The Economic Performance of Regions (Eng) / El rendimiento económico de las regiones (Ing) /...

8/2/2019 The Economic Performance of Regions (Eng) / El rendimiento económico de las regiones (Ing) / Eskualdeen errendimendu ekonomikoa (Ing)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-economic-performance-of-regions-eng-el-rendimiento-economico-de-las 1/30

Rjmaogfc Uxzhaju# Yoc' 5='9)=# ~~' :81―:=;# Fzmzux/Oexobjr 2>>5

Xkj Jeogolae ^jriorlfgej oi RjmaoguL A E K F J C J ' ^ O R X J R

Aguxaxzxj ior Uxrfxjmq fgh Eol~jxaxayjgjuu# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc# Uochajru Iajch Rofh# Bouxog# LF >2695# ZUF'

Jlfac4 l~orxjrNkbu'jhz

+Iarux rjejayjh Ijbrzfrq 2>>50 ag rjyaujh iorl F~rac 2>>5!

^ O R X J R L' J' +2>>5! Xkj jeogolae ~jriorlfgej oi rjmaogu# Rjm' Uxzhaju 5=# :81―:=;' Xkau ~f~jr j{flagju xkj bfuae ifexu

fbozx xkj rjmaogfc jeogolae ~jriorlfgej# xkj eol~ouaxaog oi rjmaogfc jeogolaju fgh xkj rocj oi eczuxjru ag xkj ZU jeogolq

oyjr ~jraoh oi 611> xo 2>>>' Xkj ~jriorlfgej oi rjmaogfc jeogolaju yfraju lfr jhcq ag xjrlu oi }fmj# }fmj mro}xk#

jl~coqljgx mro}xk fgh ~fxjgxagm rfxj' Bfujh og xkj hauxrabzxaog oi jeogolae fexayaxq ferouu mjomrf~kq# }j ecfuuaiq Z U

aghzuxraju agxo xrfhjh# coefc fgh rjuozrej,hj~jghjgx' Xrfhjh aghzuxraju feeozgx ior ogcq fbozx ogj,xkarh oi jl~coqljgx bzxrjmauxjr lzek kamkjr }fmju# ifr kamkjr rfxju oi aggoyfxaog fgh agflzjgej coefc }fmju' ]j hjcagjfxj eczuxjru oi xrfhjh aghzuxraju

zuagm eo,coefxaog ~fxxjrgu ferouu ZU rjmaogu' Xkj la{ oi eczuxjru ha jru lfr`jhcq ferouu rjmaogu' Xkj ~jriorlfgej oi rjmaogfc

jeogolaju au uxrogmcq agflzjgejh bq xkj uxrjgmxk oi coefc eczuxjru fgh xkj yaxfcaxq fgh ~czrfcaxq oi aggoyfxaog' Rjmaogfc }fmj

ha jrjgeju frj holagfxjh bq xkj rjcfxayj ~jriorlfgej oi xkj rjmaog ag xkj eczuxjru ag }kaek ax kfu ~ouaxaogu# }axk xkj ~frxaezcfr

la{ oi eczuxjru ujeoghfrq' F ujraju oi rjmaogfc ~ocaeq al~caefxaogu jljrmj irol xkj stghagmu'

Rjmaogfc jeogolae ~jriorlfgej Eczuxjru Eol~jxaxayjgjuu Aghzuxrafc coefxaog

^ O R X J R L' J' +2>>5! Cf ~jriorlfgej jeogolavzj hju ^ O R X J R L' J' +2>>>! Haj }arxuekfixcaekj Cjauxzgmu`rfix yog

rjmaogu# Rjm' Uxzhaju 5=# :81―:=;' Ejx frxaecj ekjrekj fn Rjmaogjg# Rjm' Uxzhaju 5=# :81―:=;' Hajujr Bjaxrfm fgfcquajrx

j{flagjr cju ~ragea~ju ioghfljgxfz{ hj cf ~jriorlfgej @jrghfxjg rjmaogfcjr ]arxuekfixurf«zlj ag hjg Yjrjagamxjg

jeogolavzj rjmaogfcj# hj cf uxrzexzrj hju jeogolaju rjmaog, Uxffxjg# agubjuoghjrj akrj }arxuekfixcaekj Cjauxzgmu rfix# akrjfcju# jx hz rocj hju mroz~jljgxu hfgu c‑jeogolaj hju Jxfxu, Tzuflljgujxtzgm zgh haj Roccj rjmaogfcjr Eczuxjr' Haj

Zgau hj 611> fn 2>>>' Cf ~jriorlfgej hju jeogolaju rjmaog, Rjmaogjg hjr Yjrjagamxjg Uxffxjg zgxjruekajhjg uaek ag hjg

fcju yfraj ujguabcjljgx hz ~oagx hj yzj hju ufcfarju# hj cf Dfkrjg 611> bau 2>>> hjzxcaek ag akrjr }arxuekfixcaekjg

eroauufgej hju ufcfarju# hj cf kfzuuj hj c‑jl~coa# jx hz golbrj Cjauxzgmu rfix mjljuujg fg Cokggayjfz zgh ― }fekuxzl#

hju brjyjxu' F ~frxar hj cf rj~frxaxaog hj c‑fexayaxj jeogolavzj Bjuekf«ixamzgmujgx}ae`czgm# zgh ^fxjgxrfxj' Bfuajrjgh fzi hjr

mjomrf~kavzj# og ecfuuj cju jgxrj~rauju aghzuxrajccju fz{ Jxfxu, mjomrf~kauekjg @ogtjgxrfxaog o« `golauekjr F`xaxayxf«x `cfuua,

Zgau uozu cju rzbravzju eolljreafcj# coefcj# jx hj~jghfgxj sttajrjg }ar Aghzuxrajt}jamj fcu z« bjrrjmaogfc +‛xrfhjh‑!# co`fc

hju rjuuozreju' Cju jgxrj~rauju aghzuxrajccju fn yoefxaog eol, ohjr fbkf«gmam yog hjr ^rf«ujgt yog Gfxzruekf«xtjg' Eczuxjr

ljreafcj g‑j{~cavzjgx vz‑zg xajru hj c‑jl~coa lfau cfauujgx z«bjrrjmaogfcjr Aghzuxrajg bjuekf«ixamjg gzr earef jag Hraxxjc

yoar hju ufcfarju gjxxjljgx ~czu jcjyju# hju xfz{ h‑aggoyfxaog fccjr Jr}jrbuxf«xamjg# yjrtjaekgjg fbjr z« bjrhzrekuekgaxxcaekj

bajg ~czu al~orxfgxu# jx agflzjgx uzr cju ufcfarju coefz{' Co« kgj zgh uamgast`fgx ko«kjrj Aggoyfxaogurfxjg fcu haj

Jl~coqfgx hju hauxrabzxaogu hj coefcaufxaogu ~frxfmjju fn xrfyjru Mjuflx}arxuekfix' Haj rjcfxayj Bjhjzxzgm jagtjcgjr Eczuxjr

cju Jxfxu,Zgau# og hjcalaxj hju mroz~jljgxu h‑jgxrj~rauju aggjrkfcb hjr Mrz~~j z«bjrrjmaogfcjr Aghzuxrajg zgxjruekja,

aghzuxrajccju fn yoefxaog eolljreafcj' Cf uxrzexzrj hju mroz~j, hjx uaek hjzxcaek al rjmaogfcjg Yjrmcjaek' Hjr }arxuekfixcaekjljgxu yfraj ujguabcjljgx uzayfgx cf rjmaog' Cf ~jriorlfgej Jriocm jagjr Rjmaog }arh uxfr yog hjr rjcfxayj Cjauxzgmu rfix

hju jeogolaju rjmaogfcju jux iorxjljgx agflzjgej ~fr cf iorej zgh Aggoyfxaoguuxf«r`j hjr horx fgmjuajhjcxjg z«bjrrjmaogfcjg

hju mroz~jljgxu coefz{ jx ~fr cf yaxfcaxj jx ~fr cf ~czrfcaxj Eczuxjr bjjagflzuux' Uo kfx hfu rjcfxayj Cokggayjfz ag hjg

hj c‑aggoyfxaog' Cju jefrxu hju ufcfarju rjjcu u‑j{~cavzjgx z«bjrrjmaogfcjg Eczuxjrg ag jagjr Rjmaog jagjg holagfgxjg

~ralorhafcjljgx ~fr cf ~jriorlfgej rjcfxayj hj cf rjmaog Jagflzuu fzi hfu rjmaogfcj Cokggayjfz#}f«krjgh haj u~jtastuekj

vzfgx fz{ mroz~jljgxu ozn jccj jux ~rjujgxj# cf uxrzexzrj Ahjgxaxf«x hajujr Eczuxjr gzr jagj uj`zghf«rj Roccj u~ajcx' Hjr

~frxaezcajnrj hju mroz~jljgxu g‑jxfgx vzj h‑zgj al~orxfgej Bjaxrfm jgx}ae jcx fzu hajujr Fgfcquj jagj Rjakj yog Al~ca`,

ujeoghfarj' Ac jg rjuzcxj xozxj zgj ujraj h‑al~caefxaogu ~ozr fxaogjg iz«r haj ]arxuekfixu~ocaxa`'

cf ~ocaxavzj'Rjmaogfcj ]arxuekfixucjauxzgm Eczuxjr

^jriorlfgej jeogolavzj rjm aogfcj Mroz~jljgxu ]jxxbj}jrbuif«kam jax Aghzuxrajuxfghorx

Eol~jxaxayaxj Coefcaufxaog aghzuxrajccj

>>58,58>8 ~ragx/659>,>:16 ogcagj/>5/>9)=>:81,5> ¡2>>5 Rjmaogfc Uxzhaju Fuuoeafxaog HOA4 6>'6>;>/>>5858>>52>>>6>;9;;

kxx~4//}}}'rjmaogfc,uxzhaju,fuuoe'fe'z`



::> Laekfjc ^orxjr

Uxzhaju oi eol~jxaxayjgjuu fgh jeogolae hjyjco~ljgx Xo xkj EB ^ hfxf }j lfxekjh ~fxjgx hfxf irol xkj ZU

^fxjgx fgh Xrfhjlfr` Ostej fgh EKA Rjujfrek#kfyj xjghjh xo ioezu og xkj gfxaog fu xkj zgax oi

fgfcquau# fgh og gfxaogfc fxxrabzxju fgh ~ocaeaju fu xkj }kaek au fccoefxjh xo U AE eohju zuagm fg fcmoraxkl

hjyjco~jh bq Uacyjrlfg +U ACYJRL FG# 6111!' ^fxjgxuhrayjru' Fu rjmaogfc ueajgxauxu fgh jeogolae mjo,

mrf~kjru kfyj cogm zghjruxooh# ko}jyjr# xkjrj frj frj xkj bjux fyfacfbcj ljfuzrj oi aggoyfxayj fexayaxq

ferouu fcc rjmaogu# fgh }j j{~corj xkj ~fxxjrgu oi uzbuxfgxafc ha

jrjgeju ag jeogolae ~jriorlfgej ferouurjmaogu ag yarxzfccq jyjrq gfxaog' Xkau uzmmjuxu xkfx ~fxjgxagm ferouu mjomrf~kq fgh axu rjcfxaoguka~ }axk

aghzuxrq coefxaog': Fcc ozr hfxf eoyjru xkj 611> xo 2>>>lfgq oi xkj juujgxafc hjxjrlagfgxu oi jeogolae ~jrior,

lfgej frj xo bj iozgh fx xkj rjmaogfc cjyjc' xalj ~jraoh'

Xkj ~ralfrq mjomrf~kae zgax zujh ag xkj fgfcquau auXkjrj au f uzbuxfgxafc xkjorjxaefc caxjrfxzrj og rjmaogfc

jeogolae hjyjco~ljgx# fgh gzljrozu efuj uxzhaju xkj Jeogolae Frjf +JF! fu hjstgjh bq xkj Bzrjfz oi

Jeogolae Fgfcquau' Xkjrj frj 6=2 JFu eoyjragm xkjkfyj j{~corjh xkj agflzjgeju og jeogolae hjyjco~ljgx

fgh ~jriorlfgej ag ~frxaezcfr rjmaogu' U EOXX# 2>>># jgxarj ZU# }kaek frj mjgjrfccq ulfccjr xkfg uxfxju bzx

cfrmjr xkfg loux ljxro~ocaxfg uxfxauxaefc frjfu or LUFu~royahju f eol~rjkjguayj rjyaj} oi xkj jeogolae mjo,

mrf~kq caxjrfxzrj oyjr xkj ~fux kfci ejgxzrq' I J C H L F G# +ujj F~~jgha{ F!' ]j zxacatj JFu# rfxkjr xkfg LU Fu

}kaek kfyj bjjg xkj ioezu oi lzek oi xkj uxfxauxaefc2>>>0 MCFJUJR# 2>>>0 fgh K F G U O G# 2>>># ~royahj

fhhaxaogfc caxjrfxzrj rjyaj}' Hju~axj xkau raek xrfhaxaog# caxjrfxzrj# bjefzuj JFu eoyjr xkj jgxarj ZU# kfyj uxfbcj

hjstgaxaogu oyjr xalj fgh# loux al~orxfgxcq# bjxxjr jl~araefc uxzhaju oi cfrmj ufl~cju oi rjmaogu kfyj bjjg

eol~frfxayjcq rfrj' F rjejgx bohq oi }or` kfu j{fl, rjfljex xrzj jeogolae bozghfraju oi rjmaogu bjefzujxkjq ef~xzrj xkj fexzfc ~fxxjrgu oi lfr`jx j{ekfgmj xkfxagjh yfraozu kq~oxkjuju fbozx rjmaogfc ~jriorlfgej ag

cfrmj ufl~cju oi eaxaju# loux goxfbcq xkj rju~jexayj oixjg erouu frbaxrfrq LU F borhjru' ]j zxacatjh uxfxju

