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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2017, pp. 142–156, Article ID: IJCIET_08_09_017

Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=9

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

THE EMERGENCE OF URBAN JOINTS IN

CITIES

Dr. Wahda Al-Hinkawi

Asst. Professor, Department of Architecture,

University of Technology

Ahmed A. Alatta

Researcher, Department of Architecture,

University of Technology

ABSTRACT

The concept of urban joints has emerged as one of the concepts that coincided

with the growth of cities both in the planning and design levels. The subject is of great

importance not only at the level of urban design, but that the concept overlaps in its

importance with a number of conventional, which gives it several indicators of the

mechanisms, features and functions that vary and overlap in each science separately,

due to the lack of the ideas about the concept in urban studies, the research attempts

to study the concept through its overlap with these sciences, to cover the concept in an

integrated manner, the types, the impact and its particularities, to arrive at the

definition of urban joints, the components and the causes (reasons) of its emergence in

cities”, The joints have been classified into planning joints and urban joints.

Key words: urban Joints, Urban Fabric, Axes, Structural Analysis, Morphological

Analysis.

Cite this Article: Dr. Wahda Al-Hinkawi, Ahmed A. Alatta, The Emergence of Urban

Joints in Cities. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(9), 2017,

pp. 142–156.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=9

1. INTRODUCTION

As a result of the development of design concepts in the growth of cities over time and the

emergence of these concepts amidst several influences, the most important influences are

(Power (Political, religious), social, and sustainable development), it has developed in line

with these requirements in parallel, The concept has emerged as one of the fundamental

concepts affecting the stages of the city's growth over time. This study dealt with the joint

word not at the Terminological dimension level, but rather discussed it as a concept with

elements and mechanisms that significantly affect a number of cognitive sciences within a

number of mechanisms and characteristics that differs and crystallizes according to each

science separately and then analyzes models of global cities to get a detailed interpretation of

The Emergence of Urban Joints in Cities


the urban joint concept and the reasons for its evolution and its role in the growth of cities and

urban development.

2. DEFINITION OF THE JOINT

This topic deals with the definition of the joint in a number of human and pure sciences as

follows:

2.1. Joints in Linguistic

First: The concept of articulation joints in the Arabic language: Almaany Dictionary [1]

refers to the word joint: jointed (verb), make it connected to a joint, a link, and a joint: (noun),

combination: joints, joint: the connection made between bones in the body, the joint: the

position of accumulated solid stones, the joint: The sand and small gravel between the

mountains, The concept of the joint is defined in the dictionary as "node or connection,

common link," while the joint the tongue in the talk, it is said (who spend a detailed

(separated), he has the reward....) and the detailed means separated between his faith and

disbelief, and separation (Judgment) is the separation between the right and the wrong either

split which means it off [2].

Second: The concept of Joint in the English language: Merriam Webster [3] refers to the

word Joint as follows: "Joint: the point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton

with the parts that surround and support it, a part or space included between two articulations,

knots, or nodes", "Joint, as an adjective, combining the work of two or more people or groups

of people, which is done by or involving two or more people, doing something together"

2.2. Joints in Terminology

2.2.1. Joints in the science of Quran and grammar and eloquence

This science is known as the term of separation and connection, since they are always linked,

and the science of readings was its origin, though it was more prominent in the rhetoric of

science, as by pausing marks or pause signs of the understanding of the words of God is done,

And if a person who did not care about it may pause before obtaining the full meaning, or use

pausing marks on what is not valid to pause, and thus understood differently from the

meaning of the words of God. They are connected if the pause mark is changed and the

meaning changed too, "Ibn Al-Jazari " has pointed out, that the correct eloquent reading is the

reading that takes into account the positions of separation and connection, he said: "Some of

the pausing marks are confirmed to be desirable to indicate the intended meaning, and if its

parties were linked then the meaning will not be the intended one . As for the person who

defines it as silence, he started from its linguistic meaning, so silent is: "The origin of the

tunes is semi-breathing, which means separating them. Based on this, the vocal separation or

the silence: "The reader )the reciter( stopped issuing the sound in the sequence of the series,

which was spoken, in the place of the silence, usually set at a time less than the natural silence

that is, in the last sentence or at the head of the verse, with the amount of two movements in

some of it [4]. The silence is of great importance in the Holy Qur'an. It has two important

aspects as follows:

First / Show the meanings of the great Quran, and the definition of its purposes, and display

the benefits: Is the showing of the meaning of the great Quran and the definition of the

meaning of its purposes and it has been referred to by many imams, including Ibn Al-Jazari in

his previous saying: "It must not be - the silence - which violates the meaning and not the

understanding It is one of the factors which reveal the meanings and purposes [5].

