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![Page 1: The Economics of Hawaii’s Invasive Species Kimberly M. Burnett University of Hawaii at Manoa Department of Economics.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e0f5503460f94afa1a3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Economics of Hawaii’s Invasive Species
Kimberly M. BurnettUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa
Department of Economics
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What is an “Invasive Species”?
• An “invasive species” is defined as a species that is
1. non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and
2. whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.
Executive Order 13112, President Clinton, 1999
• Invasive species can be plants, animals, and other organisms (e.g., microbes). Human actions are the primary means of invasive species introductions.
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Hawaii as a Laboratory
• Most isolated place on earth• Lots at risk: biodiversity, tourism, “paradise”• Potential to keep things out
• Why do we see increasing invasion?• Increased trade• Globalization, disappearance of borders• Ease of mobility• Intentional introductions: driven by individual benefits;
without accounting for potential social costs
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Invasive Species as Externalities
• Intentional introductions• Agriculture/Aquaculture (Apple snails)
• Horticulture (Miconia)
• Pet trade (Salvinia)
• Unintentional introductions• Floriculture trade (Coqui)
• Transport (Brown treesnake)
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Outline
• Threat from invasives• Policy• Bioeconomics (interdisciplinary problem) • 3 case studies:
• Existing invader
• Potential invader
• Explosive invader
• Conclusions for economics/policy• Conclusions for biology
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Threat from Invasives
• Economic:
• Direct damages to physical capital
• Direct damages to human health
• Direct damages to natural resource assets
• Ecological:
• Ecosystem change
• Water quality/ quantity
• Soil conditions
• Loss of biodiversity
• Loss of resilience
• Loss of productive resources
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Threats to Hawaii
Economic
(market value)
Ecological
(nonmarket value)
Miconia Water Endangered species
Brown treesnake
Power outages, medical costs
Endangered species
Coqui Property values Endangered species, influence on snake
Miconia landslide, Tahiti
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Role of Policy for Invasive Species
• Policy currently fragmented and inefficient• Black lists
• Inspections
• Control efforts
• Biological and economic tools must be used together to target policies that minimize disturbances to economy and environment
• Successful policy will integrate prevention and control decisions
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Prevention and Control
Prevention
• Reduce entrance vectors
• Interdiction at source
• Interdiction at destination
Control
• Eradication
• Population reduction
• Containment
• Adaptation
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Planning Optimal Policy
• Prevention and control decisions should be integrated and incorporate expected damages
• Need to include both ecological and economic factors:
Biological capacity Entrance vectorsReproduction Rate of transportRelative isolation AdaptabilityHabitat CostsCompetitors RisksPredators Damages
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Biology + Economics = Bioeconomics
• Biology (and ecology and hydrology): how fast does it grow, where is it now, where is it going, how will it affect other species…
• Economics: cost of control, value of expected damages
• Show why all are necessary through case studies
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The Existing Invader: Miconia calvescens
• Native to South America• Intentionally introduced to a Big
Island nursery in 1960’s• Attractive purple and green leaves• Aggressive growth• Long-lived seed bank• Shallow roots• Forms monotypic stands, dense
canopy • “Purple plague”• “Green cancer”• Present on 4 main islands
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Biology: How Fast Does it Grow?
Island Carrying capacity
Kauai 15,849,057
Oahu 8,713,551
Maui 14,133,791
Hawaii 78,216,124
Molokai 3,087,479
Where K = 100 trees per acre above 1800 mm/yr rainfall line
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000n
g(n)
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Ecology: Endangered Species
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Hydrology: Potential WatershedChange from Invasion
• Reduction in groundwater speeds up depletion of aquifer, increases water prices and need for desalination
• Increase in sedimentation decreases water quality and viability of forest and nearshore resources
Rainfall Runoff (sediments) Marine ecosystem
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Watershed
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Economics: The Value of Losing Birds & Water
mgd lost recharge (annual)
Total annual damages by island (millions)
Island # birds Low High Low Medium High
Kauai 22 3.2 3.9 $91.6 $154.0 $234.0
Oahu 13 3.2 3.9 $61.4 $98.5 $145.0
Maui 17 3.7 4.6 $77.8 $126.0 $187.0
Big Island 20 18.0 22.0 $169.0 $225.0 $297.0
Molokai11 N/A N/A $36.9 $68.2 $108.0
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Economics: Cost of Control?
