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THE ELECTORAL THE ELECTORAL
KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE
NETWORK NETWORK
produce and share knowledge
adapt and apply knowledge
acquire and manage knowledge
PRACTITIONERS’ NETWORK
CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
2 3KNOWLEDGE
BASE
1
T H E E L E C T O R A L K N O W L E D G E N E T W O R KT H E E L E C T O R A L K N O W L E D G E N E T W O R K
EXTERNAL SCRUTINY
elections were primarily an
internal matter of states
the “knowledge gap”
a wide number of countries undertook steps to reform their electoral systems and processesEVALUATION
DEMOCRATISATION WAVE
NO
the field of electoral
administration has
dramatically grown and
changed in scope
new critical needs emerged:
there was a sharp increase
in demand for electoral
assistance
election practitioners confront more and more complex challenges
accountability
legitimacy
representation
sustainability
transparency
participation
the democratization wave
THE KNOWLEDGE GAPTHE KNOWLEDGE GAP
the “knowledge gap”
some countries were largely
unprepared to go through major
democratic transitions that featured crucial
elections
electoral institutions not always possessed the necessary experience and knowledge to deliver and guarantee credible elections
electoral practitioners had
virtually no access to comparative
knowledge, best practices and
lessons learned in the field of
elections
there was no coherent electoral administration methodology, the field lacked of common standards
1990’s
THE KNOWLEDGE GAPTHE KNOWLEDGE GAP
the ACE Project
a collaborative effort a collaborative effort
the ACE Project
a complete and systematic collection of information on all aspects relating to the organization of elections
target audience
policy-makers and legislators
election administrators
members of parliament
political party representatives
electoral practitioners
media representatives
academics
researchers and students
the civil society
multilateral institutions
donor agencies
key facts and figures
an estimated 8,000 pages of text
partial, unofficial language versions: Arabic, Serbian, Albanian and Russian
collects 700 sample materials from 90 countries
150 case studies from 40
countries
500 election-related links to
external resources
15,000 CD-Roms distributed worldwide
ACE website traffic averages between
700,000 and 1,000,000 hits per
month
three official language versions: English, Spanish and French
the new challenges
new needs and priorities were arising
THE KNOWLEDGE GAPTHE KNOWLEDGE GAP
the changing needs
CREDIBILITY GAPCREDIBILITY GAPelectoral management bodies
confront a whole set of new challenges:
building the trust of the various stakeholders in the electoral process
political parties
electorate
the civil society
the media
observer groups
international community
THE KNOWLEDGE GAPTHE KNOWLEDGE GAP
the changing needs
CREDIBILITY GAPCREDIBILITY GAPelectoral management bodies
confront a whole set of new challenges:
building the trust of the various stakeholders in the electoral process
creating transparent and
sustainable electoral systems
and processes
addressing problems of lack of retention of their institutional memory
??
reversing situations of
professional stagnation
PROFESSIONAL
PROFESSIONAL
STAGNATION
STAGNATION
solving political, financial and logistical challenges undermining their work and the credibility of the elections
enhanced credibility
strengthened public trust
loss of credibility and mistrust in the electoral process
THE KNOWLEDGE GAPTHE KNOWLEDGE GAP
the changing needs
CREDIBILITY GAPCREDIBILITY GAP
voters’ apathy and low turnout
a more professional
electoral administration
an elected government that lacks of the required legitimacy
electoral disputes, electoral violence or civil strife
credible elections require stakeholders’ confidence:
in the way in which that process is being administrated
in the institution administering that processstakeholders’ confidence mattersstakeholders’ confidence matters
in the electoral process
solving the credibility gap
once that public trust in the
electoral process is lost,
regaining it could be extremely
difficult
run elections well
a “professional” approach
1 2TWOFOLDSOLUTION:
be perceived as running elections
well
solving the credibility gap
a “profession” differs from a “job”
is always guided by an ethical code
of conduct
has access to reference materials and publications on relevant subject matters
takes part in professional development programmes,
training courses,
secondments
is part of a network of peers who could serve as a resource for obtaining support and inspiration
a “professional” approach
the ACE partners sought to evaluate the relevance of the ACE Project to address these changing needs
expanding the ACE partnership
the ACE Project could no longer
provide all the appropriate
responses to address the new
challenges
transform the ACE Project into a more
active and interactive force,
with new services and dimensions
full project partnerscooperating partners
T H E E L E C T O R A L K N O W L E D G E N E T W O R KT H E E L E C T O R A L K N O W L E D G E N E T W O R K
PRACTITIONERS’ NETWORK
CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
2 3KNOWLEDGE
BASE
1
knowledge
Practitioners’ Network
knowledge
dissemination
retention
codification
ACQUIRE AND MANAGE KNOWLEDGE
