Paul Leaney

Measuring Ball Spin off a Tennis Racket 379Simon Goodwill. Jamie Douglas. Stuart Miller. Stephen Haake

3D Player Testing in Tennis 385Simon Choppin , Simon Goodwill. Stephen Haake

An Extended Study Investigating the Effects of Tennis Rackets with Active 391DampingTechnologyon The Symptomsof Tennis ElbowRobert Cottey , Johan Kotze , Herfried Lammer, Werner Zirngibl

10 Water Sports

SynopsisJani Macari Pallis

Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysisofa Water Ski JumperJohn Hart. David Curtis. Stephen Haake

Feedback Systems in RowingArnold Baca, Philipp Kornfe ind, Mario Heller

399

401

407

Contents xiii

Biomechanical Analysi s of Olympic Kayak Athletes During Indoor Paddling 413Nicola Petrone, Andrea Isotti, Guglielmo Guerrini

So you think you know the ropes? White Water Rescue Ropes and 419TechniquesMatt Barker

Computational Modelling of Surfboard Fins for Enhanced Performance 425Dave Carswell, Nicholas Lavery, Steve Brown

Development of Swimming Prosthet ic for Physically Disabled (Optimal 431Design for One Side of Above-Elbow Amputation)Keiko Yoneyama, Motomu Nakashima

Author Index 437

Subject Index 441

Contributors

Simon C. AdelmannUniversity of Birmingham, UK

Michiyoshi AeUniversity of Tsukuba, Japan

UzomaAjokuLoughborough Univers ity, UK

Shinichiro AkiyamaToyota Motor Corporation, Japan

Firoz AlamRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology

Pdr-Anders AlbinssonSwedish Defence Research Agency, Sweden

Enrique AlcantaraUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

Brady C. AndersonUniversity of Calgary, Canada

Lauren AndersonLoughborough University, UK

xvi Contributors

Ross AndersonUniversity of Limerick, UK

Dennis AnderssonSwedish Defence Research Agency, Sweden

Yiannis AndreopoulosThe City College of New York, USA

Ali AnsarifarLoughborough University, UK

Ayako AoyamaTokyo Institute of Technology

Takeshi AsaiYamagata University, Japan

Andrew AshcroftUniversity of Cambridge, UK

Alan AshleyUnited States Ski Association, USA

MircoAuerSwiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research Davos, Switzerland

Andreas AvgerinosDemocritus University ofThrace, Greece

Arnold BacaUniversity of Vienna, Austria

Sarah BarberUniversity of Sheffield, UK

Franck BarbierUniversite de Valenciennes, France

Matthew R. BarkerAuckland University of Technology, New Zealand

Joseph BeckUnited States Air Force Academy, USA

Nicolas BelluyeDecathlon, France

Alexey, BelyaevPerm State Technical University, Russia

Goran BerglundSandvik MaterialTechnology, Sweden

Nils BetzlerOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg,Germany

Marc BissuelINSA Lyon, France

Kim BlackburnCranfield University, UK

Jane R. BlackfordUniversityof Edinburgh, UK

Kim B. BlairMassachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

Stephan BoerboomTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany

Harald BohmTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany

Robert BordasOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg,Germany

Pierre-Etienne BourbanEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne(EPFL), Switzerland

Jean-Dan iel BrabantINSA Lyon, France

Contributors xvii

xviii Contributors

Alan N. BramleyUniversity of Bath, UK

Ken BrayUniversityof Bath, UK

Desmond BrownUniversity of Ulster, UK

Steve BrownUniversityof Wales Swansea, UK

Mark-Paul BuckinghamUniversityof Edinburgh, UK

Jeremy BurnBristol University,UK

Mike P. CaineLoughborough University, UK

Matt J. CarreUniversityof Sheffield, UK

David1. CarswellUniversity of Wales Swansea, UK

Catherine J. CatonUniversity of Birmingham, UK

Chaochao ChenKochi Universityof Technology, Japan

Lance ChongUniversityof Illinois, USA

Simon ChoppinUniversityof Sheffield, UK

Jeffrey 1. ChuSimbex, USA

Steffen ClementAUm Sport, Germany

Etienne CombazEcole Polytechnique Federalede Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland

Mario CominUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

Alex CorkLoughborough University, UK

James CornishUniversity of Birmingham, UK

Robert CotteyHEAD Sport AG, Austria

Aimee C. CubittUniversity of Bath, UK

KieranF. CulliganMassachusetts Instituteof Technology, USA

David CurtisSheffield Hallam University, UK

Dave CusterMassachusetts Instituteof Technology, USA

Tim DeansBristolUniversity, UK

Jeroen DethmersUniversiteit Maastricht, Netherlands

Neil DixonLoughborough University, UK

Sharon1. DixonUniversity of Exeter, UK

Contributors xix

xx Contributors

Jamie DouglasInternational Tennis Federation, UK

Patrick 1. DraneUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell, USA

Melanie DummTechnische Universitat Munchen,Germany

Juan Vicente DuraUniversitat Politecnicade Valencia, Spain

Colin EamesUnited States Air Force Academy, USA

Markus EckeltUniversityof Applied SciencesTechnikum Wien, Austria

Jiirgen Edelmann-NusserOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Frank EinwagKlinik fur Orthopadische Chirurgie und Unfallchirurgie Bamberg, Germany

Carl F. EttlingerVermontSafety Research, USA

Paul EwartUniversity ofWaikato, New Zealand

Emanuela FaggianoUniversity of Padova, Italy

Mathieu FauveSwiss Federal Institute for Snow and AvalancheResearch Davos, Switzerland

Owen R. FauvelUniversity of Calgary, Canada

Peter FederolfUniversityof Salzburg, Austria

Monika FikusUniversityof Bremen, Germany

Christian FischerEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne(EPFL), Switzerland

Peter R. FischerUniversity of Augsburg,Germany

Keith FitzpatrickUniversityof Limerick, UK

Paul FlemingLoughborough University, UK

lngmar FliegeTechnical University Kaiserslautem

Matthieu FoissacDecathlon, France

Kathryn FranklinUniversity of Glamorgan, UK

Philippe FreychatDecathlon, France

Piergiuseppe FumeiUniversity of Padova, Italy

Franz Konstantin FussNanyangTechnological University, Singapore

Javier GamezUniversitatPolitecnicade Valencia,Spain

Contributors xxi

xxii Contributors

Nico GanterOtto von GuerickeUniversityMagdeburg, Germany

Paul GebhardTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany

Alexander GeraldyTechnical UniversityKaiserslautem

Anton GerritsTNO, Netherlands

Alexandros GiannakisCSEM - Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology, Switzerland

Maria GiannousiDemocritus University of Thrace, Greece

Paul J. GibbsLoughborough University, UK

Christophe GilletUniversite de Valenciennes, France

Juan Carlos GonzalesUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

Simon GoodwillUniversity of Sheffield,UK

Philippe GorceToulon University, France

Rae. GordonUniversity of Glamorgan, UK

Reinhard GotzheinTechnical University Kaiserslautem

Richard M. GreenwaldSimbex, USA

Thomas GrundTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany

Guglielmo GuerriniItalian Kayak Federation, Italy

Jose Maria GutierrezUniversitatPolitecnicade Valencia,Spain

Stephen J. HaakeSheffield Hallam University, UK

Christian HainzlmaierTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany

Nick HamiltonSheffield Hallam University, UK

Dong Chul HanSeoul National University, Korea

R. Keith HannaFluent Europe Ltd., UK

Andy R. HarlandLoughborough University, UK

John HartSheffield Hallam University, UK

Thomas HartelChemnitz University of Technology, Germany

Ulrich HartmannTechnische UniversitatMiinchen, Germany

Andreas HasenknopjMLD, Germany

Dieter HeinrichUniversity Innsbruck, Austria

Contributors xxiii

xxiv Contributors

Ben HellerSheffieldHallam University, UK

Mario HellerUniversityof Vienna, Austria

Christian HennekeSportKreativWerkstattGmbH, Germany

Martin HerbertBristol University, UK

Falk HildebrandInstitute for Applied Training Science (IAT) Leipzig, Germany

Norbert HimmelInstitut fur Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH,Germany