Second/ Explain the interpretations according to the different places of pause and the start: It

is the definition of interpretations according to the different places of pause and start, this is

Dr. Wahda Al-Hinkawi, Ahmed A. Alatta


an important aspect, because the vocal pauses and silences that the reader (the reciter) come

across during his performance are considered as phonemes that play a functional role in

determining the meanings of what he utters....

Many of the interpreters and grammarians, who were interested in identifying the

meanings of the structures in the Qur'anic text, were well versed about this. The vocal joint is

important in the showing of the speech and the understanding of its purposes, and these are

different concepts in the ancient linguistic heritage [6]

The Audio or voice Joint of the rhetorician: The Audio or voice Joint is one of the above

syntactic phenomena, which is used in many languages - including the Arabic language – as a

discriminating phoneme between the semantics, but it is not known or defined in Arabic

poetry and its prose in its terms or concept which are newly recognized, as it is considered as

a pause between words or syllables which is intended to denote or refer to the end of a term or

section and the beginning of another one [7]. The voice joint (articulation) or silence as

defined in the ancient Arabic studies, came to remove confusion and ambiguity between the

phrases and prevent overlap between the meanings, Which is the role played by the science of

separation in rhetoric, which is closely linked to the connection [8] The Rhetoricians have

defined the separation between the sentences in a number of places. It suffices to mention

what is related to the subject of the research, which has an impact on the direction of the

significance or the meaning. It is necessary to separate them so as not to distort the meaning

and they are: The separation (pause), It should be obligatory or precaution, The obligatory

separation (pause), So that the first sentence has a rule, and it did not intend to give it to the

second sentence, the separation is desirable so as not to take its rule and the meaning will be

messed up then [9]

2.2.2. Voice joint handling by the reciter of Quran

The readers (the reciters) study of the vocal articulation or joint is one of the most important

studies and that makes it a serious research, because it is of great importance in understanding

the words of God and knowing about his purposes, especially in silence and pause.

Quranic silence: Readers (the reciters) and scholars of Tajweed defined the Quranic silence

from its linguistic meaning. "The cut off” of the sound of the Qur'anic character is less time-

consuming than the pause period with a little of breathlessness with the intention of

continuing reading.

Quranic pause: science and great art – with it - you know how to perform the Quran

recitation, which has a lot of benefits, and extensive deductions with it, we can identify the

meanings of the verses and provide the precaution from falling into problems [10]

Types of Quranic pause: Scholars differed in the sections of the pause, most of them set

them as four sections: Complete chosen and Adequate permissible, good or well understood,

and ugly neglected.

Complete pause: It is an independent pause, it is better to stay at it and to start with what

follows it, because it is not related to anything after it, nor to the one before it, and that is

when the stories are completed and the words are over and the most is on the heads of verses,

as the Almighty says: (and it is these who will prosper) [11] Adequate pause: It is the pause

which is separated from what is located after it in pronunciation, and it has a connection with

the meaning in some points, and the adequate pause is frequently used in the intervals and

others like: (and spend out of what we have provided for them), this is a sufficient adequate

understood speech, after it there is an independent speech that is devoid from what is placed

before it in the pronunciation even if it is connected with it in the meaning [12] The good

pause: It is that which is better to pause on, and it is not better to start with what is beyond it



because it is attached to the word (pronunciation) and the meaning. It separates two phrases

that relate to each other in the pronunciation and in the context of the subject. However, the

first sentence is useful (meaningful) in itself, the second is not useful by itself, and it becomes

meaningful only when linked with the first sentence due to the existence of the verbal link, for

example: as the Almighty says: (Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds)[13].

The ugly pause: It separates two phrases that are most relevant to the word and the meaning.

They do not dispense with each other, so it is not permissible to deliberately stop or pause if it

considered changing the meaning or lack thereof [14]

It is clear from the above that the word of joints in linguistic refers to the making of the

thing connected after its separation from the original part or its meeting with a new part, as for

the science of language and Quran and the grammar, they show several overlaps and the

mechanisms of the joints and their values vary depending on the location and type of joint

within one text and within the nature of the pause within the text, and the joints are of great

importance to understand the meanings and clarifying the interpretations of the text, thus, the

joint varies according to (Its type, the origin of the joint within the context or text, the parts of

the joint that connect it, and the instruments or mechanisms that control the joint, in addition

to the value to which it refers), as shown in Table (1). The concept above refers to the joint

from the intellectual point of view. In order to arrive at the most detailed values, mechanisms,

and individual types of the joints, the reasons for its creation and its parts, from the physical

point of view, the research is directed at several sciences that are clearly intertwined with the

research (Human anatomy, chemistry, geology).

