The Effects of Reservoir Properties

8/16/2019 The Effects of Reservoir Properties

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PREDICTIVE MODELING OF THE EFFECTS OF RESERVOIR

PROPERTIES ON THE EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF

MICROBIAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (MEOR)

Nmegbu, C.G.J and Ohazuruike, L.V.

Department of Petroleum Engineering, i!er" #tate $ni!er"it% of #&ien&e and 'e&hnolog%, Port (ar&ourt

Abstract

'he in&rea"ing need to impro!e re&o!er% of re"idual oil from the re"er!oir had prompted the di"&o!er% of

)i&robiall% Enhan&ed Oil e&o!er% *)EO+ te&hnolog% a" an en!iable and effe&ti!e method of enhan&ing oil

re&o!er%. or optimum re&o!er%, thi" te&hni-ue re-uire" the predi&tion of fa!ourable &ondition" of re"er!oir

parameter" in addition to mi&robial and operating parameter". 'o a&hie!e thi", thi" ork in&orporate" rea&tion

engineering into the re"er!oir engineering a"pe&t" of )EO, treating the bounded re"er!oir a" a biorea&tor. 'he

model" de!eloped are ba"ed on the prin&iple of ma"" &on"er!ation. / C00 program "our&e &ode a" u"ed to anal%ze

and e!aluate the effe&ti!ene"" of the model". e"ult" from the "imulation "ho that re"er!oir propertie" greatl%affe&t the appli&abilit%, "uitabilit% and performan&e of an% )EO pro1e&t.

Key!r"s# MEOR, PREDICTIVE MEOR MODELING, RESERVOIR PROPERTIES

$% I&tr!"'ct!&

)i&robial a&ti!it% ha" been knon a" a potential mean" of enhan&ing the %ield of trapped oil. )i&robiall% Enhan&ed

oil re&o!er% *)EO+ &an be defined a" a mi&robiologi&al method for the impro!ement of oil re&o!er% from

underground re"er!oir. Primaril%, the term refer" to pro&edure" hi&h in&lude ater di!er"ion and donhole

pol%mer and "urfa&tant lo"" hi&h are ba"ed on produ&t" produ&ed dire&tl% in the re"er!oir matri2 b% li!ing

mi&roorgani"m" e"pe&iall% the ba&teria. 'hi" te&hnolog% find" it" role mainl% in "ele&ti!e plugging in the &ontrol of

aterflood, pol%mer and "urfa&tant flood", the "tabilit% of mi&robial produ&t" for oilfield u"e and hea!% oil re&o!er%.

'he groth of mi&robe" in3"itu in the re"er!oir ha!e a number of important intera&tion" ith the inorgani& material"

and the oil pre"ent in the formation. 'he"e mi&robe" ill produ&e biogeni& ga"e" hi&h ill mi2 ith the oil and

di""ol!e in the hea!% &rude and a&t a" a mobilizing agent. 'he"e fermentation and metaboli& pro&e""e" produ&e other

u"eful produ&t" like pol%mer and "urfa&tant" donhole that aid further petroleum re&o!er%. 'he"e re"ult in

modifi&ation" of the ro&k and fluid propertie" ne&e""ar% for produ&tion, and ma% in&lude permeabilit% modifi&ation,

!i"&o"it% redu&tion and pro!i"ion of fa!ourable mobilit% &ontrol.

)EO i" not a "ingle te&hnolog% ba"ed on a &ommon approa&h but an adaptation of mi&robial "%"tem" to "pe&ifi&

problem" of oil re&o!er% from a &ho"en target re"er!oir. Con"e-uentl%, under"tanding the target re"er!oir, mi&robial

and operating &ondition" are !ital for effe&ti!e appli&ation of the te&hnolog% to obtain an optimum re&o!er%.