Frederique HintzyLaboratoirede Modelisation des Activites Sportives, France

Nobuyuki HiraiUniversityof Tsukuba,Japan

Yuusuke HiramatsuMeijo University, Japan

Philip Hodgk insLoughborough University, UK

Martin HofmannOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Frank HoislTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany

Christopher E. HolmesLoughborough University, UK

Yoshihisa HondaKinki University, Japan

Joe HopkinsWestern Michigan University, USA

Neil HopkinsonLoughborough University, UK

Nicolas HorvaisLaboratoire de Modelisation des Activites Sportives, France

Yohei HoshinoHokkaido University, Japan

Kenji HosokawaChubu University, Japan

Mont HubbardUniversity of California, Davis, USA

Andrew HytjanUniversity of Colorado at Boulder , USA

Yesim IgciPrinceton University, USA

Hiroshi /idaPolytechnic University Kagawa , Japan

Yoshio InoueKochi University of Technology, Japan

Carl Johan IranderSandvik Material Technology, Sweden

Jon Iriberri BerrostegietaPerformance Enhancement Centre, Basque Government, Spain

Gareth IrwinUniversity of Wales Cardiff, UK

Aaron IsonCascade Engineering, USA

Contributors xxv

xxvi Contributors

Andrea IsottiUniversity of Padova, Italy

Koji ItoJapan Instituteof Sport Sciences,Japan

Takuzo IwatsuboKansai University, Japan

Thomas JaitnerTechnical University Kaiserslautem

Daniel A. JamesGriffith University, Australia

David M JamesUniversityof Sheffield, UK

la in JamesCranfield University, UK

Mike J. JenkinsUniversityof Birmingham, UK

Marke Jenn ings-TempleCranfield University, UK

Alexander W. JessimanSimbex, USA

Tomohiko JinToyota Motor Corporation, Japan

Robert 1. JohnsonUniversity of Vermont, USA

Clifton R. JohnstonUniversity of Calgary, Canada

Roy JonesLoughborough University, UK

AndreJordanOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

LauraJus/hamLoughborough University, UK

Hank KaczmarskiUniversity of Illinois, USA

HiroyukiKagawaKanazawa University, Japan

Michael KaiserInstitut fitr Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH, Germany

Nico KampermanTNO, Netherlands

Peter KapsUniversity Innsbruck, Austria

Shozo KawamuraToyohashi University of Technology, Japan

Ian C. KennyUniversity of Ulster, UK

David G. KerwinUniversity of Wales Cardiff, UK

Andreas KiefmannTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany

Cheal KimKyungpook National University, Korea

Moo Sun KimSeoul National University, Korea

Sun Jin KimSeoul National University, Korea

Contributors xxvii

xxviii Contributors

Wendy KimmelUniversity of California, Davis, USA

Efthimis KioumourtzoglouDemocritus University ofThrace, Greece

Bob KirkUniversity of Sheffield, UK

Sebastian Klee

Isabella KlopferTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany

Karin KnollInstitute for Applied Training Science (IAT) Leipzig, Germany

Klaus KnollInstitute for Applied Training Science (IAT) Leipzig, Germany

Ted KnoxWright Patterson Air Force Base, USA

Cheolwoong KoUniversity of Iowa, USA

Osamu KobayashiTokai University, Japan

Yukinori KobayashiHokkaido University, Japan

Jan KochTechnical University Kaiserslautern

Hannes KoglerFischer GmbH, Austria

Sekiya KoikeUniversity of Tsukuba, Japan

Contributors xxix

Philipp KornfeindUniversity of Vienna, Austria

Giorgos KotrotsiosCSEM - Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology, Switzerland