Table 1 The Concept of Joint -Source [Researchers]

Type of

knowledge Linguistics

Grammer

Science

The art of

eloquence

Science of Readings

Recitation (Quran)

The origin

of the joint functional functional functional functional

Joint parts word -meaning -word word- meaning-

word

word-

meaning-

word

word -meaning -word

Joint

mechanism

s

The obligatory separation (pause

The precaution separation (pause

Restart

Complete pause

Adequate pause

The good pause

The ugly pause.

Value of

the joint

Indicate

aspects of interpretation

according to the different

places of stopping (Pausing)

and starting.

Indicate the meanings of

the great Quran. the

definition of its objectives

(Purposes), and to show

its benefits.

To remove

confusion and

ambiguity

Prevent

interference

(overlapping)

Know the

beginning and the

end

Explanatio

n ( analysis

) a set of

rules

very important in

understanding and

knowing its purposes.

Provide precaution not to

fall into trouble

Comprehensive cognitive

development, showing

meanings meanings

2.2.3. The concept of joint in human anatomy

In general, the joints were classified into three patterns taken from the tissue placed between

the bones [15]

First/ Synarthrosis:The joint surfaces of the bones are connected by the Synarthrosis

(fibrous) tissue. These joints are movable but the movement is weak or very slow.

Second/ Cartilaginous: It is divided into two parts: Simple primary cartilaginous joints: It

is a link between the bones by a plate or a structure of the cartilage, and the cartilage is often



glassy one, This pattern does not move and that means they are fixed joints, Secondary

cartilaginous joints: It is a link of the bone through the fibrocartilage, the movement here is

slow and almost non-existent,

Third / Synovial joints: It is the most important type of joints, in this pattern we have a very

large movement and full freedom of movement, the most seen of this type of joints are in the

large joints, The above classification is the medical classification of the joints, and for the

purposes of the research the classification and definition of the joints will focus on elements

that concern with the type of movement or joint.

The word joint is called a place where two or more bones are connected or meet at their

ends. The joint is divided into three parts [16]

The joints, which are fixed as the joints between the bones of the head is called the sutures.

The joints with little movements as the joints of the spine.

Moving joints such as the temporal joint and the joints of the limbs

All types of bone joints can be divided into two groups:

2.3. First / Attached or connected joint symphysis

It is fibrocartilage where bones appear to be bound by one or the other connective tissue.

Second / Separate joint: It is also called synovial articulation which is a moving articulation

between two or more bones with the existence of a joint articular cavity between them. The

joint is called simple if it is between two bones and it is called composite if it is between more

than two bones, It is clear from the above that the joints are very important in the process of

moving easily or moving the positions from one direction to another, depending on the type of

the joint or its mechanism or value, as shown in Table (2). The above shows that one of the

most important parts of the urban joints, which determine their function and efficiency in

movements are the ligaments. From the above, we found that the joints in the skeleton move

the limbs and connect the various functional parts with other parts. Flexibility varies

depending on the links and their components.

Table 2 Joint in Anatomy - Source [Researchers ]

Connected Joints Separate Joints

Joint type Fibrous (Synarthrosis ) Joints Cartilage Joints Synovial joints

Joint

origination functional functional functional

Joint parts

The joint surfaces - connected by

the (fibrous) tissue. These joints

are movable but the movement is

weak or very slow)

End of bone - composed of a

layer of white cartilage

fibrosis - End of bone

End of bone - A layer of

glass cartilage is thin

with an articular cavity

separating the two bones

-end of bone

Joint

mechanisms

Continuous and interlinked, the

bones look as if they are united

(synostosis)

Flexibility and continuity of

movement

Flexibility and

continuity of movement

Detailed

value

Interconnection and union

(Joining together) Transfer of movement

The transfer

of movement

Disappear when getting older Less flexibility when getting

older Less when getting older

The value of joints in the language or the science of readings (reciting) or the science of

the Quran combined either to complete or enrich a certain meaning or to clarify the aspects of

interpretation and differences, as for the human anatomy studies, they indicated that the value



of the joint is to link two separate and physically independent parts in one system for the

purpose of generating movement, Table (3): Joints which are related to the movement and

tissues: they are connecting joints between two connected and physically independent parts in

a single functional system designed to generate movement within the specific function for

each. It may be generated and the movement within it may be in one direction or two or at the

level of the fabric as a whole. (Joints resulting from the generation or establishment.