'he u"e of mi&robe" introdu&e" rea&tion engineering into re"er!oir engineering, ith a""o&iated &on&ept" in&luding biorea&tor !olume, nutrient rea&tion kineti&" and "ele&ti!it%, and minimum re-uired le!el of &on!er"ion. 'he"e

&on&ept" permit -uantitati!e relation"hip" to be e"tabli"hed beteen re"er!oir &hara&teri"ti&", operating &ondition"

and mi&robial performan&e a" ill be de!eloped in thi" ork. 'he"e -uantitati!e relation"hip" beteen mi&robial

performan&e, re"er!oir4fluid &hara&teri"ti&" *permeabilit%, poro"it%, thi&kne"", !i"&o"it% et&.+ and operating

&ondition" *ell "pa&ing, in1e&tion rate", re"idual oil "aturation+ &an be de!eloped from the adoption of a re"er!oir

engineering per"pe&ti!e fo&u"ing on i""ue" "u&h a" "&ale up of laborator% re"ult", pro&e"" de"ign and field

implementation and operation. /nal%"i" ith plau"ible !alue" of re"er!oir and mi&robial parameter" indi&ate", from


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literature", that a )EO pro&e"" u"ing the in3"itu &arbon mu"t o!er&ome "e!ere performan&e &on"traint". $"e of an

e23"itu &arbon "our&e a!oid" the"e te&hni&al4performan&e &on"traint" but eliminate" the logi"ti&al and &o"t

ad!antage" of an in3"itu "our&e.

'he "ele&ted, &ultured, naturall% o&&urring "pe&ie" *mi&robe"+ produ&e "e!eral &ompound" that ha!e the potential for

enhan&ed oil re&o!er%. 'he"e mi&robial degradation b%3produ&t" in&lude "ol!ent", ga"e", al&ohol", a&id",

bio"urfa&tant" and biopol%mer". 'he in3"itu produ&ed ga"e" ma% in&rea"e re"er!oir pre""ure and de&rea"e the!i"&o"it% and gra!it% of the &rude oil, alloing it to mo!e more freel% to the produ&ing ell". 'he ga"e", "ol!ent"

and eak a&id" &au"e a redu&tion in the !i"&o"it% and the pour point of the &rude and an in&rea"e in it" /P5 *or

"pe&ifi&+ gra!it%. )i&robial plugging due to bioma"" a&ti!it% i" al"o reported.

5t i" al"o important to point out that "ome of the mi&roorgani"m" inhibit the a&ti!it% of #6 *#ulphate3redu&ing

ba&teria+ hi&h al"o o&&ur naturall% in re"er!oir" and are often re"pon"ible for the produ&tion of &orro"i!e h%drogen

"ulphide ga". 'he "urfa&tant", a&id" and "ol!ent" &lean out paraffin, a2 and the hea!% &rude depo"ition" in the

pore" of the ro&k impro!ing the permeabilit% and partiall% re"toring the ro&k7" original poro"it%. 'he"e "ol!ent" are

al"o re"pon"ible for the redu&tion in 5nterfa&ial ten"ion *5'+ and ettabilit% alteration. /n illu"tration of the abo!e

effe&t" i" gi!en in the table belo.

Tabe $% Change" in Oil Propertie" due to )i&robial EO 89:,9;<

Parameter Conventional MEOR

/P5 Gra!it% =;.> >9.;

Vi"&o"it% *&p+ 9? ;

Pour Point *@+ ;: :9

A #ol!ent"B > ?

A Paraffin a2 F >:

B#ol!ent" in&lude ga"oline, kero"ene and die"el"

*% F!r+'at!& !, M!"es

'he pre"ent anal%"i" introdu&e" rea&tion engineering &on"ideration" into the re"er!oir engineering anal%"i".

*%$ T+e M!"es

'o ba"i& time model" for mi&robial "%"tem" are re"iden&e time re", the amount of time "pe&ie" "pend" ithin the

rea&tor, and the &hara&teri"ti& rea&tion time, r2n, the amount of time re-uired for the &on&entration of a rea&tion

produ&t to rea&h a de"ired le!el. 5n the )EO pro&e"", the re"iden&e time depend" on operating &ondition" H ell

"pa&ing, in1e&tion rate", re"idual oil "aturation" and the rea&tion time depend" on the beha!iour of the mi&robial

"%"tem *i.e., mi&robial &ondition"+ H &on&entration of "pe&ie", pore fra&tion of the retained "pe&ie", &on!er"ion

effi&ien&% of "pe&ie" et&.