+:6 ageczhagm ]fukagmxog# HE! fu xkj mjomrf~kae zgaxagflzjgej oi jeogolae u~jeafcatfxaog fgh hayjruaxq'6 Ag

xkau ~f~jr# }j fal xo eogxrabzxj xo xkau jl~araefc caxjrf, ior uolj fgfcquju hzj xo cjuu hfxf uz~~rjuuaog' Fcc oi

xkj fgfcquju kjrj kfyj bjjg rj~caefxjh zuagm fcc xkrjjxzrj }axk f eol~cjljgxfrq f~~rofek' Zuagm f gj}cq

fuujlbcjh hfxfujx eoyjragm jyjrq ljxro~ocaxfg frjf# mjomrf~kae zgaxu fgh# bq fgh cfrmj# xkj rjuzcxu frj ualacfr'

Xkj strux ujexaog oi xkau ~f~jr ioezuju og ha jrjgejujeogolae frjf fgh uxfxj ag xkj ZU# fgh gj} uxfxauxaefc

ljxkohu xo hjrayj xkj eol~ouaxaog oi rjmaogfc jeogo, ag oyjrfcc rjmaogfc jeogolae ~jriorlfgej ag xjrlu oi

}fmju# }fmj mro}xk# jl~coqljgx mro}xk# fghlaju fgh xkj bozghfraju oi eczuxjru oi cag`jh aghzuxraju#

}j ujj` xo j{~corj xkj bfuae ifexu fbozx rjmaogfc jeogo, ~fxjgxagm' Xkj gj{x ujexaog zuju xkj fexzfc ~fxxjrgu oi

aghzuxrq jl~coqljgx ferouu mjomrf~kq xo hjeol~oujlaju ag xkj ZU' Ag ~frxaezcfr# }j j{~corj xkj oyjrfcc

jeogolae ~jriorlfgej oi rjmaogu# xkj eol~ouaxaog oi rjmaogfc jeogolaju agxo xrfhjh# coefc# fgh rjuozrej,hj~jghjgx aghzuxraju# fgh }j j{~corj xkjar rju~jexayjrjmaogfc jeogolaju# fgh xkj rocj oi eczuxjru ag eol~oua,

xaog fgh ~jrior lfgej' rocju ag jeogolae ~jrior lfgej' ]j xkjg jl~coq uxfxau,

xaefc ljxkohu xo hjrayj eczuxjru oi xrfhjh aghzuxraju xkfxOzr ~ralfrq fal kjrj au gox xo xjux f ~frxaezcfr

xkjorq# bzx xo j{flagj ifexu fgh rjcfxaoguka~u xkfx kfyj eo,coefxj'9 ]j j{~corj xkj fxxrabzxju# oyjrcf~# fgh

hauxrabzxaog oi eczuxjru ferouu xkj ZU jeogolq fgh xkjbjjg al~caeax or j{~caeax ag lfgq xkjoraju'2 Ko} lzek

ho rjmaogu yfrq ag }fmju# jl~coqljgx mro}xk fgh rjcfxaoguka~ bjx}jjg xkj la{ oi eczuxjru ag f rjmaog

fgh axu ~jriorlfgej' F stgfc ujexaog ~royahju f uzllfrq~fxjgxagm rfxju? Ko} al~orxfgx au uatj or aghzuxrq

u~jeafcatfxaog ag ~jriorlfgej? Hoju xkj ~frxaezcfr fgh eogeczuaogu'

eol~ouaxaog oi aghzuxraju ag f rjmaog lfxxjr? ]kfx frj

xkj mroz~u oi aghzuxraju xkfx frj cag`jh ag mjomrf~kaefccq

eogejgxrfxjh eczuxjru# fgh ko} hoju eczuxjr ~ouaxaog

fgh la{ rjcfxj xo f rjmaog‑u ~jriorlfgej' Xkouj fghH A I I J R J G E J U A G R J M A O G F C lfgq oxkjr vzjuxaogu frj j{flagjh# jl~coqagm bfuae J E O G O L A E ^ J R I O R L F G E J

uxfxauxaefc xjuxu' Ag,hj~xk fgfcquju oi ~frxaezcfr kq~o,

xkjuju frj xkj uzbdjex oi oxkjr ~f~jru'5 F rjmaog‑u oyjrfcc fyjrfmj }fmj= au ~jrkf~u xkj loux

bfuae ljfuzrj oi axu jeogolae ~jriorlfgej fgh louxXkj eorj hfxfujx au xkj fggzfc Eozgxq Bzuagjuu

^fxxjrgu +EB^! hfxf# eoyjragm jl~coqljgx# juxfbcauk, fuuoeafxjh }axk axu uxfghfrh oi cayagm' Ag 2>>># xkj

fyjrfmj }fmj ag ZU JFu }fu (2=#:55' Xkjrj au fljgxu fgh }fmju bq eozgxq fx xkj iozr,hamax UA E

+Uxfghfrh Aghzuxrafc Ecfuuastefxaog! cjyjc'8 Xkj gj}jr uxra`agm yfrafxaog ag fyjrfmj }fmju flogm JFu# rfgmagm

irol (61#22; ag Gorxk ^cfxxj# GJ,EO xo (:2#265 agGFAEU uquxjl o jru uolj al~royjljgxu bjefzuj ax

au cjuu fmmrjmfxjh# bzx xkj ekfgmju f jex f lohjux Ufg Irfgeaueo,Of`cfgh,Ufg Douj# EF +ujj Iam' 6!'

Xkj fyjrfmj JF j{~jrajgejh fg (;#8>5 }fmjgzlbjr oi aghzuxraju' ]j zxacatj xkj UAE uquxjl ag xkau

fgfcquau bjefzuj oi xkj fyfacfbacaxq oi f hjefhj oi agerjfuj irol 611> xo 2>>># or fbozx 88* oi xkj

611> fyjrfmj }fmj +f eol~ozgh fggzfc mro}xk rfxjkauxoraefc hfxf' Xkj EB ^ hfxf j{eczhju moyjrgljgx

fgh lacaxfrq jl~coqljgx bzx eoyjru xkj mrjfx lfdoraxq +EFM R! oi 5½=*!' Ko}jyjr# }fmj mro}xk fcuo yfrajhlfr jhcq ferouu rjmaogu# }axk xkj E FM R oyjr xkjoi xkj ~rayfxj ujexor# j{eczhagm ogcq fmraezcxzrfc

}or jru# rfacrofh }or jru fgh kozujkoch jl~coqljgx' 611> xo 2>>> ~jraoh rfgmagm irol =½6* ag Fzuxag,



Xkj Jeogolae ^jriorlfgej oi Rjmaogu ::6

Ufg Lfreou# X[ xo 6½;* ag ]kjjcagm# ]Y,OK +ujj }jrj lorj uzeejuuizc oyjrfcc ag mro}agm jl~coqljgx

ag xkj 611>u' Xkjrj }fu fcuo go hauejrgfbcj rjcfxaoguka~Iam' 2!'

Rjmaogfc }fmj agjvzfcaxq agerjfujh uolj}kfx oyjr bjx}jjg jl~coqljgx mro}xk fgh uxfrxagm fyjrfmj

}fmju +Iam' 9!' Xkjrj }fu f rjcfxayjcq }jf` bzx uamgast,xkj 611> ― 2>>> ~jraoh# }axk xkj }fmj MAGA eojsteajgx

agerjfuagm irol >½>==8 xo >½>18> oyjr xkj ~jraoh' efgx ~ouaxayj rjcfxaoguka~ bjx}jjg }fmj mro}xk fgh

jl~coqljgx mro}xk +ujj Iam' =!' Ax f~~jfru xkfx rjmaoguKo}jyjr# }fmj mro}xk }fu ogcq }jf`cq rjcfxjh xouxfrxagm }fmj cjyjc +ujj Iam' 5!' Kjgej# uzeejuu or ifaczrj xkfx }jrj al~royagm xkjar jeogolae izghfljgxfcu

bjgjstxjh boxk ag xjrlu oi dobu fgh }fmju'ag mro}agm }fmju ag gox hjxjrlagjh bq uxfrxagm cjyjc

bzx au f jexjh bq oxkjr agflzjgeju xkfx }acc bj j{~corjh' Ax au f eollog fuujrxaog ag jeogolae hjyjco~ljgx

earecju xkfx cfrmj rjmaogu xkfx uz~~orx hayjruj jeogolajuFgoxkjr }fq oi j{~coragm xkj ekfgmj ag fyjrfmj

rjmaogfc }fmju oyjr xalj au xo mroz~ xkj JFu agxo }fmj }acc bj fhyfgxfmjh' Fyjrfmj }fmju ho xjgh xo bj kamkjr

ag cfrmjr rjmaogu ljfuzrjh bq jl~coqljgx uatj# jyjghjeacju ag 611> fgh 2>>> fgh j{flagj xkj lobacaxq

bjx}jjg uxfrxagm fgh jghagm hjeacj mroz~u +ujj Iam' 8!'; fixjr j{eczhagm xkj ozxcajru Gj} Qor` fgh Cou Fgmjcju

+ujj Iam' ;!' Ko}jyjr# xkj rjcfxaoguka~ bjx}jjgRozmkcq kfci oi xkj JFu +85½9*! rjlfagjh ag xkj uflj

hjeacj# 2=½1* rouj xo f kamkjr hjeacj# fgh 2;½:* ijcc xo jl~coqljgx uatj fgh }fmj mro}xk au lzek }jf`jr

+ujj Iam' 1!' Ogej fmfag# xkj hfxf rjyjfc xkfx boxkf co}jr hjeacj# }axk go uxrogm ~fxxjrg rjcfxjh xo uxfrxagm

cjyjc' Rjmaogu loyagm z~ x}o or lorj }fmj hjeacju cfrmj fgh ulfcc rjmaogu j{~jrajgejh uzeejuu ag mro}agm

}fmju0 fgh boxk cfrmj fgh ulfcc rjmaogu j{~jrajgejhageczhjh Iorx Lqjru,Ef~j Eorfc +IC!# Uaoz{ Eaxq#

Olfkf# Ufg Fgxogao# fgh Boauj Eaxq# }kacj rjmaogu ~robcjlu'F xkarh# lorj ior}frh,coo`agm ljfuzrj oi rjmaogfcloyagm ho}g ageczhjh ]kjjcagm +]Y,OK!# Ekfrcju,

xog +]Y!# Dokguog Eaxq,@agmu~orx,Brauxoc +XG,YF!# ~jriorlfgej au ~fxjgxagm' ]kacj xkj ~fxjgx uquxjl hoju

gox ef~xzrj fcc aggoyfxayj fexayaxq +j'm' ag ujryaeju#Jraj +^F!# fgh Ekfl~famg Zrbfgf +AC!'

Jl~coqljgx mro}xk# fgoxkjr al~orxfgx fxxrabzxj oi uoix}frj# jxe'!# ~fxjgxagm au xkj bjux fyfacfbcj fgh eol,

~frfbcj ljfuzrj oi aggoyfxayj fexayaxq ferouu rjmaogu'1jeogolae ~jriorlfgej# fcuo yfrajh lfr jhcq ferouu

rjmaogu# }axk jl~coqljgx EF MRu oyjr xkj 611> ― ]j lf~~jh ~fxjgxu xo rjmaogu bq fuuamgagm jfek ~fxjgx

xo xkj rjmaog ag }kaek xkj agyjgxor rjuahju' Ag xkj efuj2>>> ~jraoh rfgmagm irol 9½81* ior Fzuxag,Ufg Lfreou

xo ö>½>;* ior Uqrfezuj' Jl~coqljgx mro}xk kfh oi lzcxa~cj agyjgxoru irol ha jrjgx rjmaogu# ~fxjgxu

}jrj fuuamgjh irfexaogfccq xo jfek rjmaog'ogcq f }jf` uxfxauxaefc rjcfxaoguka~ }axk uxfrxagm jl~coq,

ljgx uatj +ujj Iam' :!' Gjaxkjr cfrmj gor ulfcc rjmaogu ^fxjgxagm agxjguaxq# ljfuzrjh bq ~fxjgxu ~jr 6>>#>>>

Iam' 6' Fyjrfmj }fmju bq jeogolae frjf# 2>>> Uozreju4 Eozgxq Bzuagjuu ^fxxjrgu0 Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc'



::2 Laekfjc ^orxjr

Iam' 2' Eol~ozgh fyjrfmj }fmj mro}xk bq jeogolae frjf# 611>―2>>> Uozreju4 Eozgxq Bzuagjuu ^fxxjrgu0 Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc'

Iam' 5' ]fmj mro}xk yu' uxfrxagm fyjrfmj }fmj bq jeogolae frjfu# 611>―2>>> Uozreju4 Eozgxq Bzuagjuu ^fxxjrgu0 Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc'




Xkjrj }fu go uxfxauxaefc rjcfxaoguka~ bjx}jjg xkj rfxj

oi jl~coqljgx mro}xk fgh uxfrxagm ~fxjgxagm +ujj Iam'

65!' Ko}jyjr# f rjmaog‑u ~fxjgxagm agxjguaxq au uxrogmcq

fuuoeafxjh }axk fyjrfmj }fmju +ujj Iam' 68!# }axk

~fxjgxagm agxjguaxq feeozgxagm ior fcloux 5>* oi xkj

yfrafxaog ferouu rjmaogu ag fyjrfmj }fmj' Kamk ~fxjgxagmuamgfcu lorj fhyfgejh ~rohzexu fgh ~roejuuju fgh

kamkjr ~rohzexayaxq xkfx uz~~orx f kamkjr }fmj'