Joints related to perception: They are the joints that are added to the system to generate or

enrich a certain meaning within the text, It may generate confusion or improvement of the

overall meaning (Joints of addition and formation). The first part of this study stated that the

concept of the joint in general depends on three basic elements: The beginning and the end of

the joint, the connecting medium, the ligaments connecting the parts, which in turn determine

the flexibility of the joint and its ability to transport movement, therefore the second part of

this research will focus on the study of urban boundaries and their role in shaping urban joints

over time. From the above, joint can be defined as an important part of any parts of a

formation or structure, representing a meeting of two parts, or adding one part to another, and

connecting them with links with different determinants within a given medium, resulting in

communication or interruptions, causing changes or intellectual, kinetic and displacement

shifts and its characteristics and strength that changes over time positively or negatively

according to factors affecting its formation.

Table 3 Types of the Joints -Source [Researchers]

Joint

type

Kinetic joints

Perception Joints

Attached or connected

joint symphysis

Separated

joints

Joints separation and

connection Joints of silent and pause

Fibrou

s cartilaginous Synovia

The

obligator

y

separatio

n (pause)

The precaution

separation (pause)

Complet

e pause

Adequat

e pause

Good

pause

Its value

Mobilit

y

is very

weak,

sinters

over

time

Occurrence

of very light

movements,

become less

flexible over

time

Perform

almost all

kinds

of moveme

nts,

become

less

flexible

over time

Show meanings, and

the definition of objectives

(purposes), and show

the benefits, prevent overlap,

knowing the beginning and

end

Know the intention,

the development (deriving)

of concepts, showing

meanings, believes in preception

against all falling into problems

Its

mechanis

ms

Bonding between the

parts like semi-attached

or united, bonding

tissue gradually

hardens the, has several

forms depending on its

location

parts

connected

separately

in a clear

way,

flexible

connective

tissueا

The obligatory separation

(pause) The precaution

separation (pause)

Complete pause

Adequate pause

The good pause

The joint

strength

Weak and gradually

sinters over time

Strong,

weakens

over time

Strong and clear joint Strong and clear joint



4. URBAN JOINT IN THE CITIES

The research refers to the concept of joints in terms of intellectual and physical aspects, so

this part of the research attempts to identify urban joints in the city, therefore it will be

directed to study the origin of the emergence of cities and the nature of the joints that arise

during the stages of growth and the reasons for the emergence of those joints and factors

affecting them, In order to reach the procedural definition of the urban joint. Urban Joints -

Urban Edges: from its definition they are the boundaries between the city and its urban

surroundings and between the vertical and horizontal borders that define the interior and

exterior. The emergence of urban joints was therefore associated with the city's urban

boundaries and its nature, therefore, the research deals with the study of the urban boundaries

of the cities and reaching the formation of urban joints (the formation joints).

Factors influencing the emergence of cities

Cities have several models, since ancient times towns and cities have been classified into

those that develop 'Naturally' or 'Organically' and those that are 'Artificial' or 'Planned'. The

distinction between these types is multiple and often unclear, although many, if not most

cities have not been formed from both models. The merger of the two models is related to the

nature of the original boundaries and the type of joints that arise from them naturally or

forcibly [17] What (Charles Horton Cooley) wrote in 1894 is considered as the first

theoretical attempt to explain the origin and development of cities, his book was a theoretical

construct to study the forces and variables that influence the choice of specific places of the

cities. The establishment and development of the city do not come naturally or as a result of

random factors, but there is a set of laws and factors that govern or control the choice of cities

to their places. Colley called his theory (Transport Theory) [18], And what we derive from

studying it that the cities arise in the points and locations where wealth and economic

resources are available or they arise when an important intersection is made in the transport

and traffic networks. Cooley believes that the location factor for transport routes is the most

important force in the emergence of cities as the population tends to gather at break points,

and the break is defined as the change and the alteration of a movement or means of transport

[19] The first appearance of the distinction between the forms of "Organized scheme" and

"Irregular organ" of the urban settlement from the time of the Greeks.