5f e a""ume that the retention *or re"iden&e+ time i" a fun&tion of the in1e&tion rate and that the biorea&tor i" of a

&ontinuou"3flo t%pe, then the retention time i" e2pre""ed a"I

τ res=φπ rm

2h(1−S¿)Q

*9+

here,

re" re"iden&e time, da%


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K poro"it%, !olume fra&tion

r m radial e2tent of biorea&tor, ft

h thi&kne"" of formation, ft

#or re"idual oil "aturation, !olume fra&tion

in1e&tion rate, bbl4da%4in1e&tor

'he rea&tion time, r2n depend" on the mi&robial &ondition". /""uming that the &on&entration of the produ&ed

bioprodu&t C, i" proportional to the &hange in &on&entration of in1e&ted nutrient" and that at the rea&tion time, the

&on&entration of the produ&ed bioprodu&t i" the re-uired &on&entration, Cre-, for effi&ient re&o!er%, thenI

τ rxn=−1 K 1

ln [1− C reqV N N o ]*+

*%* I&-st' Carb!& S!'rce C!&.ers!& M!"e

or effe&ti!e intera&tion ith the inter"titial oil, the mi&robe" "hould be able to e2hibit "tabilit% or "tead%3"tate

&ondition". /l"o, rea&tion engineering &on"ideration" "ugge"t that the &on!er"ion effi&ien&% of the re"pe&ti!e

medium i" the ma2imum &on&entration, Cma2 *in ma"" fra&tion+ of the re&o!er% H enhan&ing &hemi&al that &an be

produ&ed ithin the biorea&tor, gi!en b%I

C max=V H S¿

1−S¿

ρo

ρw

*=+

#in&e the ma2imum !olume of re&o!er%3enhan&ing &hemi&al *the ma2imum "lug !olume, Vma2+ "hould be the "ame

a" the rea&tor !olume, then, for Mn7 number of in1e&tor"I

V max=nπ τ m2

hφ(1−S¿)

*>+

E-uation *>+ model" the ma2imum "lug !olume of the re&o!er%3enhan&ing &hemi&al that &an be produ&ed ithin the

biorea&tor

/""uming a 9A &on!er"ion pro&e"" and e2pre""ing Vma2 a" a fra&tion of the re"er!oir pore !olume %ield"I

f slug= ρo

ρw

π rm2

S¿V H

A C req

*?+

here f "lug i" the "lug "ize in re"er!oir pore !olume *PV+ and / i" the in1e&tion3ell "pa&ing.

E-uation" *=+, *>+ and *?+ are the in3"itu &arbon "our&e &on!er"ion model".


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*%/ N'tre&t S'00y M!"e

Nutrient "uppl% to in3"itu rea&tor" of mi&robial "%"tem" are through the in1e&tion ater. Con"ider the finite a-ueou"

"olubilit% of nutrient" hi&h ill lead to the &on&ept of limiting rea&tant H the fir"t "pe&ie" to be u"ed up a" fluid"

mo!e through the biorea&tor. Con"ider that the a""umed kineti&" of the mi&robial "%"tem depend onl% on

&on&entration" in the floing pha"e, and no di"per"ion, the e2tent of rea&tion at a gi!en po"ition ill depend onl% on

the time re-uired for the fluid to mo!e from the rea&tor inlet *the ellbore+ to that po"ition. (en&e, the ma2imum

e2tent of rea&tion ill be rea&hed hen the fluid arri!e" at the radial lo&ation, r lim, i" gi!en a"I

lim ¿=[ −Q K 1

πhφ(1−S¿)ln (1− M o,maxV N N o )]

1/2

r¿

*F+

5f N i" the rate3&ontrolling nutrient, a "imilar anal%"i" &an be &on"idered hen other rea&tant" are pre"ent in e2&e""

hile the &on&entration of N depend" on the radial po"ition, r. 5n thi" &a"e, the amount of nutrient at a gi!en radial

di"tan&e from the biorea&tor inlet *ellbore+ be&ome"I

N t = N o exp[− K 1 πφh(1−S¿)Q r2]*+

E-. *+ i" the model for nutrient "uppl% to in3"itu rea&tor".