^fxjgxagm agxjguaxq rjlfagu kamkcq uamgastefgx fixjr eog,

xroccagm ior rjmaogfc uatj'

]j }ozch j{~jex xkfx xkj rjcfxaoguka~ bjx}jjgIam' 8' Ekfgmju ag jeogolae frjf }fmj hjeacju# 611> ― 2>>>

~fxjgxagm fgh fyjrfmj }fmju xo bj f jexjh bq }kjxkjr Uozreju4 Eozgxq Bzuagjuu ^fxxjrgu0 Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex# ~fxjgxagm au }ahju~rjfh or eogejgxrfxjh ag f ulfcc gzl,

Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc'bjr oi strlu or aguxaxzxaogu' ^fxjgxagm hauxrabzxjh flogm

lfgq agyjgxoru }ozch qajch mrjfxjr u~accoyjru ferouu

aggoyfxoru fgh bj fuuoeafxjh }axk kamkjr ~rohzexayaxq agagkfbaxfgxu ag 2>>># rfgmju irol juujgxafccq > ~fxjgxu ~jr gzljrozu stjchu'6> Zuagm ^fxjgx fgh Xrfhjlfr` Ostej6>>#>>> agkfbaxfgxu ag Fbacjgj# X[ xo oyjr 2:> ag Boaujhfxf og ~fxjgxagm ormfgatfxaogu# }j eol~zxjh f Kjr,Eaxq +ujj Iam' 6>!' Xkj yfrafxaog ag ~fxjgxagm ferouustghfkc,Karueklfg Aghj{ +KK A! oi ~fxjgxor eogejgxrf,rjmaogu ifr uzr~fuuju xkj yfrafxaog oi fyjrfmj }fmju fghxaog'66 Agerjfuagm ~fxjgxor KK A +kamkjr eogejg,jl~coqljgx mro}xk' Eol~ozgh fggzfc mro}xk agxrfxaog! au gjmfxayjcq rjcfxjh xo fyjrfmj }fmju +ujj Iam'~fxjgxagm ~jr ef~axf irol 611> xo 2>>> fcuo yfrajh lfr`,6:!' Goxj xkfx cfrmj rjmaogu }acc xjgh xo kfyj lorjjhcq# rfgmagm irol 2;½2*ag Boauj Eaxq xo ― 8½;* ~jr qjfr ~fxjgxoru# xjghagm xo rjhzej ~fxjgxor KKA' Ko}jyjr#ag Ukrjyj~orx,Bouuajr Eaxq# CF,FR +ujj Iam' 66!' Xkjrjxkj eogejgxrfxaog oi ~fxjgxoru kfu f gjmfxayj fghau go rjcfxaoguka~ bjx}jjg xkj uxfrxagm cjyjc oi ~fxjgxagmuamgastefgx rjcfxaoguka~ }axk fyjrfmj }fmju jyjg fixjr fgh ~fxjgx mro}xk oyjr xkj 611>u' F uefxxjr ~cox oi eogxroccagm ior rjmaogfc uatj' ]j j{~corj uolj oi xkjuj~fxjgxagm ~jr ef~axf yu' xkj uatj oi f rjmaog au ~royahjhrjcfxaoguka~u ag lorj hjxfac ag f rjcfxjh ~f~jr +ujjag Iam' 62' ]j zxacatjh gjmfxayj bagolafc rjmrjuuaog xo^ ORXJR# 2>>5!'j{flagj xkj rjcfxaoguka~ bjx}jjg ~fxjgxagm ~jr ef~axf

Mayjg xkj ha jragm ekfccjgmju oi zrbfg fgh rzrfcfgh jl~coqljgx uatj#fgh stghxkjeojsteajgx oi jl~coq,

ljgx uatj xo bj uxfxauxaefccq uamgastefgx' jeogolae hjyjco~ljgx# ax au oi agxjrjux xo ujj ko}

Iam' :' Jl~coqljgx mro}xk yu' uxfrxagm jl~coqljgx bq jeogolae frjf# 611> ― 2>>>

Uozreju4 Eozgxq Bzuagjuu ^fxxjrgu0 Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc'



::8 Laekfjc ^orxjr

Iam' 9' Jl~coqljgx mro}xk yu' uxfrxagm fyjrfmj }fmj bq jeogolae frjf# 611> ― 2>>>


Iam' =' ]fmj mro}xk yu' jl~coqljgx mro}xk bq jeogolae frjf# 611> ― 2>>>




Xkj Jeogolae ^jriorlfgej oi Rjmaogu :::

Iam' ;' Fyjrfmj }fmj yu' jl~coqljgx uatj bq jeogolae frjf# 2>>>

Goxj4 Uagej xkj jl~coqljgx uatju oi xkj Cou Fgmjcju fgh Gj} Qor` JFu frj uzbuxfgxafccq cfrmjr xkfg xkj uatj oi xkj rjux oi xkj rjmaogu# }j fcuo

j{flagjh xkj rjuzcxu fixjr hro~~agm xkjuj x}o obujryfxaogu'R 2 rauju xo >'968: fgh xkj eojsteajgx oi uatj rjlfagu ~ouaxayj bzx au uolj}kfx kamkjr'


Iam' 1' Fyjrfmj }fmj mro}xk yu' uxfrxagm jl~coqljgx bq jeogolae frjf# 611> ― 2>>>

Goxj4 Uagej xkj jl~coqljgx uatju oi xkj Cou Fgmjcju fgh Gj} Qor` JFu frj uzbuxfgxafccq cfrmjr xkfg xkj uatj oi xkj rjux oi xkj rjmaogu# }j fcuoj{flagjh xkj rjuzcxu fixjr hro~~agm xkjuj x}o obujryfxaogu' R 2 rauju xo >'25=1 fgh xkj eojsteajgx au fmfag lohjrfxjcq kamkjr'




::9 Laekfjc ^orxjr

Iam' 6>' ^fxjgxu ~jr 6>>#>>> agkfbaxfgxu bq jeogolae frjf# 2>>>

Uozreju4 ZU ^fxjgx fgh Xrfhjlfr` Ostej0 EKA Rjujfrek0 Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc'

Iam' 66' Mro}xk ag ~fxjgxu ~jr 6>>#>>> agkfbaxfgxu bq jeogolae frjf# 611> ― 2>>>

Uozreju4 ZU ^fxjgx fgh Xrfhjlfr` Ostej0 EKA Rjujfrek0 Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc'



Xkj Jeogolae ^jriorlfgej oi Rjmaogu ::=

Iam' 62' ^fxjgxu ~jr 6>>#>>> agkfbaxfgxu yu' jl~coqljgx uatj bq jeogolae frjf# 2>>>

Uozreju4 ZU ^fxjgx fgh Xrfhjlfr` Ostej0 EKA Rjujfrek0 Eozgxq Bzuagjuu ^fxxjrgu0 Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc'

Iam' 65' Jl~coqljgx mro}xk yu' uxfrxagm ~fxjgxu ~jr 6>>#>>> agkfbaxfgxu bq jeogolae frjf# 611> ― 2>>>




::; Laekfjc ^orxjr

Iam' 68' Fyjrfmj }fmj yu' ~fxjgxu ~jr 6>>#>>> agkfbaxfgxu bq jeogolae frjf# 2>>>


Iam' 6:' Fyjrfmj }fmj yu' ~fxjgx KKA bq jeogolae frjf# 2>>>





yfraozu ljfuzrju oi jeogolae ~jriorlfgej ha jr ag ]j zxacatj xkj fexzfc hauxrabzxaog oi jl~coqljgx bq

aghzuxrq xo uj~frfxj aghzuxraju agxo xkjuj xkrjj mroz~u#zrbfg yjruzu rzrfc frjfu' ]kacj f izcc fgfcquau oi xkau

vzjuxaog au bjqogh xkj ueo~j oi xkau ~f~jr# }j hayahjh zuagm hfxf ior 6119'68 Xkj EB^ hfxf zghjruxfxju xkj

xrzj mjomrf~kae eogejgxrfxaog oi xrfhjh aghzuxraju bqfcc ZU eozgxaju agxo xkouj xkfx frj ~frx oi f ljxro~ocaxfg

frjf +;8=! fgh xkouj xkfx frj gox +2#215!' Ljxro~ocaxfg rjmaog bjefzuj xkj jl~coqljgx rjcfxjh xo xkj coefc

ufcju# ujryaej# hauxrabzxaog fgh oxkjr uz~~orx fexayaxaju+zrbfg! eozgxaju feeozgx ior ;>½8* oi ZU ~o~zcfxaogag 2>>> fgh ;:½9* oi ~rayfxj jl~coqljgx ag 2>>>' Xkj oi xrfhjh aghzuxraju bfujh jcuj}kjrj frj eozgxjh ag xkj

coefc rjmaog ag }kaek xkj jl~coqljgx f~~jfru# jyjgfyjrfmj ljxro~ocaxfg eozgxq }fmj }fu (5:#=69 ag 2>>>#

ifr kamkjr +81*! xkfg xkj (28#>>8 fyjrfmj ag gog, xkozmk xkj ~ralfrq fgh kjfhvzfrxjru fexayaxaju frj

bfujh jcuj}kjrj' Xkau lamkx bj xjrljh xkj coefc ~or,ljxro~ocaxfg eozgxaju' Xkj EFMR oi }fmju oyjr xkj

611> xo 2>>> ~jraoh ag ljxro~ocaxfg eozgxaju }fu xaog oi xrfhjh aghzuxraju' ]j zxacatj xkrjj ljfuzrju oi

xkj yfrafxaog oi aghzuxrq jl~coqljgx ferouu mjomrf~kq8½;2* yjruzu 5½;6* ag gog,ljxro~ocaxfg eozgxaju'

Ko}jyjr# xkj E FM R oi jl~coqljgx bjx}jjg 611> xo uj~frfxj aghzuxraju4 xkj ukfrj oi gfxaogfc jl~coqljgx

ior fcc uxfxju }axk CV^60 xkj ljfg coefxaog vzoxajgxfgh 2>>> ag ljxro~ocaxfg eozgxaju }fu 2½61*# cjuu xkfg

xkj 2½58* ag gog,ljxro~ocaxfg eozgxaju' +C V! ior xkj xo~ styj uxfxju rfg`jh bq CV0 fgh xkj

jl~coqljgx MAGA eojsteajgx'

Fixjr j{flagagm xkj ~fxxjrg oi jl~coqljgx ferouuX K J E O L ^ OU A X A OG O I R J M A O GF C

mjomrf~kq ag lfgq aghzuxraju# ezxo u }jrj juxfbcaukjh

JE OG OL AJU ior jfek yfrafbcj4 jl~coqljgx ag uxfxju }axk C V^6 oi ^:>* oi xoxfc jl~coqljgx0 ljfg CV oi xkj xo~ styjXo j{~corj xkjuj lfr`jh ha jrjgeju ag rjmaogfc ~jrior,

lfgej izrxkjr# }j j{flagj xkj ha jragm xq~ju oi uxfxju ^20 fgh jl~coqljgx MAGA oi >½5' Xkj yfux

lfdoraxq oi xkj ;=1 aghzuxraju ag xkj UAE uquxjl }jrjaghzuxraju xkfx eoguxaxzxj f rjmaogfc jeogolq' Xkj

hauxrabzxaog oi jeogolae fexayaxq bq aghzuxrq oyjr ecjfrcq xrfhjh or coefc bfujh og fcc xkrjj eraxjraf' Ior xkj

aghzuxraju xkfx ljx x}o bzx gox fcc xkrjj eraxjraf# }jmjomrf~kq rjyjfcu xkrjj ha jrjgx brofh xq~ju oi aghzu,

xraju# }axk yjrq ha jrjgx ~fxxjrgu oi u~fxafc eol~jxaxaog j{flagjh xkj fexzfc hauxrabzxaog oi jl~coqljgx fu }jcc

fu xkj aghzuxrq hjstgaxaogu' Oi xkouj 92 aghzuxraju# 6;fgh ha jrjgx hrayjru oi coefxaogfc bjkfyaor' Hauxag,

mzaukagm xkjl au juujgxafc ag xjuxagm kq~oxkjuju fbozx }jrj efxjmoratjh fu xrfhjh fgh xkj rjux fu coefc' ]j fcuo

ahjgxastjh f gzlbjr oi aghzuxraju xkfx }jrj xrfhjh bfujhrjmaogfc ~jriorlfgej'

Xkj strux xq~j oi aghzuxrq ag rjmaogfc jeogolaju au og fcc xkrjj eraxjraf bzx }jrj coefc bfujh og xkj aghzuxrq

hjstgaxaog +louxcq rjxfacjru!' ]j ecfuuastjh fcc oi xkouj fucoefc aghzuxraju' Ag xkjuj aghzuxraju# jl~coqljgx xkfx au

jyjgcq hauxrabzxjh ferouu fcc rjmaogu ― xkfx au# jl~coq, coefc fixjr j{flagagm xkj jl~coqljgx hauxrabzxaog'Xkau ~roejuu rjuzcxjh ag 286 coefc aghzuxraju ozx oi ljgx au rozmkcq ~ro~orxaogfc xo rjmaogfc ~o~zcfxaog'

