The Effects of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on a

Sample Grid

Team Members:Jeff EggebraatenBrendin JohnsonAnne Mousseau

Justin Schlee

1

Overview

1) Defining the problem

2) Market Research

3) Load Analysis

4) Time of Day

5) Future Work

2

Problem StatementThe demand for plug-in electric vehicles is

increasing rapidly, which will

pose new challenges for power

utilities in terms of

understanding how this

additional load will effect their distribution

grids.

Idaho Power asked EVI to perform this

analysis.3

Car Types•Plug-in Electric Vehicles• Run only on electricity • Do not have another fuel source

•Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)• Run on electricity and fuel• Gas engine can drive the wheels or act as a generator

4

5

Market ResearchWhy is market research needed?

- To predict the future number of PHEV’s on the road.

Source: EPRI

Share

of

New

Vehic

le S

ale

s

Year

Projected Plug-in Electric Vehicle Market Share

6

7

Market ResearchGathered Information

National Numbers National Yearly Sales (Autodata) Projected PHEV new car sales (E.P.R.I.) Number of cars on the road per year (D.O.T.)

Regional Numbers Number of cars registered in Idaho (Idaho D.M.V) Number of cars registered in Ada county (Idaho D.M.V)

ResultsProjected number of PHEV’s in Idaho (2010–2040)Projected number of PHEV’s in Ada county (2010–

2040)

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 20400

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

388.418549728019

6825.91971828836

35585.9529971167

83252.7266516132

130365.094258967

176243.814324969

222438.780192429

Year

Pro

ject

ed

Nu

mb

er

of

PH

EV

’s in

Bo

ise

Projected Number of PHEV’s in Boise

8

Conductive Charger LevelsLevel 1ConveniencePlug into common wall outlet

1-Phase120 V AC, 15 A* AC1.44 kW (max)

Level 2Private/PublicRequires EV Supply equipment installation

1 Phase208-240 V AC, 30-60A AC14.4 kW (max)

Level 3Opportunity Requires commercial equipment installation

3 Phase208-600 V AC, 400 A AC240 kW (max)**

* Receptacle rating (maximum continuous current of 12 A).** Maximum allowed by standards

Source: C.C Chan, K.T. Chau

9

10

Battery Size and Charge Time

Line Voltages before PHEV loadingYear 2010

11

Line Voltages with PHEV loadingYear 2040

12

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 20400

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Low Voltage

Fuse

Switch

% Loading

After Mitigation

Number of Distribution Grid Issueswith PHEV loading Year 2010 -2040

13

PHEV Loading Mitigation• Added Voltage Regulators

• Re-conductored Overloaded Lines

• Added Capacitors

• Approximated Cost of $132,000

14

Line Voltages with PHEV loading and Mitigation Year 2040

Capacitor Added

Re conductor

2 Voltage Regulators

15

Time of Day Charging• Customer comes home and plugs in the car (~5 pm)

• Normal utility peak (~5 pm)

• To reduce this load, shift the charge time (~10 pm)

16

Time of Day Analysis

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 242000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

PHEV Charging at 5PM and at 10PM

10PM PHEV Loading, 2040 Baseline 2010 Load 5PM PHEV Loading, 2040

To

tal P

ow

er

Usag

e (

MV

A)

7.73%

17

18

Variable Power RatesPros of PSE’s Variable Rate Plan:

About 5% of total power usage was shifted to off-

peak hours

Overall electricity usage was reduced by 6%

An overall positive reaction from the customers for

the incentive to use energy more

efficiently

Source: Puget Sound Energy

19

Variable Power RatesCons of PSE’s Variable Rate Plan:

To break even customers would have needed to use

more than half their electricity during the lowest

rate hours.

This was an inconvenience for some families who

felt that the time-of-day plan was incompatible with

their lifestyle.

Source: Puget Sound Energy

20

Power Sellback – V2GElectric vehicles can be used to provide

power during peak usage timesBenefitsPeak ShavingLoad Regulation

ChallengesHarmonicsProtection TrippingSafety

Future WorkPower Quality

Effects of Higher Charging Levels

Transmission, Generation, and Protection

21

22

Conclusions• By 2040 PHEV’s charging will increase load by 18%

• Additional load results in voltage drop

•Equipment will need to be upgraded to accommodate load

•Shifting charge time results in a 7.73% peak load reduction

• Time of day plan can incentivize a shift in charging time

Thanks:Idaho Power

Marc Patterson, Mel Trammel, Mary Graesch

University of IdahoDr. Herbert Hess, Dr. Greg Donohoe, Dr. Joseph Law,

John Jacksha

23

24

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040Total Cars Registered (National) (1) 251,393,444 264,217,036 277,694,760 291,859,984 306,747,776 322,394,996 338,840,381New Car Sales (National) (2) 13,991,444 14,705,149 15,455,259 16,243,632 17,072,221 17,943,076 18,858,353New Car Sales Percent (National) 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57%Total Cars Registered (Idaho) (3) 1,642,530 1,726,315 1,814,374 1,906,926 2,004,198 2,106,432 2,213,882Total Cars Registered (Ada County) (3) 348,949 366,748 385,456 405,118 425,784 447,503 470,330New Car Sales Percent Estimated 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57%Estimated New Car Sales (Idaho) 91,416 96,079 100,980 106,131 111,545 117,235 123,215Estimated New Car Sales (Ada County) 19,421 20,412 21,453 22,547 23,697 24,906 26,176Market Share Projections (4) 0.02 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.6Plug-in Projections (Idaho) 1,828 9,608 40,392 53,066 61,350 70,341 73,929Plug-in Projections (ADA County) 388 2041 8581 11274 13033 14944 15706PHEV Totals (Idaho) 1,828 32,130 167,506 391,877 613,639 829,594 1,047,038PHEV Totals (Ada) 388 6,826 35,586 83,253 130,365 176,244 222,439PHEV Density (Idaho) 0.001 0.019 0.092 0.206 0.306 0.394 0.473PHEV Density (Ada) 0.001 0.019 0.092 0.206 0.306 0.394 0.473

Sources(1) D.O.T(2) Autodata(3) Idaho DMV(2)EPRI Report

Market Research Calculations

25

Additional Load Due to PHEVs

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 20400

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

14228

1,130

2,515

3,748

4,821

5,789

Year

Pro

jecte

d L

oad

fro

m P

HEV

's

in S

am

ple

Gri

d [

kW

]