Urban Joints History

City emergence stage: There are a number of factors which are almost the main reason for

the origin of emergence , which in turn determines the possibility of growth and the nature of

the joints that arise from it and the most important ones are:

First /The natural dimension: It is divided into several influences:

Topographic Effect: Some cities have grown and formed within the influence of the

topographic dimension. Figure (1) shows images bearing the symbol (a) the emergence of

cities on either on the sea front, island or peninsula. Figure (b) indicates the growth of the

cities on the edges of the rivers in linear form and figure (c) refers to the growth of cities

above the plateau or the summit of the mountain, or that the growth of cities was not affected

by any dimension or a topographical detail and therefore the growth of cities will be in the

plains or flat lands [20], and this is indicated by the figure (d., Fig. 1) .



Figure 1 Natural Dimension

Source: Morris, 1994, P11

Climate: Shelter or housing has been a basic need for man since ancient times, and the

patterns of urban tissues have been numerous since ancient times in response to the local

climatic conditions of each city, in the city of Ur 1700 BC the daytime temperatures were

very high and at night were significantly low, which led to make a group of rooms of one or

two floors around a courtyard with a simple roofing. As for the cold areas, the usual

arrangement was open to the outside either on the outside space or a special garden in the

house with reliance on the adjacent between houses to gather around the fire in residential

units due to the cold climatic conditions [21] as shown in Figure (2).

Figure 2 Cold climatic condition

Second/ The human dimension: In comparison with the natural dimension, the human

dimension plays a large role in the urban form of the city. The special effects of the urban

form of the city increases with the temporal development of the cities.

The commercial dimension (influence) : The human dimension has a great role in the

growth of cities, either it was originated in the crossroads of roads, which gives excellent

priority in trade or in the intersection of roads with waterway transport to be a distinct point of

trade exchange or it is located in the entrance of two opposite mountains to be an important

commercial point, after the emergence of the first cities in a long time commercial cities

appeared, which is different from the first in terms of emergence, as they were associated with

increased business activity and these cities were the commercial intermediaries between the

cities of the ancient world. These commercial cities appeared on the islands and on the shores

of the Mediterranean Sea. In addition to the coastal cities that worked in trade, inland cities

known as the cities of convoys, which were few which are located on the outskirts of the

desert and serve as a link between the cities of the coast and other countries [22] as shown in

Figure (3)

Figure (2), Cold Climatic Condition

Source: Morris, 1994, P12



Figure 3 Commercial Dimension

Source: Morris 1994

Political or religious influence: Since the beginning of the emergence of cities, the religious

and political dimension has been affected by the singularity of amplification (Grandiloquence)

or magnification where the horizontal sections refer to the centers of the growth of the first

cities to the places of worship or religious centers to the buildings as observed in the

Sumerian cities, famous ziggurat of UR city or in Harappan civilization , Or on the top of a

mountain or plateau as observed in ancient Greek cities Or cathedrals that will also be noticed

later in the coming cities [23]The stage of the emergence of cities indicated that cities at the

beginning of their development are classified into two categories. Table (4) :Cities which

have grown and formed on the existing natural articular (joint) borders (With a topographic or

climatic effect, etc.) and thus their growth limits stopped due to the nature of the severe joint

border, Urban boundaries generated the added urban joints as an economic, religious or

political dimension (Joint boundaries of these cities were formed as a result of these

dimensions, the effect of each urban or joint boundary varies according to the influence of the

dimension in its formation), and therefore their borders have the ability to interact with the

city and form urban joints which will be affected by the city's conditions.

Table 4 Stages of the Emergence of Cities –Source [Researchers ]

The nature

of the limit

(border) of

the joint

Border value Prevent interference {overlapping} (clear boundaries)

The mechanics border Protection from external conditions, natural points of defense,

commercial activity

border strength high

Morphological

indicators

of border

Linear organic cities, or centralized organic

The reason for the

emergence border

Normal or natural dimension (Topographical effect)

Border value Prevent interference - overlapping (clear boundaries)

The mechanics border Protection from external conditions, natural points of defense,

commercial activity


Morphological

indicators

of border

Linear organic cities, or centralized organic

The reason for the

emergence border

Normal or natural dimension (Topographical effect)

Classical cities: The Greek civilization created many modern urban designs as a result of the

military victories which was witnessed during that period. It also clearly illustrated the

organic cities and the cities designed by the (Grid Iron) way. The cities in this period grew in

many forms, starting from organic forms to formal models. Contrary to the emergence of the



first extended and expanded cities with the formation of the unplanned residential areas

around religious sites, the cities which were developed in order or rational order represents the

basic classical characteristics. The rationality of the network in street planning comes from

the climatic conditions of the site. On the other hand, the system of the Iron Grid (Quadrature)

was used for military purposes in the Roman Empire [24] The Greeks established the concept

of (Acropolis) which means literally in Greek the "upper city", Although it is associated

primarily with the Greek cities of Athens, and it is a general term which means the concept of

defense of the cities that were erected over the mountains during the occupation of cities

where each city arise within this defensive fence or wall, especially the castle, built on the

high ground often as a hill with two reckless sides, chosen for defense purposes. In many

parts of the world.