Coefc aghzuxraju ~royahj moohu fgh ujryaeju ~ralfracq ;=1' Oi xkj 95; xrfhjh aghzuxraju# 8; kfh coefxaogfc

hauxrabzxaogu fgh aghzuxrq hjstgaxaogu xajh kjfyacq xoxo xkj coefc lfr`jx# or xkj rjmaog ag }kaek xkj jl~coq,

ljgx au coefxjh'62 Uzek aghzuxraju eol~jxj ag ogcq f xkj coefxaog oi rjuozrej jgho}ljgxu' Ozr hjuamgfxaog

oi rjuozrej,hj~jghjgx aghzuxraju }fu eogujryfxayj# fghcalaxjh }fq }axk oxkjr rjmaogu' Loux frj ujryaeju

ageczhagm coefc kjfcxk ujryaeju# loux zxacaxaju# rjxfacagm ogcq aghzuxraju ecjfrcq holagfxjh bq rjuozrej jgho},

ljgxu }jrj ageczhjh' Xkau cjix :1> gog,rjuozrejfgh lfgq xq~ju oi eoguxrzexaog' F ij} moohu ~rohzeagm

aghzuxraju frj rjyjfcjh fu coefc# ageczhagm boxxcjh fgh hj~jghjgx xrfhjh aghzuxraju' Xfbcj 6 mayju f izrxkjr

brjf`ho}g oi xkjuj aghzuxraju efxjmoratjh agxo moohuefggjh uoix hrag`u# gj}u~f~jru# eogerjxj ~rohzexu fgh

rjfhq,la{jh eogerjxj' fgh ujryaeju' ]kacj xkj ezxo ~oagxu zujh ag hjyjco~agm

xkj ecfuuastefxaogu }jrj frbaxrfrq# lohaiqagm xkj ezxo uF ujeogh xq~j oi aghzuxrq au rjuozrej hj~jghjgx aghzu,

xraju' Jl~coqljgx ag xkjuj aghzuxraju au coefxjh ~ra, cjh xo ogcq lagor ekfgmju ag xkj rjuzcxu'

Coefc aghzuxraju ~royj xo feeozgx ior bq ifr xkjlfracq }kjrj xkj gjjhjh gfxzrfc rjuozreju frj iozgh#

bzx xkjuj aghzuxraju eol~jxj }axk oxkjr holjuxae fgh cfrmjux ukfrj oi ZU ~rayfxj jl~coqljgx# or 9=*# }kaek

au ~jrkf~u uzr~rauagm ag fg jrf }kjrj mjomrf~kae borhjruagxjrgfxaogfc coefxaogu' J{fl~cju oi uzek aghzuxraju

ageczhj zrfgazl orj# commagm# bjjx uzmfr# fgh irjamkx frj ujjg fu kfyagm calaxjh jeogolae uamgastefgej'6:

Jyjg ag f mcobfc jeogolq fgh ag f gfxaog +xkj ZU!xrfgu~orxfxaog og xkj Mrjfx Cf`ju'

Xkj xkarh xq~j oi aghzuxraju ag rjmaogfc jeogolaju }axk eol~cjxjcq o~jg agxjrgfc borhjru# x}o,xkarhu oi

au xrfhjh aghzuxraju xkfx frj gox rjuozrej hj~jghjgx'

Xkjuj aghzuxraju ujcc ~rohzexu fgh ujryaeju ferouu rjmaogu

fgh oixjg xo oxkjr eozgxraju' Xkjq coefxj ag f ~frxaezcfr Xfbcj 6' La{ oi moohu fgh ujryaeju bq aghzuxrq xq~j rjmaog bfujh gox og rjuozreju bzx og brofhjr eol~jxa,

Gfxzrfcxayj eoguahjrfxaogu# fgh jl~coqljgx eogejgxrfxaog

jgho}ljgxyfraju lfr`jhcq bq rjmaog' J{fl~cju oi xrfhjh aghzu, Xrfhjh Coefc hj~jghjgx

xraju ageczhj farerfix jgmagju fgh jgmagj ~frxu# loxaog Moohu 886 = 5=~aexzrj fgh yahjoxf~j ~rohzexaog# fgh fzxolobacj

Ujryaeju 681 258 66fuujlbcq'65



:9> Laekfjc ôrxjr

Xfbcj 2' Eol~ouaxaog oi xkj ZU jeogolq bq xq~j oi aghzuxrq ag xrfhjh aghzuxraju erjfxju hjlfgh ior coefc aghzuxraju

ujryagm eolljreafc ezuxoljru# }kacj xkj kamkjr }fmjuGfxzrfc

~fah bq xrfhjh aghzuxraju kjfyacq agflzjgej coefc kozuj,jgho}ljgxkoch hjlfgh'Xrfhjh Coefc hj~jghjgx

aghzuxraju aghzuxraju aghzuxraju Xkj rfxao oi xrfhjh jl~coqljgx xo xoxfc jl~coqljgx

yfraju bq JF# rfgmagm irol 6;* ag Ufrfuoxf,Brfhjgxog#Ukfrj oi jl~coqljgx +*! 56½; 9=½8 >½;>IC +f rjmaog }axk lfgq rjxarjju! xo 8=* ag Kaeòrq,Jl~coqljgx mro}xk# 611> ―

2>>> +EFMR! +*! 6½= 2½; ö6½> Lormfgxog# GE,XG ag 2>>> }kjrj xkj }ooh izrga,Fyjrfmj }fmj +(! 8:#>8> 2=#691 52#621 xzrj eczuxjr au coefxjh' F ~cox oi xoxfc jl~coqljgxRjcfxayj }fmj 65=½> ;2½9 1=½= yjruzu ~jrejgxfmj oi xrfhjh jl~coqljgx +Iam' 69!]fmj mro}xk# 611> ― 2>>>

rjyjfcu go uamgastefgx rjcfxaoguka~# fg agxjrjuxagm stgh,+EFMR! +*! :½> 5½9 6½1

agm' Loux rjmaogu xjgh xo ifcc }axkag f rfgmj oi xrfhjhRjcfxayj ~rohzexayaxq 688½6 =1½5 68>½6

^fxjgxu ~jr 6>#>>> jl~coqjju 26½6 6½5 =½> xo xoxfc jl~coqljgx oi bjx}jjg 29* fgh 5=*# }axkGzlbjr oi UAE aghzuxraju :1> 286 8; ulfccjr rjmaogu lorj ca jcq xo ifcc ozxuahj xkj rfgmj'

Xkau uzmmjuxu xkfx xkj ~rjujgej oi fg zgzuzfccq kamk or Goxju4 2>>> hfxf# j{ej~x rjcfxayj ~rohzexayaxq }kaek au 611= hfxf'co} ~ro~orxaog oi xrfhjh jl~coqljgx lfq oixjg bjRjcfxayj }fmj jvzfcu xkj fyjrfmj }fmj oi xkj ecfuu rjcfxayj

xo xkj oyjrfcc fyjrfmj +fyjrfmjõ6>>!' Rjcfxayj ~rohzexayaxq hzj xo xkj lauhjstgaxaog oi xrzj jeogolae rjmaogu'jvzfcu ~rohzexayaxq oi xkj ecfuu rjcfxayj xo oyjrfcc fyjrfmj Ulfccjr rjmaogu# ior j{fl~cj# lfq obxfag coefc ~rohzexu

~rohzexayaxq +fyjrfmjõ6>>!' fgh ujryaeju irol fhdfejgx rjmaogu# rjhzeagm coefcUozrej4 Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex# Aguxaxzxj ior Uxrfxjmq fghjl~coqljgx ukfrj' Fcxjrgfxjcq# uolj rjmaogu lfq kfyjEol~jxaxayjgjuu# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc'cfrmj eollzgaxaju oi rjxarjju or kamkjr ~ro~orxaogu oi

aghayahzfcu bjco} }oràgm fmj# }kaek efg hrayj z~ xkj

ukfrj oi coefc jl~coqljgx'jl~coqljgx au kjfyacq xajh xo xkj coefc lfr`jx' Xkj

o}gjruka~ oi xkj ~frjgx eol~fgq ag coefc aghzuxraju Xkjrj kfu bjjg f ljfgagmizc ukaix ag xkj eol~ouaxaog

oi xkj ZU jeogolq oyjr xkj cfux hjefhj# }axk xkjlfq bj bfujh jcuj}kjrj# bzx fcloux fcc xkjuj dobu frj

agkjrjgxcq coefc' Ax ukozch bj goxjh xkfx }kacj xkj ~jrejgxfmj oi coefc jl~coqljgx rauagm irol 98½1* ag

611> xo 9=½8* ag 2>>>' Z~og strux rjfexaog# xkau fcuohjuamgfxaog fu f coefc aghzuxrq fc}fqu rjfljexu xkj yfux

lfdoraxq oi aghzuxrq jl~coqljgx# xkjrj frj f rjcfxayjcq f~~jfru eogxrfhaexorq xo xkj mcobfcatfxaog oi eol~jxa,

xaog' Xkj rauagm ~ro~orxaog oi coefc jl~coqljgx lfqij} efuju }kjrj f ulfcc ujmljgx oi f coefc aghzuxrq au

xrfhjh'69 Xkj hau~ro~orxaogfxj ~ouaxaog oi Hjcf}frj ag bj xkj rjuzcx oi ujyjrfc ifexoru# ageczhagm xkj kamkjr

~rohzexayaxq mro}xk oi xrfhjh aghzuxraju fgh xkj ifexeolljreafc bfgù +UA E 9>9>!# ior j{fl~cj# rjfljexuHjcf}frj‑u rocj fu xkj uxfxj oi ageor~orfxaog ior lfgq xkfx hjlfgh ior coefc ujryaeju xjghu xo mo z~ }axk

~rou~jraxq +xkj 611>u }jrj ju~jeafccq ~rou~jrozu!' Fggfxaogfc eol~fgaju' Ozr hfxf ho gox feeozgx ior

xkjuj efuju' fmjagm ~o~zcfxaog lfq fcuo ~cfq f ~frx' Fcuo# xkj xrjgh

xo mrjfxjr ozxuozreagm oi ujryaeju frbaxrfracq ukaixu xkjXrfhjh aghzuxraju feeozgx ior fbozx 52* oi jl~coq,

ljgx +ujj Xfbcj 2!' Gfxzrfc jgho}ljgx hj~jghjgx ecfuuastefxaog oi uolj jl~coqljgx irol lfgzifexzragm

xo ujryaeju' Uagej lfgq ujryaeju frj coefc# xkau boouxuaghzuxraju feeozgx ior ogcq fbozx 6* oi jl~coqljgx' Ag

f kamkcq fhyfgejh jeogolq uzek fu xkj ZU# aghzuxraju coefc ukfrj' Iagfccq# oyjrcq brofh aghzuxrq hjstgaxaog

lfq bzrq xrfhjh ujryaeju ag fmmrjmfxju agyocyagm aghzu,kjfyacq hj~jghjgx og gfxzrfc jgho}ljgxu kfyj

hjecagjh xo f lagor ~frx oi jl~coqljgx# zgca j xkj xraju xkfx frj ~rjholagfxjcq coefc' Ior j{fl~cj# ujla,

eoghzexor eka~ hjuamg# }kaek au xrfhjh fgh kamkcqefuj ag lfgq hjyjco~agm jeogolaju'

]kacj coefc aghzuxraju feeozgx ior xkj lfdoraxq oi eogejgxrfxjh mjomrf~kaefccq# au ~frx oi ‛jgmagjjragm

ujryaeju‑# lzek oi }kaek au mjomrf~kaefccq hau~jrujh'jl~coqljgx# ko}jyjr# xrfhjh aghzuxraju frj izghf,

ljgxfc xo ~rou~jraxq'6= Xkj fyjrfmj xrfhjh aghzuxrq Xkj fyjrfmj cjyjc oi coefc }fmju ag f rjmaog au

uxrogmcq fuuoeafxjh }axk xkj fyjrfmj cjyjc oi xrfhjh}fmj au (8:#>8> ag 2>>> yjruzu (2=#691 ior coefc

aghzuxraju' Xrfhjh aghzuxraju fcuo kfyj kamkjr }fmj }fmju#61 fu uko}g ag Iam' 6=' Og fyjrfmj# coefc }fmj

au 99* oi xrfhjh }fmj' Qjx# xkj ~ro~orxaog oi xrfhjhmro}xk# lzek kamkjr ~rohzexayaxq fgh lzek kamkjr

~fxjgxagm rfxju +ujj Xfbcj 2!' jl~coqljgx xo xoxfc jl~coqljgx kfu f }jf` rjcfxaog,

uka~ }axk xkj rjmaogfc fyjrfmj }fmj' Xkau uzmmjuxu xkfx]j efcezcfxjh fyjrfmj ~rohzexayaxq bq aghzuxrq#

hjstgjh fu ufcju/rjeja~xu/uka~ljgxu ~jr jl~coqjj# zuagm xkj fyjrfmj }fmj fekajyjh ag f rjmaog‑u xrfhjh aghzuxraju

xjghu xo hjxjrlagj xkj coefc }fmj fgh kjgej hrayjuhfxf irol xkj 611= Jeogolae Ejguzu' ]kacj xkj hfxf

au al~jrijex hzj xo uolj hfxf uz~~rjuuaog fgh au ogcq xkj rjmaog‑u oyjrfcc fyjrfmj }fmj' Kjgej xkj efzufcaxq

f~~jfru xo mo irol xrfhjh }fmju xo coefc }fmju# goxfyfacfbcj ior 611=# xrfhjh aghzuxraju frj rjyjfcjh xo

kfyj lzek kamkjr ~rohzexayaxq xkfg coefc aghzuxraju# yaej yjruf'

Ag orhjr xo lorj ~rjeaujcq j{~corj xkj rocj oi feoguauxjgx }axk xkjar kamkjr ~fxjgxagm rfxju fgh kamkjr