*%1 I&-st' Gas Pr!"'ct!& M!"e

Vi"&o"it% redu&tion through in3"itu ga" produ&tion enhan&e" mi"&ible di"pla&ement of the target oil. )a1or biogeni&

ga"e" of intere"t are CO and C(> and nutrient "uppl% i" e""ential for their produ&tion.

Pra&ti&al in3"itu generation of CO re-uire" an alternati!e e2ternal "our&e like a &arboh%drate or an alternati!e

mi&robial me&hani"m that ab"tra&t" O2%gen from ater mole&ule". 5n3"itu generation of )ethane re-uire" no

e2ternal "our&e material, unlike CO produ&tion. #in&e one kilogram of &rude oil &ontain" appro2imatel% .9kg (

*h%drogen atom+, and if e a""ume that mi&robe" ere able to u"e that h%drogen &ompletel%, then >( *from C( >+

ould &on"ume .F: g of (%drogen. Con"idering thi" limiting &on!er"ion effi&ien&%, e &an de!elop a

relation"hip that e"tabli"he" a ma2imum "lug "ize in a manner "imilar to that obtained for other re&o!er%3enhan&ing

&hemi&al" to gi!eI

f gas=0.68π τ m

2

A

S¿ ρo

ρg

*:+

5f e &on"ider the anal%"i" of another in3"itu ga", other than C( > produ&tion, a""uming that the ga" produ&tion i"

proportional to the nutrient &on"umption, e ha!eI


5/15

G =V N N o[1−exp(− K 1πφh(1−S¿)Q r2)]*;+

*%2 P!r!sty M!"e

rom E-. *+, making the poro"it% K, the "ub1e&t of the formula,

φ= Q

K 1 π r2h(1−S¿)

ln ( N o N t )*9+

or poro"it% redu&tion due to pore plugging, e riteI

φ!=φo(1−" )

*99+

here K i" the initial poro"it%, Ki i" the in"tantaneou" poro"it% and *9 3 # or + i" the pore fra&tion o&&upied b% the

"e""ile pha"e.

#ub"tituting E-. *9+ for K in E-. *99+I

φ!= Q

K 1 π r2

h (1

" −1) ln( N o N t )

*9+

*%3 Per+eabty M!",cat!& M!"e

rom the fine" migration theor% of Ci!an et al 89=


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*%4 Sat'rat!& a&" Rec!.ery M!"es

/""ume the depo"ited bioma"" *"e""ile pha"e+ o&&upie" a portion of the pore "pa&e during the )EO pro&e"". 'he

"aturation balan&e e-uation &an be ritten a"I

So+Sw+Sg+" =1 *9?+

)EO depend" on the produ&tion of metabolite", hen&e, it" re&o!er% &an be e2pre""ed a"I

# S

# S# S

# S# S

(¿¿o) ol$mer(¿¿ 0)surfa%tant +¿

(¿¿ o)gas+¿(¿¿ o) lugg!ng+¿(¿¿ o) M&'(=¿

¿

*9F+

here Q#o i" the re"pe&ti!e in&remental oil re&o!er%.

#in&e the "urfa&tant and pol%mer enhan&e the plugging and repre""uri"ation pro&e"" of )EO, E-. *9F+ &an be

"implified thu"I

# S

# S# S

(¿¿o)gas=f (" ,C g)(¿¿ o) lugg!ng+¿(¿¿ o) M&'(=¿

¿

*9+

here i" the pore !olume fra&tion of the retained &ell bodie" and Cg i" the ga" &on&entration. 6ut here mi&robial

plugging i" &on"idered to be dominant in the )EO pro&e"", E-. *9+ &an be ritten a"I

#S

(¿¿o) M&'(=f (" )¿*9:+

5f a linear relation"hip i" a""umed, it be&ome"


7/15

# S

(¿¿ o) M&'(= )" ¿

*9;+

here R i" a &on"tant.

5t i" e!ident from the e-uation that the additional oil re&o!er% due to the )EO pro&e"" i" proportional to the

plugging !olume in the pore "pa&e b% &ell bodie".