existing online databases, tools, publications and
libraries
new databases, publications, tools
and services
acquisition
centralized centralized repository for repository for
electoral knowledgeelectoral knowledge
produce and share
knowledge
THE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASETHE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASE
THE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASETHE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASE
the supporting structure, the backbone of the ACE Practitioners’ Network
ACQUIRE AND MANAGE KNOWLEDGE
THE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASETHE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASE
ACQUIRE AND MANAGE KNOWLEDGE
the ACE the ACE encyclopaediaencyclopaedia
an enhanced and updated version of the ACE core texts, with special emphasis on issues of costs, sustainability, professionalism and trust
new dynamic functions, a greater interaction between the core texts and related links, services and resources
the “Focus On…”
the “Electoral Quiz”
the “Electoral Glossary”
the ACE topic areas
ACQUIRE AND MANAGE KNOWLEDGE
THE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASETHE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASE
new comparative functions allowing users to compare how different countries manage their elections:
country [A]
country [B]
the ACE the ACE encyclopaediaencyclopaedia
comparative comparative datadata
electoral systemvoter
educationvote
counting
ACQUIRE AND MANAGE KNOWLEDGE
THE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASETHE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASE
a comprehensive and structured collection of electoral resources, case studies and sample materials from all over the world:
the ACE the ACE encyclopaediaencyclopaedia
electoral electoral resourcesresources
comparative comparative datadata
electoral legislation
electoral observation reports
technical assessments
sample materials
voter education materials
election calendars
codes of conduct
etc.
ACQUIRE AND MANAGE KNOWLEDGE
THE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASETHE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASE
provision of professional electoral advisory services online
the ACE the ACE encyclopaediaencyclopaedia
electoral electoral adviceadvice
electoral electoral resourcesresources
comparative comparative datadata
archive of questions and answers
electoral “forum”
roster of experts
ACQUIRE AND MANAGE KNOWLEDGE
THE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASETHE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASE
Get online technical and policy advice on electoral matters
Electoral Advice Online
submit question
the ACE the ACE encyclopaediaencyclopaedia
““Elections Elections Today”Today”
electoral electoral adviceadvice
electoral electoral resourcesresources
comparative comparative datadata
… and more
news from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network:
election calendars
election-related articles from ACE partner organisation, of practitioners from the community of practice, institutions taking part to the project as resource centres
regional highlights
events
job opportunities
ACQUIRE AND MANAGE KNOWLEDGE
THE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASETHE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASE
the ACE the ACE encyclopaediaencyclopaedia
regionsregions
““Elections Elections Today”Today”
electoral electoral adviceadvice
electoral electoral resourcesresources
comparative comparative datadata
…and more
ACQUIRE AND MANAGE KNOWLEDGE
THE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASETHE ACE KNOWLEDGE BASE
the regional dimension of the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network:
map of the resource centres in the various regions
links to regional case studies
online forum for regional partners to communicate and exchange info
regional news and events
ELECTORAL COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE
REGIONAL RESOURCE CENTRES
GENERATE AND SHARE KNOWLEDGE
THE PRACTITIONERS’ NETWORKTHE PRACTITIONERS’ NETWORK
a group of electoral practitioners sharing common interests, common professional responsibilities and common goals
THEMATIC
REGIONAL RESOURCE REGIONAL RESOURCE CENTRESCENTRES
REGIONAL
a network of Electoral Resource Centres, strategically established in different regions worldwide to collect, share and make knowledge accessible in the form of comparative data, resource materials, case studies and events
West Africa
Southern Africa
Middle East
Oceania
Asia
North America
Central America
South America
Europe
North Africa
ELECTORAL COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE
REGIONAL RESOURCE CENTRES
electoral systems
legal framework
ELECTORAL ELECTORAL COMMUNITY OF COMMUNITY OF
PRACTICEPRACTICE
electoral management
boundary delimitation
voter education
voter registration
parties and candidates
voting operations
vote counting
media and elections
election integrity
elections and
technology
GENERATE AND SHARE KNOWLEDGE
THE PRACTITIONERS’ NETWORKTHE PRACTITIONERS’ NETWORK
ELECTORAL COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE
REGIONAL RESOURCE CENTRES
GENERATE AND SHARE KNOWLEDGE
THE PRACTITIONERS’ NETWORKTHE PRACTITIONERS’ NETWORK
THE PRACTITIONERS’ NETWORKVoter Registration
HIGHLY COMPUTERISED VOTER REGISTRATION???
