The end of the car city - A convenient truth
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THE END OF THE CAR CITY”A convenient truth”
Alexander Ståhle, PHD & CEO
ǀ URBAN RESEARCH & DESIGNSPACESCAPE
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Why cities?
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Proximity creates livability
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Proximity creates innovation
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Proximity creates social wellfare
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Vad gör en attraktiv plats?
Fungerar planen som det var tänkt?
Vad skapar närhet och flöden?
SOFO
Proximity creates value
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Housing value is 90% walkability in Stockholm
Appartment prices in Stockholm regionUrban qualities
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“Walkability command a premium of $4-34,000”CEO for Cities (2009)
”Walkable urban””Drivable suburban”
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SHOPS
DENSITYDENSITY
SHOPS
STOCKHOLM MALMÖÖREBRO
RESTAURANTS
DENSITY
“Cities are proximity, density, closeness” Edward Glaeser
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Density decreases car use
Density
Trav
elDunphy RT and Fisher K (1996)
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Average commute in Hong Kong is 11 min
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“Individuals living near transit had a significantly
higher level of trust and reciprocity and
connections with neighbors.”Patterns of social capital associated with transit oriented development, Journal of Transport Geography, 2014
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“Denser areas have greater economic mobility.“ (Measuring sprawl, SGA, 2014)
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“The compact walkable city enhance livelihoods for
the poor through affordable mobility.
It lower social segregation through proximity of
affordable housing to places of work”.Joan Clos, UN Habitat
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“An advanced city is not where the poor drive cars,
but where the rich take public transport” Enrique Penalosa
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Car accessiblity do not affect
appartment prices or office rents in Stockholm
Public transport accessibility
Off
ice
rent
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Failing office areas without transit and walkability
Infra City, Upplands Väsby
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Inside Infra City, Upplands Väsby
Inside failing office areas…
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"People in denser areas are more physically active." (Neighborhood environment and physical activity, Eriksson, 2013)
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"People in denser areas have
longer life expectancies." (Measuring sprawl, SGA, 2014)
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5% drive to shop downtown
in New York and in Stockholm(PPS 2010, Spacescape 2012)
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"Pedestrians spend 65% more than drivers"Transport for London (2014)
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“1/3 of America’s malls are dead or dying” deadmalls.com
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Wallmart and IKEA goes urban
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Gallerian shopping mall, Stockholm
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Photoshop Gallerian shopping mall, Stockholm
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Why not car cities?
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People in cars can…
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People in cars can´t interact
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”When in my car I get
a different set of values”
Louis CK
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New study on “road rage” (Gatersleben, Murtagh, White 2013):
•Car use has negative effects on urban communities by affecting social perceptions.
•More car use through a relatively poor area is associated with less positive views of that area.
•More walking through a relatively poor area is related to more positive views of the area.
•Attitudes towards young people are more negative when they are seen from a car.
•Attitudes towards young people are most positive when seen from a pedestrian perspective.
”Attitudes to people more negative
when seen from a car”
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Car traffic segregate neighborhoods
Livable streets, Donald Appleyard (1981)
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Car traffic is the most common complaint
Västra Ursvik, Sundbyberg
Rinkeby
Ursvik
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Car dependency is unequal
- Women and poor drive less
(A car costs approx. $900 a month)
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Cars take up space
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Cars take up too much space
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“Parking is the most incorrectly valued urban
asset... A $310 bn parking subsidy, 5X the
education budget.” (Public Parking Fees and Fines, Public Works Management & Policy, 2014)
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Car infrastructure is heavily subsidized
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Sprawl consumes land
“In the last decade, an area larger than the entire state
of Maryland -- more than 33,000 square km of
farmland, woodlands and other natural habitat
beyond the edges of the nation's cities” (2014)
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Ecosystems are destroyed and fragmented
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”Green” cars?
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Traffic make 20-25% of all CO2
Peak oil…?
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The ecological footprint of a car is X800
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Acid rain kills nature and pollutes water
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”Long live the pedestrians” says who?
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Car speed means death
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Streets where playgrounds before the car
Allmänna vägen, Göteborg 1910
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Bad density means more sprawl
- forces families to move to the suburbs
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Cars kill 1,2 Mn and injure 39 Mn every year
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Car driving promotes obesity and early death
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2,4 Mn people dies from smog every year
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”Car driving is like drug addiction”(The compulsive habit of cars, Trends in cognitive science, 2014)
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”Choice blindness”
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Car city
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Car city Walk city
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The end of the suburbs – A war on the dream?
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Who says walk cities?
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“We should embrace policies that
promote the compact city” Joan Clos, UN Habitat
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“City transport is about moving people, not vehicles” Rachel Kyte, World Bank
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“High quality sidewalks are the most basic element
of a democratic city.” Enrique Peñalosa, ITDP
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“Pedestrians and cyclists and bus riders are more
important — than car riders.” Michael Bloomberg, NYC
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New American policies for walk cities
New York Chicago
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New Swedish policies for walk cities
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Walk cities reclaimed
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Cities are being reclaimed and repaired
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Squares are reclaimed
Time square, NY
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Freeways are reclaimed
CicLAvia, Los Angeles
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This used to be as freeway…”Hayes Valley San Francisco
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Parks are reclaimed
Champs Elysées, Paris
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Parking spaces are reclaimed
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Gardens are reclaimed
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Playgrounds are reclaimed
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Downtowns are reclaimed
Detroit
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Small towns too – FLEN 2013
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Small towns too – FLEN 2015
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Small towns too – FLEN 2020
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ǀ URBAN RESEARCH & DESIGNSPACESCAPE
Alexander Ståhle
PhD & CEO Spacescape
www.spacescape.se