'he re&o!er% i" &al&ulated b% a""uming that,

# S

SS

(¿¿ ¿) M&'((¿¿ ¿) &'(−¿

(¿¿ o) M&'(=¿¿

*+

(oe!er, for the purpo"e of thi" ork, re&o!er% i" &al&ulated ba"ed on the relation"hip propo"ed beloI

# S

S" (¿¿ ¿) &'(

(e%o*er$=(¿¿ o) M&'(=¿¿

*9+

/% Res'ts a&" Dsc'ss!&

'he C00 program "our&e &ode i" the &ho"en "imulation program. 'he "imulator i" u"ed to te"t the "en"iti!it% of

)EO performan&e and de!elopment "trateg% to !ariation" in re"er!oir propertie" ithin a range of po""ible !alue".

'he re"er!oir and mi&robial "%"tem &hara&teri"ti&" emplo%ed are gi!en in the table belo.

Tabe *% e"er!oir and )i&robial #%"tem Chara&teri"ti&"

Parameter Symbol Value Formula/Units

ormation thi&kne"" ( = ft

e"er!oir poro"it% S .? Volume fra&tion

Permeabilit% 9>: mD

e"idual oil "aturation #or .=? Volume fra&tion

5n1e&tion rate 9 64D4in1e&tor

Ga" Den"it% Tg :F.= g4m=

Oil Den"it% To : g4m=

ater Den"it% T 9 g4m=

6iorea&tor e2tent r m 9 ft

e-uired &on&entration of

bioprodu&t C

Cre- .9 )a"" fra&tion

5n1e&ted &on&entration of No .? )a"" fra&tion


8/15

rate3&ontrolling nutrient N

ea&tion3rate &on"tant 9 .9; da%39

Carbon %ield V( .? )a"" of bioprodu&t

produ&ed4ma"" of &arbon

Con!er"ion effi&ien&% of

Nutrient N to produ&t C

V N .? )a"" of bioprodu&t

produ&ed4ma"" of nutrient

N &on"umed#toi&hiometri& &oeffi&ient

of &o3rea&tant )

V) .9 )a"" of ) &on"umed4ma""

of nutrient N &on"umed

'he re"ult" of the "imulation and "en"iti!it% anal%"e" are a" follo".

/%$ Res"e&ce T+e a&" B!react!r E5te&t

'he table belo "ho" the relation"hip beteen the mi&robial re"iden&e time and the biorea&tor e2tent.

Tabe /% Variation of e"iden&e time ith biorea&tor e2tent

Radial extent of Bioreactor rm !ft" Residence time #res !day"

9 .>:?

.9;?

= .>=:?

> .:

? .99:?

F .9??

.=::?

: .=9

; .=;>:?

9 .>:?

5t i" ob"er!ed that a" the mi&robial re"iden&e time in&rea"e", the biorea&tor e2tent in&rea"e". 'hi" i" true a" large

biorea&tor e2tent ill re-uire high mi&robial re"iden&e time to en"ure the "ur!i!al of the mi&robe" ithin the rea&tor.

'he relation"hip i" "hon graphi&all% belo.


9/15

> F : 9 9

.9

.

.=

.>

.?

.F

adial E2tent of 6iorea&tor, rm *ft+

e"iden&e time, re" *da%+

F6're $% Variation of e"iden&e time ith di"tan&e

5t i" ob"er!ed that a" the biorea&tor e2tent in&rea"e", the time taken b% the mi&robe" to migrate through it" e2tent

in&rea"e".

/%* React!& t+e a&" c!&ce&trat!&

'he rate of mi&robial kineti&" depend" on the &on&entration of the in1e&ted nutrient". (igher &on&entration of

nutrient" ill re-uire loer rea&tion time. On the other hand, loer &on&entration of nutrient" ill take higher

rea&tion time. 'hi" i" illu"trated in the table and figure belo.

Tabe 1. Variation of ea&tion time ith &on&entration

$nitial Concentration of $n%ected nutrients!mass fraction"

Reaction &ime &rxn !'r"

.? F=.:?=

.9 .:;;>>

.9? 9.::F?