ELECTORAL COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE
REGIONAL RESOURCE CENTRES
GENERATE AND SHARE KNOWLEDGE
THE PRACTITIONERS’ NETWORKTHE PRACTITIONERS’ NETWORK
Voter Registration
ELECTORAL COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE
REGIONAL RESOURCE CENTRES
exchange of information and know-howproduction of case studiesmutual support and provision of advisory services
collection of comparative data and resource materials
creation of opportunities for activities and events
GENERATE AND SHARE KNOWLEDGE
THE PRACTITIONERS’ NETWORKTHE PRACTITIONERS’ NETWORK
training, professional advisory services,
and peer partnerships
long-term capacity development projects to assist electoral management bodies requiring support to reach higher levels of professionalisation
ADAPT AND APPLY KNOWLEDGE
CAPACITY DEVELOPMENTCAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FACILITY (CDF)
capacity development tools and formal educational programmes on electoral administration based on the ACE texts, leading to the awarding of formal certificates/diplomas by academic institutions
targeted assistance activities for electoral management bodies requiring assistance in strengthening their policy and legislation frameworks
regional training programmes for electoral instructions wishing to strengthen the professional capacity of their staff
Get online technical and policy advice on electoral matters
Electoral Advice Online
Questions & AnswersBrowse the archive of previous Questions and Answers
The Electoral Forum
The “meeting place” for the members of the ACE Practitioners’ Network
browse archive
submit question
join the forum
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The Practitioners’ Network of the Administration and Cost of Elections (ACE) Project offers integrated knowledge services designed to meet a growing demand for sharing information and best practices on elections and for timely, coherent and effective technical and policy advice within the global electoral community.
The Practitioners’ Network serves as a vehicle for:
the building of common standards, language, methods and models around specific technical, legal, procedural issues relating to elections;
the delivery of professional advisory services both among the same Network’s members and to the ACE community at large;
the establishment of a “network of peers” who are in constant contact and interaction, rely on each other, solve problems, offer solutions, share knowledge and provide timely support;
the creation of opportunities for professional development events on a global or a regional level.
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I would like to know what are the advantages and disadvantages of establishing a voters’ register containing the photographs of registered voters, in addition to issuing them with a photo voter ID…
John
Brown
Voter Registration
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?
with these machines there is no possibility of an invalid or blank vote as a choice for the voter
we would urgently like to know your opinion on whether we should include in the machines a blank vote option
is a blank vote a voter’s right? do protest votes play an important function?
how have other countries having electronic voting systems dealt with such an issue?
next week our Election Commission will participate to Parliamentary Hearing to decide on the introduction of electronic voting machines based on the Indian model
the ACE ProjectThe Electoral Knowledge Network
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Media and Elections
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Elections and Technology
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NO YESGet online technical and policy advice on electoral matters
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Electoral Advice Online
…validation process…
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the ACE ProjectThe Electoral Knowledge Network
the practitioners’ network
Media and Elections
Electoral Systems
Elections and Technology
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…indexing process…
Switzerland has options for blank votes with e-voting, since blank votes are taken into account when it comes to voter turnout. I think the answer is quite simple - wherever a blank vote is a possibility in a country, then it has to be offered with e-voting as well. Vice versa - e-voting should not offer a possibility (i.e. blank vote) that the traditional way of casting a ballot does not offer. All voters should be treated equally. Best, Nadja
I fully agree with Nadia's comment. I just would like to add a specific comment. Almost all the machines I know about allow a blank vote (or undervote, as it is the name in the US jargon). Most of them will inform the voter that s/he is issuing a blank/under vote and ask s/he to ratify the decision to avoid blank votes being issued by mistake.When voting with paper ballots, the inclusion of a box "None of the above" allows differentiating between blank ballots cast by ignorance or mistake from "purposeful" blank ballots, in the sense that the person does not want to vote for any of the available candidates. It is because there is that difference that the inclusion of a specific box "None of the above" makes sense in paper based systems.In the world of machines, if the machine requires a ratification in the case of a blank/under vote, this is the equivalent of including an specific box. The voter has opted by a blank vote after being informed that s/he might be incurring in error. I think that the addition of a specific "none of the above" makes sense in the world of machines only if the machine does not inform the voter in case of blank/under votes.