Acropolis became the core of large cities in ancient classical times, such as ancient Rome

[25], and the Agora, a circular, square where the farmers of Athens had hold meeting since

406 BC, was not only used by them, but it was also the place where the philosophers meet,

make the town as a civil state, which is an independent or autonomous state whose

sovereignty is limited to a city, and this concept introduces a completely new element into the

civilization of the West and the Near East. The new element, represented by the Agora (which

was new from the social point of view as well as from the architectural point of view, the

emergence of structural techniques played a major role in solving the problems of large cities.

The Roman cities were particularly distinguished in their planning and important buildings,

The ideal city in the eyes of the Romans is the formations of square or rectangular shapes and

large clear walls intersected by two main streets, one from the north to the south called

(Documanus) and the other from east to west called (Cardo). The rest of the streets are

planned as a chessboard [26], The classic city phase is indicated by the following, note Table

(5) The cities added to the organic cities during the process of adding the cities of the (Iron

Grid), but their joint borders did not connect with organic cities, The emergence of joint urban

boundaries within cities through the addition of the social dimension of the city and the

emergence of the principle of agora, The emergence of the urban axis of the city which can be

counted as the oldest attempt to add urban axis to the city in a thoughtful manner by man.

Table 5 Classical Cities -Source [Researchers]

The nature of

the limit

(border) of the

joint

Border value Prevent interference (clear boundaries), to express a

certain thought or doctrine

The mechanics border Military, Political


Morphological indicators

of border

Planned cities and centers of political cities, cities with a

rational fabric in network planning, cities with military use

The reason for the

emergence border

Political thought

Border value Prevent interference (clear boundaries), to express a

certain thought or doctrine

The mechanics border Military, Political


Morphological indicators

of border

Planned cities and centers of political cities, cities with a

rational fabric in network planning, cities with military use

The reason for the

emergence border

Political thought



Cities of the Middle Ages: The Middle Ages in Europe witnessed long periods of the

domination of military power and the frequent feudal wars in search of control over strategic

sites for the construction of their castles, where the inhabitants of their provinces found a

place to protect and shelter them when necessary. This period lies between the fall of the

Roman Empire (47 AD) and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century as the

period of the Middle Ages and the most important urban features of this era. The external

fences surrounding the city, established the initial function of the fences in the city as a

custom quarry and to protect trade passing by the city through its gates. In addition, the

defensive function of the wall or the outer fence was very primitive in comparison to the

subsequent periods[27] The cities of the Middle Ages are classified according to the

influential dimension into a set of basic urban origins as follows:

First: Cities with Roman origins: Roman cities with organic growth became alive in the

Middle Ages, where the Gridiron lost in decades, often when the town was deserted or

subjected to occupation except for a small part of it which is the area (Earlier), eventually the

place was reconstructed that usually constitutes unplanned organic growth in the Middle

Ages, and explains its shortness [28]

Second/The nature of the Roman joint hinges with the medieval cities: (Norman Pounds)

pointed out in his book (The Medieval city), that the boundaries of the Roman cities became

sintered urbanized joints after the emergence of medieval cities, where they could not grow

normally (naturally) with these cities due to the wide planning differences and intellectual

differences between the two cities.

The historical diagrams indicated that this joint was of two types: The first- The city grew

around the Roman city and thus became old and separated by this joint from the new city,

such as the growth of the city of Florence around the Roman city, the second that the city of

the Middle Ages grown beside the Roman city, by a sintered joint from one side of the city

[29].

The cities of the Middle Ages pointed out clearly, note Table (6): The emergence of urban

joints of the cities with Roman origins, either at the level of the city limits (Edges) or the

generation of sintered urban axes within the new city. The emergence of urban boundaries as

a result of the dimensions (Commercial or political) generated urban axes with joints as a

result of urban development, whether intentional or unintentional.