Johan KotzeHEAD Sport AG, Austria

Christian KramerTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany

Maximilian KrinningerTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany

Michael KrohnHochschule fur Gestaltung und KunstZUrich, Switzerland

AndreasKrugerOtto von GuerickeUniversity Magdeburg, Germany

Thomas KuhnTechnical University Kaiserslautem

HerfriedLammerHEAD Sport AG, Austria

Nicholas LaveryUniversity of Wales Swansea,UK

Paul LeaneyLoughborough University, UK

Manryung LeeKyunginWomen's College, Korea

Woo Il LeeSeoul National University, Korea

PeterLeeds-HarrisonCranfield University, UK

xxx Contributors

Sebastien LeteneurUniversite de Valenciennes, France

Chris Lewis-JonesDelcam pic, UK

Udo LindemannTechnische UniversitatMunchen,Germany

Daniel LowUniversityof Exeter,UK

Peter LugnerVienna University of Technology, Austria

Richard LukesUniversity of Sheffield, UK

Anton LiithiSwiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research Davos, Switzerland

Reiner LiitzelerRWTH Aachen University, Germany

Jani Macari Pal/isCislunar Aerospace Inc., USA

Lionel ManinINSA Lyon, France

Graeme MansonUniversityof Sheffield, UK

Jan-Anders E. MansonEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland

Giuseppe MarcolinUniversityof Padova, Italy

Brett A. MarmoUniversityof Edinburgh, UK

Antonio MartinezUniversitat Politecnicade Valencia, Spain

NatividadMartinezUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

Tom MaseMichigan State University, USA

Steve MatherUniversity of Nottingham, UK

Sean MawUniversity of Calgary,Canada

Alex J. McCloyUniversity of Ulster,UK

Mark McHutchonUniversity of Sheffield,UK

Andrew McLeodCranfieldUniversity, UK

Hossain Md.ZahidToyohashi University of Technology, Japan

Kenneth MeijerUniversiteit Maastricht, Netherlands

Daniel MemmertUniversity of Heidelberg, Germany

Roberto MeneghelloUniversity of Padova, Italy

Imke K. MeyerUniversity of Bremen, Germany

Michael MichailovNationalSports Academy, Bulgaria

Contributors xxxi

xxxii Contributors

Veronique MichaudEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne(EPFL), Switzerland

Thomas MilaniChemnitz Universityof Technology, Germany

Paul MillerUniversityof Coloradoat Boulder, USA

Stuart MillerInternational Tennis Federation, UK

Guillaume MilletUniversite Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, France

Hirofumi MinamotoToyohashi Universityof Technology,Japan

Sean R. MitchellLoughborough University,UK

Chikara MiyajiJapan Institute of Sport Sciences, Japan

Yusuke MiyazakiTokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Taketo MizotaFukuoka Institute of Technology, Japan

Stuart MonkUniversityof Birmingham, UK

Ana MontanerUniversitat Politecnicade Valencia, Spain

John MorganBristol University, UK

Eckehard Fozzy MoritzSportKreativWerkstatt GmbH, Germany

Rhys MorrisUniversity of Wales Cardiff, UK

Martin MossnerUniversity Innsbruck, Austria

Maximilian MullerTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany

Masahide MurakamiUniversity of Tsukuba,Japan

Werner NachbauerUniversity Innsbruck, Austria

Daiki NakajimaKansai University, Japan

Motomu NakashimaTokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Takeshi NaruoMizuno Corporation, Japan

Alan M NathanUniversity of Illinois, USA

Dirk NiebhurTechnical University Kaiserslautem

Gunther NieglUniversity ofYienna , Austria

Christian NolteUniversity of Augsburg, Germany

Claudius NowoiskyOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Wubbo Ocke/sDelft Universityof Technology, Netherlands