. 9=.9F>

.? 9.>9

.= :.F>9;

.=? .=??F=

.> F.>99FF.>? ?.F:;

.? ?.9>;


10/15

.9 . .= .> .? .F

9

=

>

?

F

5nitial Con&entration of 5n1e&ted nutrient" *ma"" fra&tion+

ea&tion 'ime, 'r2n *hr+

F6're *% Variation of ea&tion time ith &on&entration

5ndi&ation" from table > and figure "ho that the groth rate of mi&robe" in&rea"e" ith &on&entration, re"ulting in

a de&rea"e in rea&tion time.

/%/ S'6 s7e a&" I&8ect!& e s0ac&6

'he "lug "ize in the re"er!oir pore !olume *PV+ that &an be produ&ed ithin the biorea&tor i" modeled b% E-. *?+. 5t

!arie" in!er"el% ith the in1e&tion ell "pa&ing. 'hi" relation"hip i" further e2pre""ed in table ? and figure = belo.

Tabe 2% Variation of "lug "ize ith in1e&tion ell "pa&ing

$n%ection (ell s)acin* !+" Slu* si,e !Fslu*"

>=?F .;F>

:9 .>:9

9=F: .=9>

9>> .>9

9: .9;:

F9=F .9F

=>; .9=

=>:>: .9?

=;> .99

>=?F .;F>

>;9F .:


11/15

9 = > ? F

.9

.9

.9

.9

5n1e&tion ell "pa&ing */+

#lug "ize *"lug+

F6're /% Variation of "lug "ize ith in1e&tion ell "pa&ing

5t i" al"o e!ident from the model that if other parameter" are &on"tant, the "lug "ize !arie" dire&tl% ith the re"idual

oil "aturation and al"o ith the "-uare of the radial e2tent of the biorea&tor.

/%1 N'tre&t s'00y a&" ra"a "sta&ce

Nutrient "uppl% to in3"itu biorea&tor" of mi&robial "%"tem" are through the in1e&tion ater. E-. *+ i" the model for

nutrient "uppl% to in3"itu rea&tor". 5t gi!e" the amount of nutrient at a gi!en radial di"tan&e. 5t further "ho" that the

nutrient re-uired for mi&robial a&ti!it% i" proportional to the poro"it% of the re"er!oir ro&k, if other parameter"

remain &on"tant. Lo poro"it% ro&k re-uire" le"" nutrient and !i&e !er"a.

'he in!er"e !ariation of amount of nutrient and radial di"tan&e i" &learl% "hon in table F and figure > a" follo".

Tabe 3% Variation of nutrient ith radial di"tan&e

Radial distance !ft"+mount of nutrient

!-t"

.?

9 .>;;>

.>;F

= .>;>F

> .>;=? .>:??;

F .>;=:

.>9>

: .>F=;=

; .>?>;

9 .>>>;


12/15

> F : 9 9

.>

.>

.>

.>

.?

.?.?

.?

.?

.?

.?

adial di"tan&e *ft+

/mount of Nutrient *Nt+

F6're 1% Variation of amount of nutrient ith radial di"tan&e

/%2 Gas s7e a&" I&8ect!& e s0ac&6

'he ga" "ize in the re"er!oir PV i" modeled b% E-. *:+. 5t predi&t" an in!er"e relation"hip ith in1e&tion ell "pa&ing

and a linear relation"hip ith the re"idual oil "aturation. 'he table and figure belo "ho the "imulation re"ult".

Tabe 4% Variation of Ga" "ize in re"er!oir pore !olume a" a fun&tion of in1e&tion ell "pa&ing

$n%ection (ell s)acin* !+" .as si,e !F*as"

>=?F .9?9;

:9 .F

9=F: .?F

9>> .=:

9: .=>

F9=F .?=

=>; .9

=>:>: .9;

=;> .9F;

>=?F .9?

>;9F .9=:


13/15

9 = > ? F

5n1e&tion ell "pa&ing */+

Ga" "ize *ga"+

F6're 2% Ga" "ize in e"er!oir Pore !olume a" a fun&tion of in1e&tion ell "pa&ing

5t &an be "een that at loer in1e&tion ell "pa&ing, a higher ga" "ize ill be produ&ed ithin the biorea&tor, the

&on!er"e of hi&h ould al"o be true.