Table 6 Cities of the Middle Ages- Source [Researchers ]

The nature

of the limit

(border) of

the joint

Border value To express a particular thought or doctrine,

integration

The mechanics border Political


Morphological indicators of border Cities with organic fabric

The reason for the emergence border Social dimension ( lack of authority or power)

Border value To express a particular thought or doctrine,

integration

The mechanics border Political


Morphological indicators of border Cities with organic fabric

The reason for the emergence border Social dimension ( lack of authority or power)



Renaissance and Baroque (The Renaissance): This period extends from the fifteenth

century to the end of the eighteenth century, the word "Renaissance" literally refers to the re

restoration (re-revival ) of urban designs, where the importance of the "Religious authority" of

the church has diminished, and replaced by the civil authority and the power moved from the

Church to the kings and princes and the court replaced the cathedral and the fortress, the

Renaissance introduced the concept of streets as an aesthetic element of the urban design as a

set of proportions which was adopted and the facades were considered as a very important

part in terms of streets aesthetic and monument sites[30] The Renaissance brought symmetry

and balanced central structures into urban form, the main central street and the direct streets

were the basis of science of Renaissance architecture (Urban). Another significant and

important influence of the Renaissance era in the formation of space or urban space is the

revival of the square and the field in urban areas as few cities have been established, but the

existing cities have grown rapidly because of the increase in population. The period of

enlightenment, the period of dissolution of the feudal system and its monolithic power, affects

the urban form, as the economic, social and political aspects form or establish the physical

space and vice versa [31] The book "Leone Battista Alberti" (1401-1472) is considered as the

basis of the theories of the Renaissanceand has an impact on the projects of ideal urban

planning, and since the trend of thought in the Renaissance movement was moving in the way

of making a comprehensive change in buildings, it was natural for theorists, including Alberti,

to recommend the creation of ideal cities. In an attempt to find a system or a base and follow

it instead of making the designs on a method which is not clear and specific, it is observed

from the comparison of ideal cities of the Renaissance that it is the "Rationalization of some

types of cities of the Middle Ages [32] The most important characteristic of the cities of the

Renaissance is the wide and straight streets, their importance began with the increasing of the

number of vehicles and their magnificence and the broad main street ends in a large square

overlooked by the King's Palace and fit to the armies marching which are the evidence of the

strength and luxury [33] The cities of the Renaissance period emphasize the military aspect

clearly through the urban form of the city's borders, which was the result of avoiding the

external attack that might come to the city through the military guns by distancing the

possible distance from the urban fabric within the cities of the Renaissance, as shown in the

Table 7, but this type of borders or edges form in the future a clear isolation of the city and the

formation of sintered (Calcification) joint [34]

The phase of Renaissance cities indicated the following, note Table (7): the main central

street and the direct streets were the basis of Renaissance architecture science, Revival of the

square and the field in urban areas, the emergence of the principle of ideal cities in this age

and exploring the principles of the design of rational ideas, emphasis on the principle of

walled cities, which led to complete urban isolation during the process of urban growth.

Table 7 Cities of the Era of the Renaissance and Baroque - Source [Researchers ]

The nature

of the limit

(border) of

the joint

Border value Integration,to express a particular thought or

doctrine

The mechanics border Intellectual

Border strength High

Morphological indicators of border Residential cities with a network planning

The reason for the emergence border Political and economic dimension


doctrine








doctrine





5. CONCLUSIONS

The joints in Quran sciences is considered all integrated whence the meaning. If the meanings

were separated, they would be isolated supplementary parts. This is what the research of this

work deducted "the joint is an integrated structure of the urban city" and if the components of

the urban joint have been treated separately, this will result in a clear isolation to the urban

components.

The fabric of the city consists of a whole unit in the emergence stage of the cities, the urban

joints have come to partition this fabric and allocate it to different goals. Where the procedural

definition coincides. Hence, it was found that adding the axial joints of the cities; originates

the ability to fragment/divide them for different reasons.

In the emergence stage of the cities, the so-called border joints are born which either isolate or

join different parts of the city. So that it will be close to the definition of the joint in language

and human anatomy sciences as it leads to generate meanings, forms or elements that are

grown or have been added to the same material or it can be different from the formation.

Referring to the discussed theses, this research delivers a definition to the urban joint which is

"It is an urban construction of an important part of any formation or urban construction with

which its characteristics and strength change with time positively or negatively (growth or

isolation), the joint axis can develop to be a dominant schematic element in the city. Its growth

or isolation is restricted by the emergence causes and the influential factors on its formation.