Contributors xxxiii

xxxiv Contributors

Stephan OdenwaldChemnitz University of Technology, Germany

Yuji OhgiKeio University, Japan

Shigemichi OhshimaMeijo University, Japan

Atsumi OhtsukiMeijo University, Japan

Hiroki OkuboNational Defense Academy, Japan

Steve R. OttoR&A Rules Limited, UK

Riccardo M PagliarellaRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

Jiirgen PerlUniversity of Mainz , Germany

Stephane PerreyUniversite de Montpellier, France

Christiane PetersTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany

Nicola PetroneUniversity of Padova, Italy

Neil PetticanCranfield University, UK

Jon PetzingLoughborough University, UK

Andrew PhillipsUniversity of Bath, UK

Contributors xxxv

John PlagaWright Patterson Air Force Base, USA

Christopher J.G. PlummerEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne(EPFL), Switzerland

Alexander Romanovich PodgaetsDelft University of Technology, Netherlands

Jaime PratUniversitatPolitecnicade Valencia, Spain

Celine PuyaubreauDecathlon, France

Franck QuaineUniversiteJoseph FourierGrenoble, France

Jose RamiroUniversitatPolitecnicade Valencia, Spain

Robin RedfieldUnited States Air Force Academy, USA

Martin ReichelUniversityof Applied SciencesTechnikum Wien, Austria

Hansueli RhynerSwiss Federal Institute for Snow and AvalancheResearch Davos, Switzerland

Matthieu RichardPETZL, France

Claudio RobazzaUniversity of Padova, Italy

Bryan C. RobertsLoughborough University, UK

Jonathan RobertsLoughborough University, UK

xxxvi Contributors

Markus A. RohdeUniversity ofSiegen, Germany

Jouni A. RonkainenLoughborough University, UK

David RosaUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

Steve RothbergLoughborough University, UK

Maxime RouxDecathlon, France

Daniel RussellKettering University, USA

Anton SaboUniversity of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Austria

Takahiro SajimaSRI Sports Limited, Japan

Reiko SakashitaKumamoto University, Japan

Toshiyuki SakataChubu University, Japan

Pierre SamozinoLaboratoirede Modelisationdes Activites Sportives, France

Yu SatoChubu University,Japan

Nicholas SavageRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

Hans SavelbergUniversiteit Maastricht, Netherlands

Contributors xxxvii

Michael SchiestlUniversity Innsbruck, Austria

David SchillUnited States Air Force Academy,USA

Kurt SchindelwigUniversity Innsbruck,Austria

Erin SchmidtLoughborough University, UK

Heinz-Bodo SchmiedmayerVienna University of Technology, Austria

Alexander SchneiderTum Till Bum GmbH, Switzerland

Isabelle SchOfflUniversity of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany

Volker R. SchofflKlinik fiirOrthopadische Chirurgie und Unfallchirurgie Bamberg,Germany

Stefan SchonbergerTechnischeUniversitat Munchen, Germany

Herwig SchretterHTM Tyrolia, Austria

Andreas SchweizerKantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland

Carsten SchwiewagnerTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany

Nathan ScottThe Universityof Western Australia,Australia

Brian P. SelfUnited States Air Force Academy, USA

xxxviii Contributors

Terry SeniorSheffield Hallam University, UK

Veit SennerTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany

Kazuya SeoYamagata University, Japan

Sonali ShahUniversity of Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign, USA

Rebecca H. ShawUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell, USA

Jasper ShealyRochesterInstituteof Technology, USA

Alison L. SheetsUniversityof California, Davis, USA

James A. SherwoodUniversityof Massachusetts Lowell, USA

Kyoko ShibataKochi University of Technology, Japan

Jun ShimizuJapan Instituteof Sport Sciences,Japan

Peter ShiptonCranfield University, UK

Hitoshi ShirakiUniversity of Tsukuba,Japan

Anton ShumihinPerm State Technical University, Russia

Gerard SierksmaUniversity of Groningen, Netherlands

Contributors xxxix

Lloyd SmithWashington State University, USA

Peter SpitzenpjeilTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany

Carolyn SteeleLoughborough University, UK

Darren J . StejanyshynUniversity of Calgary, Canada

Gunnar StevensUniversity of Siegen, Germany

Victoria H. StilesUniversity of Exeter, UK

Valeriy StolbovPerm State Technical University, Russia

Martin StrangwoodUniversity of Birmingham, UK

WolfStreckerKlinik fur Orthopadische Chirurgie und Unfallchirurgie Bamberg, Germany