}fmju' Rjuozrej hj~jghjgx aghzuxraju ifcc ag bjx}jjg'6;

rjmaog‑u la{ oi xrfhjh yjruzu coefc jl~coqljgx agrjmaogfc fyjrfmj }fmj# }j efcezcfxj f la{ fgh cjyjcXrfhjh aghzuxraju# xkjg# f~~jfr xo kjfyacq agflzjgej

xkj rjcfxayj ~rou~jraxq oi rjmaogu' Eol~jxaxayj uzeejuu j jex' Xkj la{ j jex ujxu xkj fyjrfmj }fmj oi xrfhjh



Xkj Jeogolae ^jriorlfgej oi Rjmaogu :96

Iam' 69' Jl~coqljgx uatj yu' ~jrejgxfmj oi xrfhjh jl~coqljgx bq jeogolae frjf# 2>>>


Iam' 6=' Fyjrfmj coefc }fmju yu' fyjrfmj xrfhjh }fmj bq jeogolae frjf# 2>>>




:92 Laekfjc ôrxjr

fgh coefc aghzuxraju fx xkj gfxaogfc fyjrfmju xo auocfxj rjmaogfc ~jriorlfgej }acc bj hrayjg bq u~jeafcatfxaog

ag f ij} aghzuxraju bjefzuj u~jeafcatjh rjmaogu }accxkj j jex oi f rjmaog‑u xrfhjh ― coefc jl~coqljgx la{

og axu fyjrfmj }fmj' Xkj cjyjc j jex ljfuzrju xkj fhyfgej lorj vzae`cq ho}g xkj jfrgagm ezryj'22

Oxkjru# goxfbcq DFEOBU# 6191# frmzj xkfx rjmaogfceogxrabzxaog xo f rjmaog‑u fyjrfmj }fmj oi xkj ha jr,

jgeju bjx}jjg axu xrfhjh }fmj fgh coefc }fmju fgh xkj hayjruaxq ag f }ahj frrfq oi aghzuxraju }acc u~fr` erjfxay,

axq fgh aggoyfxaog' ]j kfyj bjjg fuuoeafxjh }axkgfxaogfc fyjrfmju }jamkxjh bq xkj rjmaog‑u fexzfc la{oi xrfhjh fgh coefc jl~coqljgx' Xkj cjyjc j jex LF R' ^rjyaozu uxfxauxaefc xjuxu# zuagm LU Fu fu xkj zgax

oi mjomrf~kq# kfyj la{jh rjuzcxu'25holagfxju# feeozgxagm ior =1½8* oi xkj yfrafxaog ag

hjxjrlagagm fyjrfmj }fmju ferouu rjmaogu# }kacj xkj Xkj eczuxjr ~jru~jexayj uzmmjuxu xkfx xkjuj kq~oxkjuju

frj xoo ual~cj# fgh o jru f xkarh kq~oxkjuau ag bjx}jjgla{ j jex feeozgxu ior dzux 2>½9*' Xkj `jq ior f

rjmaog# xkjg# au xo hjyjco~ xkj eoghaxaogu ior uz~~orxagm xkj x}o j{xrjlju' Xkj aghzuxrq lfq gox bj xkj f~~ro,

~rafxj zgax oi fgfcquau bjefzuj oi xkj j{xjrgfcaxaju ferouukamk }fmju ag axu xrfhjh aghzuxraju# rfxkjr xkfg

fxxjl~xagm xo mro} xkj xrfhjh ukfrj oi xkj jeogolq' rjcfxjh aghzuxraju }axkag eczuxjru' Xkj rjcjyfgx `go},

cjhmj u~accoyjru xkfx f jex aggoyfxaog fgh ~jriorlfgejIagfccq# }j j{~corjh xkj ha jrjgeju ag xkj eol~oua,

xaog oi rjmaogfc jeogolaju bjx}jjg zrbfg fgh rzrfc ukozch bj uxrogmjux }axkag eczuxjr fgh flogm rjcfxjh

aghzuxraju' Kjgej# u~jeafcatfxaog ag eczuxjru# gox agfrjfu' Ljxro~ocaxfg eozgxaju fgh gog,ljxro~ocaxfg

eozgxaju ~royj xo kfyj ualacfr ukfrju oi xrfhjh fgh coefc aghzuxraju ~jr uj # ukozch cjfh xo kamkjr ~jriorlfgej'

Hayjruaxq oi eczuxjru ag f rjmaog rfxkjr xkfg hayjruaxq oi jl~coqljgx' Boxk xrfhjh fgh coefc }fmju frj lzek

co}jr ag gog,ljxro~ocaxfg frjfu# }kacj xkj rfxao oi aghzuxraju lfq fcuo bj f lorj ljfgagmizc hayjruaxqljfuzrj +@ JXJCKO« K G# 2>>2!' F hayjruj frrfq oi oyjr,xrfhjh xo coefc }fmju au lohjrfxjcq kamkjr ag ljxro,

~ocaxfg eozgxaju' Agxjrjuxagmcq# xkj fyjrfmj }fmju ior cf~~agm eczuxjru +ujj bjco}! ukozch bj fuuoeafxjh }axk

bjxxjr ~jriorlfgej xkfg f hayjruaxq oi eczuxjru xkfx frjgfxaogfc jgho}ljgx aghzuxraju frj gjfrcq ahjgxaefc ag

zrbfg fgh rzrfc frjfu' Ljxro~ocaxfg eozgxaju feeozgx zgrjcfxjh'

F lfdor eoguxrfagx xo xkj fgfcquau oi eczuxjru kfuior f lzek co}jr ~ro~orxaog oi gfxzrfc jgho}ljgx

aghzuxraju xkfg gog,ljxro~ocaxfg eozgxaju' bjjg xkj cfe` oi f uquxjlfxae f~~rofek xo hjstgagm xkj

aghzuxraju xkfx ukozch bj ageczhjh ag jfek eczuxjr fgh

xkj fbujgej oi eoguauxjgx jl~araefc hfxf og eczuxjr E C Z U XJ R U O I X R F H JH A G H Z UX R A J U

eol~ouaxaog ferouu f cfrmj ufl~cj oi rjmaogfc jeogo,

laju' Cfe` oi cfrmj ufl~cj jl~araefc hfxf au zghjruxfgh,Ogj oi xkj loux uxraàgm ijfxzrju oi rjmaogfc jeogolaju

au xkj ~rjujgej oi eczuxjru# or mjomrf~kae eogejgxrfxaogu fbcj# uagej `go}cjhmj u~accoyjru fgh oxkjr ~ouaxayj

j{xjrgfcaxaju frj hastezcx ai gox al~ouuabcj xo ljfuzrjoi cag`jh aghzuxraju'2>

]j hjstgj f eczuxjr fu f mjomrf~k,aefccq ~ro{alfxj mroz~ oi agxjreoggjexjh eol~fgaju# harjexcq'

]j ~roejjh agharjexcq# zuagm xkj coefxaogfc eorrjcf,uz~~cajru# ujryaej ~royahjru fgh fuuoeafxjh aguxaxzxaogu

ag f ~frxaezcfr stjch# cag`jh bq j{xjrgfcaxaju oi yfraozu xaog oi jl~coqljgx ferouu xrfhjh aghzuxraju xo rjyjfc

j{xjrgfcaxaju fgh hjstgj eczuxjr bozghfraju' Ior xq~ju' J{fl~cju oi eczuxjru frj stgfgeafc ujryaeju ag

Gj} Qor` +]fcc Uxrjjx!# ljhaefc hjyaeju ag Bouxog# j{fl~cj# ai eol~zxjr kfrh}frj jl~coqljgx au gjfrcq

fc}fqu fuuoeafxjh mjomrf~kaefccq }axk uoix}frj jl~coq,fgh AX ag Fzuxag# Xj{fu fgh Uacaeog Yfccjq' Eczuxjru frj

al~orxfgx bjefzuj oi xkj j{xjrgfcaxaju xkfx eoggjex xkj ljgx# xkau ~royahju f uxrogm aghaefxaog oi coefxaogfc

cag`fmju' Uzek f ljxkohocomq j{~coaxu xkj zgavzjeoguxaxzjgx aghzuxraju# uzek fu eollog xjekgocomaju#

uàccu# `go}cjhmj fgh ~zrekfujh ag~zxu' Goxj xkfx f ekfrfexjrauxaeu oi xkj ZU jeogolq }kaek au bq ifr xkj

cfrmjux jeogolq ag xkj }orch# ag }kaek yarxzfccq jyjrqmayjg aghzuxrq efg bj ~frx oi lorj xkfg ogj eczuxjr

bfujh og ha jrjgx ~fxxjrgu oi j{xjrgfcaxaju' Uoix}frj# aghzuxrq fgh eczuxjr ag fgq jeogolq au ~rjujgx# fgh

}kaek eoguauxu oi f cfrmj gzlbjr oi hauxagex bzx agxjr,ior j{fl~cj# au eoggjexjh }axk oxkjr AX aghzuxraju ag

xjrlu oi xjekgocomq fgh hjlfgh# bzx fcuo cag`jh }axk hj~jghjgx rjmaogu' Xkau f~~rofek au gox ijfuabcj ag

loux ai gox fcc oxkjr eozgxraju'ljhaefc hjyaeju bjefzuj uoix}frj au jlbjhhjh ag lfgq

xq~ju oi hjyaeju fgh uoix}frj hjyjco~ljgx au erzeafc xo ]j zxacatjh uxfxju fu xkj bfuj zgax oi mjomrf~kq ior

eol~zxagm coefxaogfc eorrjcfxaogu ior x}o rjfuogu' Iarux#ljhaefc hjyaej ~rohzex hjyjco~ljgx'

Rjejgx fefhjlae fgh ~rfexaxaogjr caxjrfxzrj kfu uxfxju agyocyj cjuu hfxf uz~~rjuuaog ag xkj EB^ hfxf

xkfg JFu' Ujeogh# uxfrxagm }axk cfrmjr mjomrf~kae~cfejh agerjfuagm jl~kfuau og aghzuxrq eczuxjragm fu f

bfuae ijfxzrj oi rjmaogfc fgh gfxaogfc jeogolaju# }axk rjmaogu laxamfxju xkj ~robcjl oi frxasteafccq kamk coef,

xaogfc jl~coqljgx eorrjcfxaog eojsteajgxu }kjgfg al~orxfgx agflzjgej og aggoyfxaog# eol~jxaxayjgjuu

fgh jeogolae ~jriorlfgej'26 jl~coqljgx ag f mayjg xrfhjh aghzuxrq au ulfcc or tjro

ag lfgq rjmaogu' Xkj zuj oi ulfcc rjmaogu# xkjg# efgXkj eogej~x oi eczuxjru fcuo bjfru og f hjbfxj ag

jeogolae mjomrf~kq bjx}jjg xkj rjcfxayj al~orxfgej efzuj coefxaogfc eorrjcfxaog ferouu lfgq aghzuxraju xo

f~~jfr yjrq kamk' Xkj rjcjyfgx mjomrf~kae zgax ior foi rjmaogfc u~jeafcatfxaog fgh hayjruaxq' Xkau hjbfxj au

irfljh ~rjholagfgxcq ag xjrlu oi aghayahzfc aghzuxraju' eczuxjr yfraju bq eczuxjr fgh rjmaog' Eczuxjru frj oixjgeogejgxrfxjh }axkag f uxfxj fgh# eogyjrujcq# eczuxjruFu ekfrfexjratjh bq Mcfjujr fgh eoccjfmzju +M CFJUJR

jx fc'# 6112!# xkj uo,efccjh LF R irflj}or` ~ouaxu xkfx uoljxalju erouu uxfxj cagju' Ko}jyjr# uxfxju frj cfrmj




jgozmk fgh uzsteajgxcq hayjruj ag jeogolae cfghuef~j ~faru oi eorrjcfxjh aghzuxraju }kjrj xkjrj }fu go

f~~frjgx bfuau ior cag`fmju'xo rjyjfc eczuxjru' Fixjr hjstgagm eczuxjru zuagm uxfxju#

