The Energy Resources Imperative: Keeping It Simple
-
Upload
freddy56 -
Category
Technology
-
view
261 -
download
0
Transcript of The Energy Resources Imperative: Keeping It Simple
The Energy Resources Imperative:Keeping It Simple
What’s Driving the Imperative:Global Population Growth and Economic Development
World Population Growth1750-2100
10
8
6
4
2
0
17501800
18501900
19502000
20502100
Fuel Selection and Prioritization
Hydrocarbon Combustion:Fuel + Oxygen = Heat + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Heating Value of Coal:Q = 337C + 1442(H - O/8) + 93S
Nuclear Fission:Uranium + Neutron = Fission Materials + Energy + Neutrons
Keeping It SimpleLean Thinking: Produce the Goods and Don’t Produce and Eliminate the “Evils” and Eliminate Waste
Heating Value of Fuels
Fuel HHV MJ/kg HHV BTU/lb HHV kJ/mol LHV MJ/kg
Hydrogen 141.8 61,100 286 121
Methane 55.5 23,900 889 50.0
Ethane 51.9 22,400 1570 47.8
Propane 50.35 21,700 2220 46.35
Butane 49.5 20,900 2875 45.75
Pentane 45.35
Gasoline 47.3 20,400 44.4
Paraffin 46 19,900 16,300
Kerosene 46.2 43.0
Diesel 44.8 19,300
Coal 15–27 8000–14,000 200–350
Wood 15 6500 300
Peat 6–15 2500–6500
It’s a fact
Natural gas is the clean-burning fuel.
• 45 percent less carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions than coal
• 30 percent less CO2 emissions than oil100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
It’s a fact
Direct use of natural gas is very efficient. • 90 percent of the natural gas produced is delivered to
customers as useful energy
• Less than 1/3 of the energy converted to electricity reaches customers
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Inefficiency of electric generation
Electricity Flow, 2006(Quadrillion Btu)
69%
It’s a fact
Using natural gas appliances means less CO2 emissions at home.
ElectricityNatural Gas
10.36 million tons of CO2
6.34 million tons of CO2
Homes using natural gas for heating, hot water and other appliances produce about 40 percent less CO2 emissions than homes with electric appliances.
Energy Efficiency & Conservation
• According to the Energy Information Administration, residential natural gas consumers use 20 percent less gas per capita today than they did 20 years ago, primarily due to more efficient appliances.
• Several states have moved to rate design models where utilities are compensated, not to sell more product, but to educate the public and promote energy efficiency.
Prioritization
• Alternative and renewable energy accounts for 6% of our nation’s energy portfolio; 90% of that is hydroelectric
• Renewable energy is not ready to replace fossil fuels which account for 80% of the world’s energy supply
We must explore and promote renewables while encouraging use of natural gas.
Abundant but inaccessible
50-500 TCF
5-50 TCF
1-5 TCF
0.5-1.0 TCF
0.25-0.5 TCF
0.1-0.25 TCF
0.01-0.1 TCF
All others <0.01
Gas Reserves Across the Globe
Europe & Former Soviet Union 2199 TCF
Middle East 2531 TCF
Africa 496 TCFAsia Pacific 475 TCF
North America 258 TCF
South America 253 TCF
16
163
641
668
940
1620
5085 Fields
6243 Fields
TOTAL Gas Reserves 20046,200 TCF (50% Offshore)
Global gas resources wereroughly 60 times the annualvolume consumed in 2003
3,000 TCF of stranded gasworldwide
2,000+ fields worldwide withgas reserves of 0.25 to 5.0 TCF
10 BCF per day of Flared GasWorldwide
Abundant but inaccessible
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 Distance to gas consuming market, mi
Pro
du
cti
on
ra
te,
10
0 M
Ms
cfd
• Alternative options for marketing stranded gas – large export consumer markets– combined-commodity projects– creating/developing local or regional market demand
• Distance to market and size of the gas resource influence technologies– Large baseload LNG and Fischer-Tropsch GTL – Technologies can broadly fit together in a framework of production volume versus distance-to-market.
• The “niches” in this framework to exploit for gas fields with modest reserves– CNG– Smaller-scale or “Micro” liquefaction” of LNG– Smaller-scale or “Compact” GTL projects
Looking Offshore in the US
Potential recoverable natural gas in trillions of cubic feet
Looking Onshore in the US
Marcellus and Devonian Shale
2007 Leadership Conference
What element are you?
Natural Gas Value ChainNatural Gas Value Chain
Investing in infrastructure
Investing in efficiency for the today
Investing in efficiency for the future
Common characteristics:• Increased use of automation and digital technologies to continue to improve reliability, efficiency and service; • Functional area process and technology investments made as part of common interlocked utility IUN strategy; • Common information architecture, IT and communications infrastructures, common processes and common
standards across the utility; • Common governance models required to manage IUN investments; • More real-time network observe-ability smart sensors, monitors and meters; • Tighter linkage between customers, assets and grid operations with increased customer control, services and
options; and • Increased use of analytics for decision support and automation.
Intelligent Utility Network
What’s else is next?
• U.S.-based venture capital investments in energy technologies increased from $716 million in 2004 to $917 million in 2005. As a percent of total VC investment, energy tech increased from 3.3% in 2004 to 4.2% in 2005. Over the last six years, venture investments have more than quadrupled as a percent of total VC investments, increasing from under 1% of total venture investments in 1999 to last year’s 4.2%.
• In 2005, the average energy-tech investment swelled to $10.9 million, from $8.4 million in 2004, the highest level since 2001.
• The International Energy Agency estimates that a total of $630 billion was invested in the energy industry during 2005, of which 7% or $44 billion was spent on renewable and distributed energy technologies.
• Annual investments in new installations of clean energy, both renewable and distributed, is expected to grow from about $44 billion in 2005 (it was $27 billion in 2004) to about $167 billion in 2015, a four-fold increase.
• Key developments will include: Increased growth of purely energy-focused
VCs; Traditional VC firms adding energy and energy
technology as an investment sector to their portfolios;
Increased investor sophistication as the energy industry receives more publicity and goes mainstream;
Investors will begin to differentiate and subcategorize the industry into investment segments such as
Distributed Generation Power Quality Services-Related Software
Applications.
Investment Percentage of Venture Capital in EnergyUS-Based Venture Investment by Sub-Sector
Distributed Energy Investments