/%3 P!r!sty a&" A+!'&t !, N'tre&t

'he amount of nutrient needed for mi&robial a&ti!it% in the re"er!oir !arie" ith the re"er!oir ro&k poro"it%. 5t ha"

been e"tabli"hed that "in&e the mi&robial a&ti!it% take" pla&e in the pore" of the re"er!oir ro&k, the amount of

nutrient re-uired for effe&ti!e ino&ulation of the re"idual oil ill depend on the poro"it% of the re"er!oir ro&k. (igher

poro"it% ro&k ill re-uire higher amount of nutrient and loer poro"it% ro&k loer amount of nutrient. 'he re"ult" of

the "imulation pre"ented in table : and figure F are in agreement ith thi" argument.

Tabe 9% Variation of Nutrient ith original and in"tantaneou" poro"itie"

Ori*inal )orosity$nstantaneous

)orosity+mount of nutrient

!-t"

.?

.? .9=>F .>;;>

.9 .?=:? .>;F

.? .999? .>;>F

.> .9?=: .>;=

.F? .==F?> .>:??;

.; .>:>F .>;=:

.9? .F?;F .>9>

.9F .:F9?> .>F=;=

.? .9;=: .>?>;

.? .9=>F9? .>>>;


14/15

0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Original poro"it% 5n"tantaneou" poro"it%

/mount of Nutrient *Nt+

Poro"it%

F6're 3% Variation of amount off nutrient ith poro"it%

/%4 Rec!.ery a&" Res"'a ! sat'rat!&

5t ha" been "hon that re&o!er% i" dire&tl% proportional to the pore !olume fra&tion *i.e. &on&entration+ of the

retained &ell bodie". 'hi" i" due to the fa&t that the re&o!er% ill depend on the e2tent to hi&h the mi&robe"

ino&ulate the re"idual oil. 5t i" al"o true that "in&e re"idual oil i" a "our&e of &arbon *nutrient+ for the mi&robe", a high

re"idual oil "aturation ill impl% high mi&robial a&ti!it% hi&h ill lead to higher rate of ino&ulation and

"ub"e-uentl% higher re&o!er%. 'hi" i" illu"trated a" follo".

Tabe :% e&o!er% a" a fun&tion of re"idual oil "aturation

Residual oil saturation !Sor" Recovery !SMEOR"

.? .>?

.9 .;

.9? .9?

. .9F

.? .9:?

.= .9

.=? .?

.> .>

.>? .>?

.? .?


15/15

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

e"idual oil "aturation *#or+

e&o!er% *#)EO+

F6're 4% e&o!er% a" a fun&tion of e"idual oil #aturation

/" e2pe&ted, a higher re"idual oil "aturation ould impl% more oil po""ibl% re&o!erable and &on"e-uentl%, if

"u&&e""ful, greater re&o!er% from )EO appli&ation.

1% C!&c's!&

'he modeling of the effe&t" of re"er!oir propertie" on )EO i" an important predi&ti!e tool for -uantitati!e anal%"i"

of the re"er!oir4mi&robial "%"tem, a" ha" been pre"ented. 'o en"ure the be"t po""ible re"ult" from a )EO pro1e&t,

four &on"ideration" are indi"pen"able H laborator% anal%"i" of the &rude, re"er!oir engineering "tudie", &orre&t

determination of the mi&robial &ulture to be u"ed and proper implementation and monitoring of the in1e&tion pro&e"".

/lthough )EO ill be effe&ti!e in almo"t an% re"er!oir "&enario, it i" ad!i"ed that onl% the be"t &andidate", a"determined b% the fa&tor" gi!en abo!e "hould be &on"idered for )EO.

(oe!er, it i" re&ommended that further "tudie" in thi" re"pe&t in&orporate re"er!oir heterogeneit% in model"

propo"ed.

Ac;&!e"6e+e&t

'he author" i"h to a&knoledge the immen"e &ontribution of Gift /nario&hi Emenike in thi" ork.

Re,ere&ces

The Effects of Reservoir Properties

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