}j rj~jfxjh xkj fgfcquau zuagm JFu' ]kacj xkj eorrjcf, Xkau ~roejuu rjuzcxjh ag 86 xrfhjh eczuxjru ag xkj ZU

jeogolq# }axk fg fyjrfmj oi fbozx 21 aghzuxraju jfek'29xaogu }jrj mjgjrfccq kamkjr ior JFu# xkj ~fxxjrgu }jrj

gjfrcq ahjgxaefc xo eczuxjru hjstgjh zuagm uxfxju' Jfek eczuxjr kfu f ha jrjgx mjomrf~kae ~fxxjrg oi

jl~coqljgx' Eczuxjru oixjg eogxfag boxk lfgz,Zuagm EB^ hfxf ior 6119# }j ahjgxastjh ~faru fghxkjg mroz~u oi xamkxcq cag`jh aghzuxraju bfujh og uxfxau, ifexzragm fgh ujryaej aghzuxraju fu }jcc fu aghzuxraju

irol yfraozu ~frxu oi xkj UAE uquxjl' Eczuxjru# xkjg#xaefccq uamgastefgx coefxaogfc eorrjcfxaogu'28 Uxfghfrh

eczuxjragm fcmoraxklu ~royjh agfhjvzfxj xo rjyjfcagm rj~rjujgx f ha jrjgx }fq oi hayahagm xkj jeogolq xkfg

au jlbohajh ag eogyjgxaogfc aghzuxrafc ecfuuastefxaogxkj lzcxa~cj ~fxxjrgu oi cag`fmju ferouu aghzuxraju' Xo

bzach z~ eczuxjru# xkjg# }j ~roejjhjh ~rfmlfxaefccq# uquxjlu xkfx frj bfujh ~ralfracq og ~rohzex xq~j fgh

ualacfraxaju ag ~rohzexaog'bjmaggagm }axk ulfcc mroz~u oi obyaozucq rjcfxjh aghzu,

xraju fgh xkjg xrfeagm eorrjcfxaog ~fxxjrgu xo oxkjru' ]j j{~jexjh oyjrcf~ oi aghzuxraju ferouu eczuxjru#

fgh uzek oyjrcf~ }fu aghjjh ~rjujgx jl~araefccq' XoxfcXkj lfdor eol~cj{axq frauju bjefzuj oi u~zraozu

eorrjcfxaog# }kaek efg oeezr ior ujyjrfc rjfuogu' Iarux# eczuxjr jl~coqljgx ageczhagm oyjrcf~ au 2>8* oi xoxfc

xrfhjh jl~coqljgx ag 2>>>' Uo xkfx# og fyjrfmj# jfekUA E aghzuxrq hjstgaxaogu xjgh xo bj oyjrcq brofh# kjgej

x}o aghzuxraju lfq bj eorrjcfxjh oyjrfcc xkozmk ogcq f aghzuxrq au ~frx oi fbozx x}o eczuxjru' Iam' 6; ~royahju

f uekjlfxae rj~rjujgxfxaog oi xkouj eczuxjru }axk uzb,ulfcc ~orxaog oi ogj aghzuxrq agyocyju xkj cag`jh ~ro,

hzexu or ujryaeju' Ujeogh# xkj EB ^ hfxf ho gox hauxag, uxfgxafc oyjrcf~' Uolj eczuxjru frj cag jh }axk ujyjrfcoxkjru# uzek fu jhzefxaog fgh `go}cjhmj erjfxaogmzauk bjx}jjg jl~coqljgx ag kjfhvzfrxjru fexayaxaju

fgh xkfx jl~coqljgx hau~jrujh xo ujryj coefc lfr jxu' +uamgastefgx oyjrcf~ }axk jamkx oxkjr eczuxjru! fgh fgf,

cqxae aguxrzljgxu +uamgastefgx oyjrcf~ }axk ujyjg oxkjr Xkau oyjruxfxju xrzj xrfhjh aghzuxrq jl~coqljgx ag

lfgq coefxaogu' Xkarh# aghzuxraju }axk f lfdor ~rjujgej eczuxjru!' Oxkjr eczuxjru +j'm' xj{xacju iorjux ~rohzexu#

hauxrabzxaog ujryaeju! frj rjcfxayjcq aghj~jghjgx'ag cfrmj jl~coqljgx uxfxju ca j Efcaiorgaf fgh Gj}

Qor` efg f~~jfr kamkcq eorrjcfxjh }axk jfek oxkjr jyjg Xkj ~rjujgej oi oyjrcf~~agm aghzuxraju ferouu eczuxjru

cjfhu xo hozbcj eozgxagm oi jl~coqljgx' Ag orhjr xkozmk xkjrj au go jeogolae rjcfxaoguka~' Iozrxk# ulfcc

aghzuxraju efg rjmauxjr ulfcc or tjro jl~coqljgx ag xo jcalagfxj hozbcj eozgxagm ior uolj fgfcquju# }j

hjuamgfxjh brofh fgh gfrro} eczuxjr hjstgaxaogu' Brofhlfgq coefxaogu# lf`agm xkjl f~~jfr eorrjcfxjh' Iagfccq#

aghzuxraju efg rjmauxjr kamk coefxaogfc eorrjcfxaog ai xkjq eczuxjr hjstgaxaogu ageczhj fcc xkj aghzuxraju ageczhjh ag

f eczuxjr' Gfrro} eczuxjr hjstgaxaogu agyocyj fuuamgagmfrj ~frx oi ha jrjgx eczuxjru xkfx f~~jfr ag uolj oi xkj

uflj cfrmjr uxfxju# jaxkjr bq ekfgej or ior kauxoraefc jfek aghzuxrq xo xkj uagmcj eczuxjr }axk }kaek ax kfuxkj uxrogmjux coefxaogfc eorrjcfxaog' Kjrj eczuxjru frjrjfuogu rjcfxjh xo gfxzrfc rjuozreju' Xkj uxrogm ~ouaxaog

ag Laekamfg oi boxk fzxoloxayj aghzuxraju fgh aghzu, lzxzfccq j{eczuayj'

]j fcuo uzbhayahjh jfek eczuxjr agxo uzbeczuxjru' Uzb,xraju rjcfxjh xo ostej fgh eolljreafc izrgaxzrj# ior

j{fl~cj# erjfxju f uxfxauxaefc eorrjcfxaog bjx}jjg xkj eczuxjru frj uzbmroz~u oi aghzuxraju }axkag xkj eczuxjr

}kouj coefxaogfc eorrjcfxaogu }axk jfek oxkjr }jrjx}o mroz~u oi aghzuxraju jyjg xkozmk xkjq frj coefxjh

ag ha jrjgx ~frxu oi xkj uxfxj fgh kfyj caxxcj or go kamkjr xkfg }axk rjlfagagm aghzuxraju' Uzbeczuxjru frj

al~orxfgx bjefzuj xkjq efg ha jr ag uo~kauxaefxaog#jeogolae rjcfxaoguka~ }axk jfek oxkjr'

]j jl~coqjh f ujvzjgej oi uxj~u xo jcalagfxj u~zra, }fmj fgh ~fxjgxagm rfxju' Ha jrjgx rjmaogu oixjg kfyj

ha jragm eogejgxrfxaogu ag uolj uzbeczuxjru rjcfxayj xoozu eorrjcfxaog' Iarux# }j zujh hjxfacjh iozr,hamax UAE

aghzuxrq hjstgaxaogu fgh cauxu oi ~rohzexu ageczhjh ag oxkjru'

Uj~frfxj uzbeczuxjru }jrj hjstgjh ior xkj ujx oi jfek aghzuxrq# xomjxkjr }axk aghzuxrq `go}cjhmj# xo

rjyjfc xkj ca`jcq ~rjujgej oi comaefc j{xjrgfcaxaju' aghzuxraju ageczhjh ag xkj gfrro} eczuxjr hjstgaxaog

fgh xkouj ag xkj rjlfagagm aghzuxraju' Ag loux efuju#Ioezujh efuj uxzhaju }jrj eoghzexjh ag zgiflacafr

aghzuxraju xo bjxxjr zghjruxfgh xkj ~ouuabcj j{xjrgfcaxaju uzbeczuxjru }jrj vzaxj ukfr~cq hjcagjfxjh' Ag oxkjr

efuju# dzhmjljgxu bfujh og hjxfacjh aghzuxrq hjstgaxaogu~rjujgx' Ujeogh# }kjrj xkjrj }jrj go f~~frjgx j{xjr,

gfcaxaju# }j zxacatjh xkj Gfxaogfc 6112 ag~zx ― ozx~zx }jrj lfhj or uzbeczuxjru }jrj hjuamgfxjh }axk ogcq

ogj eoguxaxzjgx aghzuxrq' Ag fcc# xkjrj }jrj 298 uzb,+A,O! feeozgxu irol xkj Bzrjfz oi Jeogolae Fgfcquau

xo coo` ior ljfgagmizc erouu,aghzuxrq flo}u'2: Goxj eczuxjru ior gfrro}cq hjstgjh eczuxjru# or fg fyjrfmj oi

9½8 uzbeczuxjru ~jr eczuxjr' Xkjrj }jrj f xoxfc oi ::>xkfx ag~zx ― ozx~zx cag`u frj dzux ogj oi lfgq iorlu oi

j{xjrgfcaxaju or cag`fmju bjx}jjg aghzuxraju }axkag f uzbeczuxjru ior brofhcq hjstgjh eczuxjru# or fg fyjrfmj

oi 65½8 +ujj F~~jgha{ B!'eczuxjr# bzx kfyj xkj fhyfgxfmj xkfx uquxjlfxae hfxf au

fyfacfbcj jyjg xkozmk aghzuxrq hjstgaxaogu ag xkj A,O Xfbcj 5 cauxu xkj 86 eczuxjru xomjxkjr }axk uolj

`jq ~frfljxjru oi jfek eczuxjr zuagm gfrro} eczuxjr xfbcju frj lorj fmmrjmfxjh xkfg xkj iozr,hamax UA E

eohju }j jl~coq' ]kjrj xkjrj }fu go comaefc j{xjr, hjstgaxaogu' Xkj eczuxjru yfrq uzbuxfgxafccq ag jl~coq,

ljgx# fyjrfmj }fmju# jl~coqljgx mro}xk fgh }fmjgfcaxq fgh xkj A,O hfxf rjyjfcjh go ljfgagmizc ~rohzexflo}u# f eorrjcfxaog ~far }fu j{eczhjh fu u~zraozu' mro}xk' Xkj cfrmjux eczuxjr au bzuagjuu ujryaeju# }kaek

jl~coqjh 8#99=#52> ag 2>>>' Xkj fyjrfmj eczuxjr Xkrozmk xkau ujvzjgej oi uxj~u# }j jcalagfxjh xkouj



:98 Laekfjc ^orxjr

Iam' 6;' Uekjlfxae hafmrfl oi eczuxjr oyjrcf~ ag xkj ZU jeogolq

Goxj4 Eczuxjru }axk oyjrcf~~agm borhjru or ahjgxaefc ukfhagm kfyj fx cjfux 2>* oyjrcf~ +bq gzlbjr oi aghzuxraju! ag boxk harjexaogu'

jl~coqjh ;:8#5:2 }or`jru' Xkj ulfccjux eczuxjr# ioox, gor au mro}xk ag kamk,xjek ukfrj fuuoeafxjh }axk kamkjr

}fmj mro}xk ag gog,kamk,xjek eczuxjru'}jfr# jl~coqjh ogcq 25#192 }or`jru ag 2>>>' Fyjrfmj

eczuxjr }fmju ag 2>>> rfgmjh irol (15#>28 ag agiorlf, Rfxkjr xkfg ioezuagm uocjcq og hjyjco~agm ‛kamk,

xjek‑ eczuxjru# xkjg# ozr hfxf rjyjfc xkfx rjmaogu gjjhxaog xjekgocomq xo (26#221 ag kou~axfcaxq fgh xozraul

+ujj Xfbcj 5!' xo z~mrfhj fcc xkj eczuxjru xkfx frj ~rjujgx' Xkau eogecz,

uaog au yjrastjh bq f uxfxauxaefc ~frxaxaogagm oi xkj uozrejuEczuxjru gorlfccq hjuamgfxjh fu ‛kamk,xjek‑ ― fjro,

u~fej jgmagju# fjrou~fej yjkaecju fgh hjijgej# fgfcqxaefc oi rjmaogfc }fmj ha jrjgeju xo bj hauezuujh bjco}'

F mayjg eczuxjr efg rjmauxjr uzbuxfgxafccq ha jrjgxaguxrzljgxu# bao~kfrlfejzxaefcu# eollzgaefxaog

jvza~ljgx# agiorlfxaog xjekgocomq fgh ljhaefc fyjrfmj }fmju ag ha jrjgx rjmaogu# hzj xo ha jrjgeju

ag axu uo~kauxaefxaog fgh ~rohzexayaxq# ~fxxjrgu oi zgaog,hjyaeju ― feeozgx ior dzux ;½1* oi xrfhjh jl~coqljgx

fgh 2½;* oi xoxfc ZU ~rayfxj jl~coqljgx' Xkj fyjrfmj atfxaog fgh eoux oi cayagm' Ag xkj fzxoloxayj eczuxjr#

ior j{fl~cj# Laekamfg‑u 219#>>2 }or jru ag 2>>>kamk,xjek eczuxjr }fmj au (95#1=2 yjruzu (85#6;5 ior

oxkjr eczuxjru' Xkj ~ro~orxaog oi kamk,xjek jl~coq, jfrgjh fg fyjrfmj }fmj oi (:;#=11 yjruzu (58#9:: ag

Efcaiorgaf# (52#;68 ag Xjggjuujj fgh cjuu xkfg (5>#>>>ljgx kfu f ljfgagmizc al~fex og f rjmaog‑u fyjrfmj

}fmj# }kaek j{~cfagu 2=½>* oi xkj yfrafxaog ag rjmaogfc ag Mjormaf fgh Fcfbflf +ujj Xfbcj 8!' Rjmaogfc uo~k,

auxaefxaog au rjyjfcjh ag ~frx bq xkj ~frxaezcfr uzbeczuxjrufyjrfmj }fmju' Ko}jyjr# kamk,xjek ukfrj j{~cfagu

62½:* oi xkj yfrafxaog ag xkj fyjrfmj }fmj ag gog,kamk, ag }kaek xkj rjmaog au uxrogm'

^fxjgxagm rfxju fcuo yfrq lfr`jhcq bq eczuxjr +ujj Iam'xjek eczuxjru# fgh 68½8* oi xkj yfrafxaog oi coefc }fmju'

Kjgej uzeejuu ag kamk,xjek eczuxjru hoju gox dzux rfauj 61!' Ljfuzrjh bq ~fxjgxagm ~jr 6>#>>> jl~coqjju# xkj

eollzgaefxaogu jvza~ljgx eczuxjr kfu xkj kamkjux}fmju harjexcq# bzx uamgfcu fg fbacaxq xo eol~jxj ~rohze,

xayjcq fgh uzuxfag kamkjr }fmju jcuj}kjrj ag xkj ~fxjgxagm rfxj oi 2>: ag 2>>>0 xkj ~fxjgxagm rfxj ag f

gzlbjr oi ujryaej eczuxjru au gjmcamabcj ag ~frx hzj xo xkjjeogolq'

]j iozgh xkfx rjmaogfc kamk,xjek ukfrj kfh go ifex xkfx ~fxjgxu frj gox xkj cjfhagm iorl oi agxjccjexzfc