IslandSearch Constant
($1000*acre)Search Coefficient
()Treatment Coefficient
Kauai $158,490,570 1.6095
$13.39
Oahu $87,135,510 1.6258
Maui $141,337,910 1.6089
Big Island $782,161,240 1.6028
Molokai $30,874,790 1.6
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Current Population?
Island n(0)
Kauai 1,540
Oahu 6,890
Maui 111,050
Hawaii 315,000
Molokai 0
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Optimal Population
Island n(0) n*
Kauai 1,540 9,171
Oahu 6,890 5,495
Maui 111,050 8,901
Hawaii 315,000 39,937
Molokai 0 0
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Policy Comparisons
Island Policy
Do nothingRemain at
current population forever
Status quo spending
Optimal policyof population
reduction and maintenance
Oahu $3.08 b $10.5 m $16.9 m $10.4 m
Maui $4.6 b $73.5 m $51.7 m $17.2 m
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Recap
• Population reduction optimal for most islands.
• May be preferable to let population increase on Kauai (search costs high relative to damage)
• For Molokai, optimal to spend on prevention and keep at zero
• Difficulty with nonmarket valuation (true value of endangered birds, etc.).
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The Potential Invader: Brown Treesnake
• Native to New Guinea/Australia• Accidentally introduced to Guam
during WW2• Heavy transport btw Guam and
Hawaii (esp. military)• 8 intercepted at HI ports since 1980• Survived trip from Guam to Texas
for months in a washing machine• Hitchhikes in wheels of airplanes,
hidden in cargo• Mildly venomous • “Just a matter of time” (and money)
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Biology: Growth
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Ecology: Biodiversity Losses
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Economics: Damage
• Based on Guam,• Power outage costs: $121.11 /snake
• Snakebite costs: $0.07 /snake
• Biodiversity: $0.32 – $1.93 /snake• Loomis and White (1996)
• Total expected damages: $122.31 per snake
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Economics: Control Cost
• Catching 1 out of 1: $100 million (?)
• Catching 1 out of 100: $100,000
• Catching 1 out of 39m: $0.64
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Arrival Function
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Annual arrivals
Prevention expenditure (millions)
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Optimal Prevention and Control Expenditures
C(x*)=$10 m
y*=$ 84,000
prevention
control
$6 m
Optimal population n = 543
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Policy Comparisons
Current population
(uncertain!)
Status quo spending Optimal policy
0 $106 m $81 m
50 $101 m $87 m
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Recap
• If zero snakes, spend heavily on prevention
• If more than zero snakes, spend on control
• May be large returns to early detection of small populations
• Uncertainty about current population warrants diversification between strategies
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The Explosive Invader: Coqui Frog
• Native to Puerto Rico• Introduced to Hawaii late 1980s
through nursery trade• Spread to 4 islands by
movement of plant material and intentional introductions
• No external tadpole stage; does not require standing water; 2 week breeding cycle
• Have attained some of the highest densities ever observed for terrestrial amphibian populations (up to 133,000 per ha on Hawaii)
• New populations being reported weekly
“ko-KEE”Full chorus
Coqui photos: USDA/APHIS/NWRC Hilo Field Station
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Falling Property Prices?Hedonic Pricing Theory
• Wish to explain determinants of total property price• Some things add to price, others subtract
• Structural • Number of rooms, number of bathrooms, square footage (+)• Acreage (+)
• Neighborhood/Accessibility• Proximity to public transportation, school districts, other amenities (+/–)• Zoning (+/–)
• Environmental• Presence of coqui (–???)• Elevation (+)
• Financial• Mortgage rates (–)• Buyer in HI (–)
• Derive implicit value of each characteristic from explicit price of property using multiple regression analysis
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Study Site and Data
• 50,033 real estate transactions on Big Island, 1995-2005
• 9 main districts (see map) divided into 10 sub-districts each to control for neighborhood characteristics
• SFLA to represent structure
• Frog complaints registered to NWRC Hilo, 1997-2001
• Use GIS to identify property transactions occurring after complaint, within 500m and 800m of frog complaints
• Financial variables• Prices deflated using West Urban CPI • 30 year mortgage rates from Federal Reserve• Buyer residing in HI used to control for information effects
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Percentage of Transactions with Frog Complaints Prior to Sale
RegionAverage
PriceFrogs500m
Frogs800m
Average Acres N. Obs.
