The Endocrine System. System Overview Includes cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones...
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Transcript of The Endocrine System. System Overview Includes cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones...
System Overview
• Includes cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones directly into the body fluids
• Endocrine vs. exocrine
Functions of Hormones
• Help regulate metabolic processes• Control the rates of some chemical
reactions• Aid in the transport of substances across
membranes• Help regulate water and electrolyte balances• Play vital roles in reproduction, growth, and
development
What is a Hormone?
• A biochemical secreted by a cell to affect the functions of another cell
• Action of a hormone is restricted to a specific target cell that has protein receptors for the hormone
Steroid Hormones
• Fat soluble• Diffuse into cells
easily• May bind to DNA and
activate genes• Fast acting
Nonsteroid Hormones
• Usually combine with cell membrane receptors
• Binding stimulates activity site of receptor (hormone is first messenger) second messengers inside cell trigger cell action
Prostaglandins
• Not really hormones, but behave similarly
• Affect only the organ where they are produced
• Present in very small quantities, not stored, and rapidly inactivated
Control of Hormone Secretions
• Hypothalamus– Controls the anterior
pituitary gland’s release of hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands
• Nervous system– Stimulates some
glands directly
• Some glands respond directly to changes in the internal environment
Hormone Regulation
Pituitary Gland
• Located at the base of the brain
• Attaches to the hypothalamus by means of the infundibulum
• Anterior and posterior lobes
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
• Growth Hormone (GH)– Stimulates most body
cells to increase in size and divide
– Promotes protein synthesis
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)– Promotes normal
activity and development of the thyroid gland
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)– Triggers the release of
hormones from the adrenal cortex
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)– Stimulates gamete
production in males and females
– Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles and eggs in females
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)– Promotes production of
gonadal hormones
– In females, triggers ovulation and stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles and eggs
Anterior Pituitary Hormones• Prolactin (PRL)
– Stimulates milk production in the breasts
– Enhances testosterone production ?
Posterior Pituitary Gland
• Consists mostly of nerve fibers and neuroglia
• Closely associated with the hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
• Oxytocin (OT)– Stimulates contraction
of uterine muscles
– Triggers “letdown” of breast milk
– “Cuddle hormone” ?
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)– Inhibits urine formation in
the kidneys– Stimulates constriction of
blood vessels– Released in response to
increased blood solute concentration, low blood pressure, some drugs (nicotine, morphine)
– Inhibited by alcohol and excessive water consumption
Thyroid Gland• Highly vascular • Two lobes connected
by isthmus• Located below larynx• Secretory parts are
follicles filled with colloid
• CT capsule
Thyroid Hormones
• Thryoxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)– Collectively known as
thyroid hormone
– Increases metabolic rate and body heat production
– Regulates tissue growth
Parathyroid Hormone
• Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)– Raises blood calcium– Stimulates osteoclasts– Triggers reabsorption
of calcium in urine in kidneys
– Increases intestinal absorption of calcium from food
• Located on top of kidneys
• Embedded in adipose
• Adrenal cortex– Outer portion of epithelial
cells organized into layers
• Adrenal medulla– Consists of modified
neurons around blood vessels and nerves of the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Cortex Hormones• Aldosterone
– Zona glomerulosa
– Reduces excretion of sodium from kidneys
– Increases reabsorption of sodium from urine, perspiration, saliva, and gastric juice
– Increases excretion of potassium
– Increases water retention
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
• Cortisol– Zona fasciculata
– Helps maintain blood glucose concentration between meals
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
• Androgens– Zona reticularis
– Supplements sex hormones produced by gonads ?
Adrenal Medulla Hormones• Epinephrine and
Norepinephrine– Produce short term
stress response– Increase heart rate,
blood pressure, and metabolic rate
– Dilation of bronchioles– Trigger liver to release
glucose into bloodstream
Pancreas
• Mixed gland• Located behind
stomach• Islets of Langerhans
– masses of endocrine cells amongst acinar (exocrine) cells
Pancreas Hormones
• Insulin– Produced by beta cells
(stain purple)
– Decreases blood glucose concentration
– Enhances absorption of glucose into cells for energy use and storage
• Glucagon– Produced by alpha
cells (stain pink)
– Stimulates liver to release glucose from glycogen
– 1 molecule triggers the release of 100 million glucose molecules into the blood
Ovaries
• Female gonads• Produce estrogen and
progesterone:– Stimulate maturation
of the female reproductive organs and appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
• More info later…
Testes
• Male gonads
• Produce testosterone:– Stimulates maturation of
the male reproductive organs and the appearance of male secondary sexual characterisics
– Increases sex drive
– Promotes normal sperm production
• More info later…
Pineal Gland
• Located between cerebral hemispheres
• Attached to thalamus• Releases melatonin:
– Released in response to light
– Helps regulate circadian rhythms ?
Thymus Gland
• Located between the lungs posterior to the sternum
• Butterfly-shaped
• Diminishes during adulthood
• Produces thymosin:– Essential for the normal
development of T cells and the immune response
– More info later…
Minor Endocrine GlandsGland Hormone Hormone Actions
Heart Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood Na concentration; Increase urine production in kidneys
Stomach Gastrin Triggers release of HCl in stomach
Serotonin Stimulates contraction of stomach muscles
Minor Endocrine GlandsSmall Intestine Secretin Triggers release of
digestive enzymes from the liver and pancreas; Inhibits stomach secretions
Cholecystokinin Stimulates release of pancreatic juice from pancreas; Stimulates release of bile stored in gallbladder
Kidney Erythropoietin Increases RBC production in bone marrow
Uterus and Placenta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Influences the course of pregnancy
Minor Endocrine Glands
Epidermis Cholecalciferol Inactive form of vitamin D, Activated by UV, Triggers absorption of Ca in intestines
Adipose Tissue Leptin Suppresses appetite
STRESS!!!
• Stressor hypothalamus stress response• Physical stressors – extreme temperature,
decreased oxygen, infection, injury, prolonged heavy exercise, loud sounds
• Psychological stressors – thoughts of real or imagined dangers, personal losses, unpleasant social interactions, feelings of fear, anger, grief, anxiety, depression, guilt
• Stress may even be caused by a pleasant stimulus