~ro~jrxq ~roxjexaog ag xkjuj eczuxjru' Xkj ~fxjgxagmljfgagmizc rjcfxaoguka~ }axk jl~coqljgx mro}xk'Fcuo# rjmaogu xkfx frj mro}agm xkjar kamk,xjek ukfrj ho agxjguaxq oi f mayjg eczuxjr fcuo yfraju uzbuxfgxafccq ferouu

rjmaogu# fu uko}g ior xkj bao~kfrlfejzxaefcu eczuxjr +ujjgox kfyj kamkjr }fmj mro}xk ag xkj rjmaog fu f }kocj#



Xkj Jeogolae ^jriorlfgej oi Rjmaogu :9:

Xfbcj 5' Xrfhjh eczuxjru ag xkj Z U jeogolq4 gfrro} eczuxjr hjstgaxaog

EFMR oi Fyjrfmj EFMR oi

Jl~coqljgx# jl~coqljgx# Dob mro}xk }fmj# 2>>> fyjrfmj }fmj# ]fmj mro}xk

Eczuxjr 2>>> 611> ― 2>>> rfg` +(! ]fmj rfg` 611> ― 2>>> rfg`

6 Bzuagjuu ujryaeju 8#99=#52> :½9 6 :9#911 : 9½> 8

2 Iagfgeafc ujryaeju 5#282#6:6 2½8 62 =8#25= 2 =½; 25 Kou~axfcaxq fgh xozraul 2#:9:#>== 2½: 6> 26#221 86 8½8 66

8 Jhzefxaog fgh `go}cjhmj erjfxaog 2#289#1=8 5½8 8 55#8:5 21 :½> ;

: Hauxrabzxaog ujryaeju 6#192#:25 5½5 : :6#66> 6> :½8 :

9 Kjfyq eoguxrzexaog ujryaeju 6#;;5#2=6 5½6 = 5=#625 26 5½> 59

= Xrfgu~orxfxaog fgh com auxaeu 6#988#986 5½6 ; 59#982 25 2½5 86

; Ljxfc lfgzifexzragm 6#862#59; >½8 61 5;#>:2 2> 5½> 58

1 ^roejuujh iooh 6#5;;#>=5 >½2 22 55#989 2; 5½> 5:

6> Fzxoloxayj 6#5;9#6:5 6½9 6: 8:#186 6: 5½5 21

66 Jgxjrxfagljgx 6#>:=#615 :½6 2 5;#99; 61 8½2 68

62 ^zbcaukagm fgh ~ragxagm 1;5#6:2 ö>½6 28 86#591 6= 8½2 6:

65 cfuxaeu ;=8#8;2 6½1 65 58#52; 2= 5½6 52

68 Agiorlfxaog xjekgocomq ;9>#25> 5½6 9 15#>28 6 1½= 6

6: Fgfcqxaefc aguxrzljgxu =88#;52 ö6½9 5: :5#28= 1 8½; 1

69 Bzachagm st{xzrju# jvza~ljgx fgh

ujryaeju 9=>#>8; 6½= 68 5>#2;9 55 5½8 2=6= ^rohzexaog xjekgocomq 99:#5;2 >½5 2> 8>#8:2 6; 5½: 2:

6; F~~frjc ::1#2=9 ö:½6 51 26#888 8> 5½1 6=

61 Ekjlaefc ~rohzexu 85;#19= ö6½= 59 8;#1=8 66 5½9 28

2> Eollzgaefxaogu jvza~ljgx 82:#552 ö>½5 29 :9#;;8 8 9½2 5

26 Kjfyq lfekagjrq 866#18> ö>½8 5> 59#1;= 22 2½1 5=

22 Loxor hrayjg ~rohzexu 8>;#82= ö>½8 2; 5:#9>6 2: 5½6 55

25 Xj{xacju 8>2#;51 ö5½5 5= 2;#192 5: 5½= 25

28 Iorjux ~rohzexu 512#>;> ö>½8 2= 82#222 69 2½= 5;

2: Izrgaxzrj 5=1#6>; >½2 26 28#1>8 5; 5½1 6;

29 Ljhaefc hjyaeju 5=2#882 2½: 66 8=#;;> 65 :½2 9

2= Oac fgh mfu ~rohzexu fgh ujryaeju 5=>#612 ö6½2 55 :5#=58 = 8½8 62

2; Fjrou~fej yjkaecju fgh hjijgej 59=#56: ö9½5 8> :9#66; 9 5½; 2>

21 Camkxagm fgh jcjexraefc jvza~ljgx 521#=25 ö>½2 2: 59#6=; 28 5½= 22

5> ^rjifbraefxjh jgecouzrju 56=#>;> 2½9 1 52#2>9 5> 2½9 51

56 ^o}jr mjgjrfxaog fgh xrfgulauuaog 21>#;19 5½9 5 :=#2=2 5 :½> =52 Fmraezcxzrfc ~rohzexu 29:#29> >½6 25 21#8>: 58 5½5 5>

55 Bao~kfrlfejzxaefcu 298#561 >½; 69 8;#8:2 62 5½8 2;

58 Eoguxrzexaog lfxjrafcu 611#>:6 >½9 6; 56#62> 52 5½8 29

5: Cjfxkjr ~rohzexu 655#2:5 ö6½9 58 2=#=;1 59 8½2 69

59 Dj}jccjrq fgh ~rjeaozu ljxfcu 629#926 ö>½8 21 58#515 29 5½1 61

5= U~orxagm# rjerjfxaogfc fgh ekachrjg‑u

moohu 6>=#>98 >½; 6= 56#:== 56 8½8 65

5; Fjrou~fej jgmagju 18#59> ö8½2 5; :5#2== ; 5½; 26

51 Iaukagm fgh stukagm ~rohzexu :6#222 ö>½= 56 2=#52> 5= 5½5 56

8> Xobfeeo 85#;85 ö6½> 52 8=#=>5 68 2½9 8>

86 Ioox}jfr 25#192 ö1½5 86 22#525 51 8½= 6>

Xoxfc xrfhjh jl~coqljgx 5:#>2;#886

Fyjrfmj eczuxjr jl~coqljgx ;:8#5:2

Uxfghfrh hjyafxaog oi eczuxjr jl~coqljgx 19=#>61

Iam' 2>!' Xkau rjfljexu ha jrjgeju ag uo~kauxaefxaog fgh Haiijrjgeju ag eczuxjr ~ouaxaog ferouu rjmaogu

uzbeczuxjr la{ bq rjmaog' Fcuo# eczuxjr jl~coqljgx agLoux uxfxju rjmauxjr uolj jl~coqljgx ag lfgq eczuxjru#

rjmaogu }axkozx f uxrogm eczuxjr ag xkfx stjch xjghu xoag ~frx hzj xo xkj rj~orxagm oi coefc jl~coqljgx oi

bj holagfxjh bq xkj coefc fexayaxq oi eol~fgaju bfujheol~fgaju bfujh jcuj}kjrj' Ag loux eczuxjru# xkjrj au

jcuj}kjrj' Uzek fexayaxq# ageczhagm ufcju fgh ezuxoljr jl~coqljgx ag fx cjfux 8> uxfxju fgh 69> +oi 6=2! JFu'

uz~~orx# oixjg hoju gox agyocyj R)H fgh aggoyfxaog'Ioox}jfr# xkj cjfux rj~rjujgxjh eczuxjr# kfu jl~coqljgx

Rjmaogu }axk ulfcc fbuoczxj jl~coqljgx fgh CVO>½:ag dzux 28 uxfxju fgh ;9 JFu ag 2>>>'

frj frjfu }kjrj jl~coqljgx ag f eczuxjr au gox zuzfccq fFbozx ;5* oi xrfhjh jl~coqljgx ag xkj fyjrfmj

uamg oi eol~jxaxayj fhyfgxfmj'JF au eogejgxrfxjh ag axu xo~ 6: eczuxjru ag 2>>># fgh=6* au eogejgxrfxjh ag xkj xo~ 6> eczuxjru' Xkau au

lohjuxcq kamkjr xkfg xkj eogejgxrfxaog oi xrfhjh



:99 Laekfjc ^orxjr

Xfbcj 8' Fzxoloxayj eczuxjr jl~coqljgx fgh }fmju ag 2>>>4 hjyafxaog oi jl~coqljgx rfg` oi f mayjg eczuxjr ag f

rjmaog lagzu xkj ZU rfg` ior xkfx eczuxjr au = ½5 ior ujcjexjh uxfxjuuxfxju fgh ;½: ior J Fu' Bzuagjuu ujryaeju# xkj cfrmjux

Ukfrj oi eczuxjr# au rfg`jh gzlbjr ogj ag dzux 5; oi 6=2 JFu fghgfxaogfc eczuxjr rfg`u fu co} fu 61' Oxkjr j{fl~cju frj xkj agiorlfxaogFyjrfmj }fmj# Jl~coqljgx# jl~coqljgx

Uxfxj 2>>> +(! 2>>> +*!xjekgocomq eczuxjr }kouj rfg` rfgmju irol 6 xo 8>0fmraezcxzrfc ~rohzexu 6 xo 5=0 fgh ~cfuxaeu 5 xo 5;'2=

Laekamfg :;#=11 219#>>2 26½8

Okao 81#69> 6;2#9;= 65½2

Aghafgf 8=#1;6 658#:58 1½=Yfrafxaog ag rjmaogfc u~jeafcatfxaog oyjr xalj Accagoau 82#62: :=#=2; 8½2

]aueoguag 51#;:1 :8#5>= 5½1Xo j{~corj }kjxkjr rjmaogu frj bjeolagm lorj or cjuu^jgguqcyfgaf 51#;>8 59#2;1 2½9u~jeafcatjh bq eczuxjr# }j efcezcfxjh MAGA eojsteajgxLaggjuoxf 5=#;8= 61#2=> 6½8

@jgxze`q 5:#282 :9#2:= 8½6 ljfuzragm xkj agjvzfcaxq oi xkj jl~coqljgx hauxrabzxaogGorxk Efrocagf 5:#>5= 85#56: 5½6 flogm xkj 86 xrfhjh eczuxjru }axkag uxfxju fgh JFu'Efcaiorgaf 58#9:: 99#92: 8½;

Xkj lfdoraxq oi uxfxju +5:! kfh f ~ouaxayj ekfgmj ag xkjUozxk Efrocagf 58#285 52#256 2½5

MAG A eojsteajgx oyjr xkj 611> ― 2>>> ~jraoh uamgaiqagmXjggjuujj 52#;68 =6#8:: :½2mrjfxjr u~jeafcatfxaog# }kacj 69 kfh f gjmfxayj ekfgmj'Lauuozra 5>#:>; 88#9>6 5½2

Mjormaf 21#922 56#96= 2½5 Xkj eorrju~oghagm stmzrju ior JFu frj =2 fgh 6>>'Fcfbflf 2;#15: 69#5:= 6½2 Uxfxj jeogolaju frj xjghagm xo bjeolj lorj u~jeafc,

atjh bq eczuxjr# }kacj JFu# }kaek frj ulfccjr# frj lorjZU fzxoloxayj

eczuxjr fyjrfmj 8:#186 6#5;9#6:5 la{jh'2;

Iam' 26 ~coxu xkj ekfgmj ag jl~coqljgx MAG A

yjruzu }fmj mro}xk bq uxfxj ior xkj 611> xo 2>>>

~jraoh' Uxfxju xkfx frj bjeolagm lorj u~jeafcatjh kfyjjl~coqljgx bq xkj xo~ 6> fgh 6: eczuxjru ior xkj jeog,

olq fu f }kocj' kamkjr }fmj mro}xk# }axk xkj ~ro~orxaog oi j{~cfagjh

yfrafgej 2:½:* +xkj rjuzcxu frj ualacfr ior JFu!' XkauXkj la{ oi eczuxjru# ko}jyjr# yfraju lfr jhcq

ferouu rjmaogu' Oi xkj 86 eczuxjru# 28 frj xkj cfrmjux ~royahju ~royoefxayj xkozmk gox hjstgaxayj jyahjgej

xkfx u~jeafcatfxaog oi f rjmaog ag fg frrfq oi uxrogmjr eczuxjr ior fx cjfux ogj JF ag 2>>># fgh 62 frj xkj

cfrmjux eczuxjr ior fx cjfux ogj uxfxj' Xkj fyjrfmj uxfghfrh xrfhjh eczuxjru boouxu rjmaogfc ~jriorlfgej'

Iam' 61' ZU ~fxjgxu ~jr 6>#>>> jl~coqjju bq xrfhjh eczuxjr# 2>>> Uozreju4 ZU ^fxjgx fgh Xrfhjlfr` Ostej0 EKA Rjujfrek0 Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc'



Xkj Jeogolae ^jriorlfgej oi Rjmaogu :9=

Iam' 2>' ^fxjgxu ~jr 6>#>>> jl~coqjju ag xkj bao~kfrlfejzxaefcu eczuxjr bq jeogolae frjf# 2>>> Uozreju4 ZU ^fxjgx fgh Xrfhjlfr` Ostej0 EKA Rjujfrek0 Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc'

Iam' 26' ]fmj mro}xk yu' ekfgmj oi eczuxjr jl~coqljgx MAGA bq uxfxj# 611> ― 2>>> Uozreju4 Eozgxq Bzuagjuu ^fxxjrgu0 Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc'



:9; Laekfjc ôrxjr

Xfbcj :' Yfrafxaog ag eczuxjr eogejgxrfxaog# 611> ― 2>>> J{~cfagagm rjmaogfc }fmj haiijrjgeju4 eczuxjr la{ yu' rjcfxayj

}fmj cjyjc Uxrogm eczuxjr jl~coqljgx hjstgjh fu CVPõ>½;