To add a few quick comments to the mix. If machines are to be configured in this way, it would be necessary to specify in the law what will be the consequences if (a) "None of the Above" (NOTA) wins an absolute majority (eg NOTA 60%, Party A 25%, Party B 15%); or (b) NOTA wins a plurality but less than 50% (eg NOTA 40%, Party A 35%, Party B 25%). (It has the potential to get messier in preferential and proportional systems (for example, if there are 10 vacancies and NOTA wins a quota, should the number of vacancies to be filled by live candidates drop to 9?).In more democratic systems its effects would be more problematical. My view is that the system should encourage (though not necessarily compel) people to exercise their power to choose. There will always be some people who are genuinely indifferent between the candidates (and they will normally have the option of abstaining), or who feel strongly about lodging a protest vote; but I think that offering NOTA as an explicit option might encourage some people to make a rather glib statement, when they are not really indifferent between the remaining candidates. Michael
Let me add a couple of comments to Horatio, and Michael's and others' input. I just returned from observing the US election. In Florida, the ballot not only involved elections for President, Senate and Congress, but also for multiple local offices and for local initiatives. In this kind of situation where would one draw the line on "none of the above" and what would be the criteria for inclusion or exclusion of this option??? Personally I favour the inclusion of the option but choosing it would result in a rejected ballot in order to avoid the complications described. The rejected ballots would then be subdivided into none of the above ballots, and ballots rejected for other reasons.Ron
Though the Indian Electronic Voting machines (EVMs) can be programmed to record “NOTA” option, the reason it is not so recorded lies in the experience of the past. In the FPTP system of India, contest at the provincial level could be quite close. Many times the difference between the winning candidate and the trailing candidate is less then the total invalid votes. In the Indian type of EVM at present there is no scope for an invalid or void vote. But if “NOTA” option were to be introduced, then a large number of those Indian voters who are illiterate, might mistaken it for some candidate and thus cast vote which will essentially be an invalid vote. Moreover, in the absence of a legal provision, a voter can not exercise the NOTA option. Thus in countries where there is no option available at present to exercise this option, there it may not be advisable to introduce this option. Similarly where this option already exists then configuring machines to record NOTA should present no problem. By the way, in India, instead of NOTA option, to show their dissatisfaction and angst with politicians, sometimes all the voters from certain village decide to boycott the elections: a collective exercise of NOTA option!!!
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Expert: Joined: Answers:
005 Archer, Keith 2003 4 View Profile
013 Beramendi, Virginia 2004 5 View Profile
001 Brady, Jeff 2003 8 View Profile
014 Carrico, Jim 2002 6 View Profile
002 Helgason, Kristinn 2002 4 View Profile
006 Maguire, Linda 2003 6 View Profile
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Voter Registration
Brown, John
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Q&A’s: Voter Registration (23)
Voter Registration submitted on 14 February 2005
Photographic voters´ lists, pro and cons. I would like to know what are the advantages and disadvantages of establishing a photo voters´ register in addition to photo voter IDs (which appears very expensive, complex and time
consuming) as against having non-photo voters register with photo ID cards? Could you present a cost-benefit analysis of the two options? I will be grateful if you could provide me as much information as possible with regard to this matter.
4 Answers Available Submit Question Download Print
Voter Registration submitted on 19 January 2005
Soy una profesora de Ciencia Política y de la Administración de la Universidad de Valencia. Estaría interesada en los "materiales de muestra" que se indican en su página web sobre el proyecto “Administración y Costo de Elecciones”. No
sé por qué cuando intento consultarlo es como si estuviera vacío o no se pudiera acceder a él. Lo he probado varios días sin éxito. Por un trabajo que estoy elaborando, me interesaría tener una muestra de papeletas de votación de distintos
países (en especial, de aquellos que tienen sistemas electorales mixtos). ¿Podrían ayudarme y mandarme información al respecto?