Puna $26,555 19.3% 34.1% 2.6 24,019
S Hilo $126,141 5.7% 23.2% 10.8 4,443
N Hilo $283,383 7.0% 7.0% 18.2 633
Hamakua $154,732 10.0% 25.5% 38.2 928
N Kohala $202,599 33.7% 42.9% 10.4 1,758
S Kohala $409,796 37.3% 48.4% 6.8 3,479
N Kona $334,393 13.2% 33.9% 2.9 6,733
S Kona $773,204 23.5% 40.6% 21.7 2,064
Kau $25,179 15.1% 23.8% 8.7 5,981
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Puna Close-up
Frogs within 500 m
Frogs within 800 mTransactions
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Impact on Property Price
Variable Frogs 500m Frogs 800m
Frogs -135,957*** (19327) -6,816 (7845)
SFLA 67*** (4) 64*** (4)
Assessed Land Val 0.5*** (0.2) 0.5*** (0.2)
Acres 471** (190) 474** (191)
Mortgage rate (monthly)
-25,494*** (4043) -17,237*** (3917)
Buyer in HI -24,981*** (9470) -24,969*** (9479)
Constant 212,062*** (28833) 139,301*** (27384)
Number of observations 50,033 50,033
Adj R2 0.2 0.2
***,** indicate statistical significance at 99% and 95% confidence respectively Huber-White Robust Standard errors in parentheses.
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Recap
• Presence of frogs have a negative impact on property value
• Tells us nothing about optimal policy (don’t know the response of population to spending)
• Need to build model of frog population response to spending if want to evaluate policy options
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Limitations• General
• Nonmarket values controversial/hard to measure
• Miconia• How to deal with seed bank (is zero really zero?)• Lack of spatial considerations
• Brown treesnake• “Not here”, so…• Uncertain about population• Uncertain about annual arrivals• Unknown control costs• Lack of spatial considerations
• Coqui• Ecological threats not accounted for
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Directions of Future Research
• Miconia• Better data on: current number of trees on each island, growth,
costs, locations• Brown treesnake
• Early detection/rapid response• Probabilistic model
• Coqui• Real estate analysis: increase years of BI data, add Maui data• Calculate lost profits to horticultural industry from
• Reduced revenues from lost sales if infested• Increased costs from removing frogs for certification
• Model the increase in potential viability of brown treesnake and accompanying increase in potential damages (biodiversity loss, power supply and medical expenses) due to coqui prey base
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Conclusions • Invasive species can cause real economic damage
• Eradication not necessarily preferred over population maintenance or adaptation
• An ounce of prevention not necessarily “worth a pound of cure”
• Optimal policy will depend on economic as well as ecological characteristics of an invasion
• Essential to consider benefits versus costs over some time horizon
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Acknowledgements
James Roumasset, Brooks Kaiser, William Pitt, Sean D’Evelyn, and Porntawee
Nantamanasikarn