Urban boundaries generated from the study of cities:

The research categorized (classified) the urban joints and the causes of their emergence, and

the research indicated a group of effective elements in the formation of the city's joint

boundaries (At the planning level) as the shape of the city is the product of a group of

different effective elements. The most important of these were identified in this chapter until

the Baroque era, which influenced the shape of the city continuously or discontinuously. The

jointed boundaries of cities have indicated two main trends in their formation:

First: The planning trend: It is the trend of city planning and growth, which has two basic

concepts: Generation or emergence joints: The urban boundaries were formed by the

connection between two separate urban boundaries that led to the generation of (The

generation and emergence joints and development). The generation and emergence joints

(The joints that its boundaries were formed during the emergence or generation of the city for

the first time) may be limited to the following: Joints resulting from natural dimension

(Topographical and climatic effect) , The resulting joints of the human dimension

(Commercial, political and religious influence), The joints of growth: (The joints, which its

boundaries were formed between two urban boundaries of two cities or due to the emergence

of a joint urban axis within the city during the stage of its development) which can be limited

to:



The joints of walled cities, resulting from the human dimension (Military or political

influence), Intercity joints resulting from the human dimension (Social, military or

commercial impact).

Second: The urban trend: It is the trend of the concepts of urban design and it is represented

in two basic concepts

Additional joints: The urban boundaries of the joint emerged as a result of the addition of an

urban axis to the urban fabric of the city, which gave rise to modern urban design concepts.

The resulting joints of the human dimension: (Political and religious influence)

REFERENCES

[1] Almaany dictionary Site (http://www.almaany.com)

[2] Al-Razi, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Mukhtar al-Sahah, Dar al-Resala, Kuwait, 1983, p.

505.

[3] http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/joint

[4] Saleh Abdul Karim Ibrahim Awaad, aloukf walabtda'a wslthma balma'na fi alkra'n alkrim(

pauseand resume and their relevance in the meaning of the Quran, Dar As Salaam, Egypt,

1, 2006, p. 22.

[5] Ibid, previous source, p 182.

[6] Ben Dumi, Khaled Kassem, dlalat althahrah alsoutiah fi alkra'n alkrim (The Significance

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[9] Moustafaoui, The phenomenon of separation and connection between grammar and

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the Sciences of the Qur'an, DAR AL FIKR for Printing, Publishing and Distribution,

Beirut Lebanon, 1, 2005, p. 125.

[11] Al Dani, |a Tahdid fi san`at al-itqan wa-al-tajwid (Determination in Proficiency and

Reparation in the Work of Tajweed, Al-Khanji Press, Egypt, 1983, p.382.

[12] Ibid, previous source, p 383



[15] Koopman, William J., Moreland, Larry W , "Arthritis & Allied Conditions", 15th Edition

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[17] Michael batty& Paul Longley, Fractal cities, academic press, London, P 7.

[18] Abdel-Alah Abu Ayyash, Isaac Yaqoub Al-Qutb,"The Contemporary Trends in Urban

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[19] Ibid, previous source, p63

[20] Morris, AEJ, Histroy of Urban Form before the industrail revolution, Routlege, New

yourk, 1994, P9




[22] Wahiba, Abdel-Fattah Mohamed, in the Geography of Cities, Dar al-Nahda Arab Printing

and Publishing, Burt, 1980, p. 72


yourk, 1994, P16


[25] Crawford, J.H., 2005. A Brief History of Urban Form Street Layout Through the Ages,

p33




yourk, 1994, P81


[30] Akkerman, A., 2010. Harmonies of Urban Design and Discords of City-form: Urban, p55

[31] Crawford, J.H., 2005. A Brief History of Urban Form Street Layout Through the Ages,

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yourk, 1994, P120

[33] AL Jabri, Muzaffar Ali, Urban Planning, Center for Urban and Regional Planning,

University of Baghdad, 1986, p38

[34] P. Menacci and M. Zecchini, Lucca Romana, (Lucca: M Pacini Fazzi, 1981), p. 34.

[35] T. Saranya and Akansha Mewa , A Study on the Level of Dilapidation in Existing

Apartment Buildings in Urban Areas and Proposing Suitable Remedial Measures .

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology , 8(5), 2017, pp. 113–121

[36] Sahrullah, Muh. Isran Ramli, Nur Ali and Ramli Rahi m. A Travel Time Estimation

Model of Private Cars in Urban Arterial Roads Based on Heterogeneous Traffic.

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Mobility Plans. International Journal of Civil Engineering and pp. 1147–1156

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