3 Answers Available Submit Question Download Print
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Voter Registration
005 Archer, Keith 2003 4 View Profile
013 Beramendi, Virginia 2004 5 View Profile
001 Brady, Jeff 2003 8 View Profile
014 Carrico, Jim 2002 6 View Profile
002 Helgason, Kristinn 2002 4 View Profile
006 Maguire, Linda 2003 6 View Profile
011 Navarro, Carlos 2003 7 View Profile
008 Ngidi, Sa 2004 7 View Profile
003 Laanela, Therese 2002 5 View Profile
012 2001 47 View Profile
004 Spinelli, Antonio 2004 4 View Profile
012 Al Fahed, Majid 2002 9 View Profile
Brown, John
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Email: [email protected]
Areas of Expertise: Electoral Systems, Legal Framework,
Electoral Management ... more
Recent Papers: Reforming Georgia's Electoral System,
The Way Ahead
Member of the Practitioners’ Network since: May 2001
John Brown specializes in election processes reform in Central Asia and the Caucasus, as well as in the democratic challenges in the Caspian region more
generally. He has followed the electoral process in Russia and the states of the former Soviet Union for more than 15 years and has traveled extensively in this
region and in South-East Asia.
Dr. Brown currently serves as the Executive Director of the Free and Fair Elections Consortium in Georgia..
Prior to his work at the Caucasus Project, Doe worked as a professor at the Faculty of Political Science at the Oxford University, from 1995 to 1998.
Dr. Brown also served for five years as the Executive Director director of the Trust Fund for Democracy and as a senior international electoral advisor for the Quorum
Foundation to the Central Electoral Commission of Armenia.
Languages: English, Russian, French
Education: M.A., Ph.D., University of Maputo.
Brown, John S. (009) View all Answers by this Expert (47)
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John Brown specializes in election processes reform in Central Asia and the Caucasus, as well as in the democratic challenges …
John Brown
43, Gogebashivili10076 TblisiGeorgia
00321-8-765239
00321-8-765240
English, Russian ... PHD in ...
Prior to his work at the Caucasus Project, Brown worked as a professor at the Faculty of Political Science at the Oxford Univ…
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Voter Registration This discussion room covers a wide range of issues relating to voter registration.
23 The use of photographic lists in voter registration
posted by antspi – 14 June 2004
keiarc
Elections and TechnologyThis discussion room covers the application of technology in election administration.
12 Examples of how the application of technology in elections may have controversial effectsposted by rayken – 11 May 2004
helalv
Electoral SystemsThe place where to discuss everything about electoral systems.
9 What is the most suitable electoral system for Saudi Arabia?
posted by micmal – 13 June 2004
stilar
Voter EducationVoter information programmes are an integral a fundamental part of an electoral process.
2 How voter education could effectively help in raising youth turnout in electionsPosted by fidnas – 3 June 2004
paugra
Electoral ManagementA proper electoral management as the administrative infrastructure supporting efficient and crdible elections.
4 Which mechanisms could be put in place to support an EMB to be truly “independent”?
Posted by sarsta – 3 June 2004
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USER Topic: Electoral Systems
antspinmember 111
Message sent on: 14 June 2004 13:21
Well, by referring to a mixed proportional representation system, I intended to bring into the discussion a possible alternative that, for personal experience, proved to be responsive to an environment similar to the one being examined. Anyway, your opinion is welcome, as it provides a a new and interesting perspective on this very subject.
Messages: 15 | From: Yemen | Registered on: Mar 2004 | IP: Online
thelaamember 031
Message sent on 11 June 2004 18:45
Frankly, I am convinced that the question posed by andell is not being address from the right angle. In your which is the fact that these type of electoral systems seem to have produced controversial results in terms of political representation when adopted and implemented in transitional situations.
Messages: 65 | From: Sweden | Registered on: Dec 2003 | IP: Offline
margramember 121
Message sent on 9 june 2004 11:17
My experience with this topic is somehow limited, but I would invite you to cover this subject also from a point of view of representation, including women, the illiterate and disabled voters and minority and other vulnerable segments of the society.
Messages: 45 | From: Australia | Registered on: June 2003 | IP: Offline
andellmember 001
Message sent on 31 May 09:30
Good point! I would like to add that, when considering transitional elections in post-conflict environments, one has to also give careful consideration the proper sequencing of the various operations and aspects comprisingo the technical and political aspects of the transition process…
Messages: 625 | From: Indonesia | Registered on: Jan 2000 | IP: Offline
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