Martin StrehlerSportKreativWerkstatt GmbH, Germany

Claude StrickerAISTS - International Academy of Sports Science and Technology, Switzerland

William 1. StrongeUniversity of Cambridge, UK

Aleksandar SubicRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

Maria Jose SuchUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

xl Contributors

Cory SutelaSRAM Corporation, USA

Soich iro SuzukiKitami Instituteof Technology,Japan

Masaya TakahashiSumitomo Light Metal, Japan

Hironuri TakiharaToyohashi University of Technology, Japan

Ming Adin TanNanyang Technological University, Singapore

Angelo TempiaRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

Eva TenanUniversityof Padova, Italy

Dominique TheveninOtto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburg,Germany

Mark TimmsHot Stix Technologies,USA

Daniel ToonLoughborough University, UK

Marcus TrappTechnical University Kaiserslautern

Masaya TsunodaSRI Sports Limited,Japan

Sadayuki UjihashiTokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Sandor VajnaOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Rafael ValeroAIJU, Technological Institute of Toys, Spain

Sergey VasilenkoJSC Aviadvigatel - Penn Engine Company, Russia

Pedro VeraUniversitatPolitecnicade Valencia, Spain .

Johan VerbeekUniversity ofWaikato, New Zealand

Nicholas VernadakisDemocritusUniversityofThrace, Greece

Alex VickersCranfieldUniversity, UK

Laurant VigourouxUniversite Joseph Fourier Grenoble, France

Jeff VogwellUniversity of Bath, UK

Jorg F. WagnerUniversity Stuttgart, Germany

Klaus WagnerInstitutefor Applied Training Science (lAT) Leipzig,Germany

David WalfischMassachusetts Instituteof Technology, USA

Eric S. WallaceUniversityof Ulster, UK

Tom WallerLoughborough University, UK

Andy WalsheUnited States Ski Association, USA

Contributors xli

xlii Contributors

Simon WatkinsRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

PekChee WeRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

Christian WebefTechnical University Kaiserslautern

Matthew WeberUniversity of Colorado at Boulder, USA

Sheldon WeinbaumThe City College of New York, USA

Andrew WestLoughborough University, UK

Cory WestHot Stix Technologies, USA

Miles WheelerUniversity of Colorado at Boulder, USA

Josef WiemeyerTechnische Universitat Darmstadt Germany

Bart WijersTerra Sports Technology, Netherlands

Paul WillemsUnivers iteit Maastricht, Netherlands

Simon WilliamsUniversity of Glamorgan, UK

Markus A. WimmerRush University Medical Center Chicago, USA

Erich WintermantelTechnische Universitat Munchen , Germany

Clive WishartBristol University, UK

Kerstin WitteOtto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany

Gavin WoodCranfield University, UK

Ian C. WrightTaylorMade-adidas Golf Company, USA

Qianhong WuVillanova University, USA

Volker WulfUniversity of Siegen, Germany

Bernd WunderlichOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Masanori YabuSRI Sports Limited,Japan

Tetsuo YamaguchiSRI Sports Limited,Japan

Connie YangLoughborough University, UK

Keiko YoneyamaTokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Takeshi YoneyamaKanazawa University,Japan

Colin YoungLoughborough University, UK

Allen YuenUniversity of Calgary, Canada

Contributors xliii

xliv Contributors

Jack ZableUniversity of Colorado at Boulder, USA

Michael F. ZiihTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany

Eleni ZetouDemocritus University ofThrace, Greece

Andreas ZimmermannUniversity of Siegen, Germany

Werner ZirngieblPraxiskl inik fur Orthopadie und Sportmedizin, Miinchen , Germany