Uagej xkj fyjrfmj }fmj yfraju bq xrfhjh eczuxjr# }jEogejgxrfxagm ag ij}jr rjmaogu Hau~jruagm ferouu rjmaoguj{~corjh xkj rjcfxayj eogxrabzxaog xo xkj rjmaogfc fyjr,

Uxrogm eczuxjr jl~coqljgx hjstgjh fu CVPõ6 fmj xrfhjh }fmj oi xkj la{ oi eczuxjru yjruzu xkj

Eogejgxrfxagm ag ij} rjmaogu rjcfxayj cjyjc oi }fmju fekajyjh ior mayjg eczuxjru'5> XkjFjrou~fej jgmagju Fjrou~fej yjkaecju fgh hjijgejcjyjc oi }fmju ior f mayjg eczuxjr efg fcuo yfrq ferouuJhzefxaog fgh `go}cjhmj Fmraezcxzrfc ~rohzexurjmaogu hzj xo ha jrjgeju ag uo~kauxaefxaog# ~rohze,erjfxaog Ekjlaefc ~rohzexu

Jgxjrxfagljgx Ioox}jfr xayaxq fgh uzbeczuxjr uxrzexzrj' Xkj eczuxjr la{ j jexIaukagm fgh stukagm ~rohzexu Iorjux ~rohzexu au xkj uzl oi xkj ha jrjgeju ag jfek eczuxjr ‑u jl~coq,Ljxfc lfgzifexzragm Kou~axfcaxq fgh xozraul

ljgx ukfrj yjruzu xkj gfxaogfc fyjrfmj xalju xkjOac fgh mfu ~rohzexu fgh Agiorlfxaog xjekgocomq

eczuxjr ‑u gfxaogfc fyjrfmj }fmj' Xkj cjyjc j jex au xkjujryaeju Loxor hrayjg ~rohzexu

^rohzexaog xjekgocomq ^rjifbraefxjh jgecouzrju uzl oi xkj ha jrjgej bjx}jjg xkj rjmaog‑u eczuxjr }fmj^zbcaukagm fgh ~ragxagm fgh xkj gfxaogfc fyjrfmj eczuxjr }fmj xalju xkj rjmaog‑uU~orxagm# rjerjfxaogfc fgh jl~coqljgx ag xkj eczuxjr +ujj F~~jgha{ E!'

ekachrjg‑u moohuXkj Cfu Yjmfu JF ~royahju f uxraàgm hjloguxrfxaog

Hau~jruagm ferouu rjmaogu oi xkj x}o j jexu' Eol~jxagm hau~ro~orxaogfxjcq agFgfcqxaefc aguxrzljgxu F~~frjc

xkj eczuxjr }axk xkj co}jux fyjrfmj }fmj# kou~axfcaxqFzxoloxayj Bao~kfrlfejzxaefcufgh xozraul# Cfu Yjmfu au rfg jh 6=6 ozx oi 6=2Iagfgeafc ujryaeju Bzachagm st{xzrju# jvza~ljgxrjmaogu og xkj eczuxjr la{ j jex' Ko}jyjr# Cfu YjmfuKjfyq eoguxrzexaog ujryaeju fgh ujryaeju

Kfjyq lfekagjrq Bzuagjuu ujryaeju uamgastefgxcq ozx~jriorlu xkj gfxaogfc fyjrfmj ag kou~a, Dj}jccjrq fgh ~rjeaozu ljxfcu Eollzgaefxaogu jvza~ljgx xfcaxq fgh xozraul eczuxjr fyjrfmj }fmj# eogxrabzxagmCjfxkjr ~rohzexu Eoguxr zexaog lfxjrafcu

xo f kamk cjyjc j jex ior xkj rjmaog +rfg`jh xjgxk^cfuxaeu Hauxrabzxaog ujryaeju

gfxaogfccq!'ô}jr mjgjrfxaog fgh Izr gaxzrjOg fyjrfmj# xkj cjyjc j jex feeozgxu ior =:½=* oi xrfgulauuaog Camkxagm fgh jcjexraefc

^roejuujh iooh jvza~ljgx xkj yfrafxaog ag fyjrfmj }fmju ferouu rjmaogu# yjruzuXrfgu~orxfxaog fgh comauxaeu Ljhaefc hjyaeju 28½5* ior xkj eczuxjr la{ j jex' Xkj rjfuog au xkfx la{

Xj{xacjuha jrjgeju ho gox feeozgx ior cfrmj jgozmk ukaixu ag

Xobfeeojl~coqljgx xo loyj f rjmaog‑u fyjrfmj }fmj rjcfxayj

xo xkj al~fex oi oyjr~jriorlfgej or zghjr~jrior,

lfgej ag xjrlu oi }fmju ag jfek eczuxjr' F rjmaog ‑uYfrafxaog ag eczuxjr eogejgxrfxaog oyjr xalj fbacaxq xo eol~jxj ag axu frrfq oi eczuxjru }axk kamkjr

~rohzexayaxq +j'm' bjxxjr ~rohzex vzfcaxq# lorj fhyfgejhXo j{~corj }kjxkjr eczuxjru xkjlujcyju frj bjeolagmujryaej hjcayjrq! kfu xkj hjeauayj agflzjgej og xkjlorj or cjuu eogejgxrfxjh ag f ij} rjmaogu oyjr xalj# }jrjmaog‑u ~rou~jraxq' Xkau stghagm efrraju al~orxfgxefcezcfxj xkj ukfrj oi rjmaogu }axk uxrogm jl~coqljgx agal~caefxaogu oi jeogolae hjyjco~ljgx' Lfgq rjmaogfcxkj eczuxjr +CV^>½; or CV^6½> zuagm gfrro} eczuxjr jeogolae hjyjco~ljgx agaxafxayju ioezu kjfyacq oghjstgaxaogu! xo xoxfc ZU jl~coqljgx ag xkj eczuxjr'21

ukaixagm xkj la{ xo lorj ‛hjuarfbcj‑ eczuxjru' Fg jvzfccq]j zuj xkjuj ezxo u# co}jr xkfg ag uolj agyjuxamfxaogu#ai gox lorj al~orxfgx ~ocaeq ioezu au xo z~mrfhj xkjbjefzuj xkj ~rjujgej oi xkj ho}g}frh bafu ag CV hzj~rohzexayaxq oi fcc xkj eczuxjru ag }kaek xkj rjmaog kfuxo xkj ~jryfuayj ~rjujgej oi coefc jl~coqljgx oi eczuxjr f ljfgagmizc ~ouaxaog'eol~fgaju }axk kjfhvzfrxjru coefxjh jcuj}kjrj' Xkau

Xkj eczuxjr la{ fgh cjyjc j jexu ior fcc JFu frjljfgu xkfx loux rjmaogu }acc kfyj uolj jl~coqljgx~coxxjh ag Iam' 22' Lfgq oi xkj cjyjc j jexu frj gjmfxayjag fcloux jyjrq eczuxjr jyjg xkozmk xkj rjmaog kfu gobjefzuj f ij} cfrmj rjmaogu kfyj f kamkjr fyjrfmj }fmjljfgagmizc eol~jxaxayj ~ouaxaog'xkfg xkj Z U fyjrfmj ― xkj ljhafg cjyjc j jex auEczuxjru }axk f ~ouaxayj ekfgmj ag xkj ~ro~orxaog oi ö(65#5;=' Xkj fyjrfmj la{ j jex au fcuo gjmfxayjjl~coqljgx ag uxrogm eczuxjru irol 611> xo 2>>> frj+ö(5#922! bjefzuj cfrmj rjmaogu xjgh xo kfyj f kamkjr mjxxagm lorj eogejgxrfxjh' Xkouj }axk f gjmfxayj~ro~orxaog oi kamkjr fyjrfmj }fmj eczuxjru'ekfgmj frj mjxxagm lorj hau~jrujh' Uagej xkj zuj oi f

]j efg f~~cq xkj uflj f~~rofek xo j{flagj xkjuagmcj ezx,o yfczj ior CV au ujguaxayj xo ulfcc ekfgmjueol~ogjgxu oi xkj cfrmj ha jrjgej ag }fmju bjx}jjgog xkj lfrmag +j'm' f ekfgmj oi CV irol >½11 xo 6½>ljxro~ocaxfg fgh gog,ljxro~ocaxfg eozgxaju' Xrfhjhefg ukaix uxrogm eczuxjr jl~coqljgx ukfrj!# }j j{~corjhukfrj oi jl~coqljgx au gox f lfdor agflzjgej'f rfgmj oi ezx,o yfczju' Fu uko}g ag Xfbcj :# gagjXkj oyjr}kjclagm lfdoraxq +;2½5*! oi xkj ljxro ― eczuxjru frj bjeolagm lorj eogejgxrfxjh zuagm boxkgog,ljxro ha jrjgeju au hzj xo co}jr rjcfxayj }fmjezxo u# }kacj 62 eczuxjru frj mjxxagm lorj hau~jrujh

cjyjcu ag xrfhjh fgh coefc aghzuxraju# gox xkj ukfrjzuagm boxk ezxo u' Xkj bfcfgej uko} ha jrjgx xrjghuoi jfek' Kjgej# xkj al~jrfxayj ior gog,ljxro~ocaxfgior jfek ezxo # uzmmjuxagm f ukaixagm hauxrabzxaog oi

eczuxjr ~ouaxaogu ferouu rjmaogu' eozgxaju au xo hjyjco~ xkj eoghaxaogu ior uz~~orxagm




Iam' 22' Eczuxjr }fmj cjyjc jiijex yu' eczuxjr la{ jiijex bq jeogolae frjf# 2>>> Uozreju4 Eozgxq Bzuagjuu ^fxxjrgu0 Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc'

kamk }fmju ag xkjar xrfhjh aghzuxraju' Ljxro~ocaxfg fgh oi xrfhjh jl~coqljgx feeozgxjh ior bq uxrogm eczuxjru

+CV^>½; or CV^6½>! zuagm boxk gfrro} fgh brofhgog,ljxro~ocaxfg eozgxaju kfyj uzbuxfgxafccq ha jrjgx

xrfhjh eczuxjr eol~ouaxaog# fgh u`j}jh xo}frh co}jr eczuxjr hjstgaxaogu' Xkj zuj oi brofh eczuxjr hjstgaxaogu

xo ljfuzrj eczuxjr uxrjgmxk mayju }jamkx xo xkj aghzu,}fmj eczuxjru' Xkj eczuxjr la{ j

jex feeozgxu ior :2½5*oi xkj ha jrjgej ag fyjrfmj xrfhjh }fmju bjx}jjg xraju xkfx oyjrcf~ }axkag f rjmaog‑u eczuxjru# fgh ljfuzrj

erzhjcq xkj j{xjgx oi ~oxjgxafc erouu,eczuxjr u~accoyjru'ljxro~ocaxfg fgh gog,ljxro~ocaxfg eozgxaju# }kacj xkj

cjyjc j jex feeozgxu ior 8=½=*' Ior gog,ljxro~ocaxfg Xkj ~ro~orxaog oi uxrogm eczuxjru ag xkj jeogolq

ukozch bj ~ouaxayjcq rjcfxjh xo ~rohzexayaxq fgh kjgejeozgxaju# xkjg# ukaixagm xkj la{ xo lorj ‛hjuarfbcj‑eczuxjru au oi fbozx jvzfc ~raoraxq xo rfauagm xkj rjcfxayj fyjrfmj }fmju'

Fcc iozr ljfuzrju oi eczuxjr uxrjgmxk kfyj f ~ouaxayjcjyjc oi xkj }fmju oi xkj eczuxjru xkjq kfyj ~ouaxaogu ag'

fgh louxcq uxfxauxaefccq uamgastefgx rjcfxaoguka~ }axk

fyjrfmj }fmju fu }jcc fu oxkjr ljfuzrju oi rjmaogfcXkj al~orxfgej oi cjfhagm eczuxjru fgh rjmaogfc ~jriorlfgej ~jriorlfgej ljxraeu' Agxjrjuxagmcq# eczuxjr uxrjgmxk

Ax au }ahjcq bjcajyjh bq ~rfexaxaogjru fgh uolj jeo,ljfuzrjh zuagm brofh eczuxjr hjstgaxaogu kfu f uxrogmjr

golae hjyjco~ljgx xkag`jru xkfx rjcafgej og f ij}fgh lfr jhcq lorj uamgastefgx ~ouaxayj rjcfxaoguka~

eczuxjru au hfgmjrozu ior rjmaogfc jeogolae hjyjco~,}axk rjmaogfc }fmju# uko}g ag Iam' 28'

ljgx bjefzuj ax j{~ouju f rjmaog xo ukoe`u fgh bzuagjuueqecju' Lfgq rjmaogu# xkjg# ujx f mofc oi hayjruaiqagm

xkj eczuxjru ~rjujgx' Iam' 25 rjyjfcu xkfx xkau kq~oxkjuau Rjmaogfc ~fxjgxagm rfxju bq eczuxjr au gox borgj ozx bq xkj hfxf# fx cjfux ag axu ual~cjux

^fxjgxagm rfxju ukozch agerjfuj }axk xkj uatj fgh hj~xkiorl' Xkjrj au go ecjfr rjcfxaoguka~ bjx}jjg xkj al~or,

oi eczuxjru hzj xo lorj yamorozu eol~jxaxaog fgh mrjfxjr xfgej oi xkj cjfhagm eczuxjru +ljfuzrjh bq xkj jl~coq,

u~accoyjru flogm strlu fgh aguxaxzxaogu ag xkj rjmaog'56

ljgx oi xkj xo~ xkrjj eczuxjru fu f ~jrejgxfmj oi xoxfc]j zxacatj xkj ~ro~orxaog oi xrfhjh jl~coqljgx ag

xrfhjh jl~coqljgx!# fgh fyjrfmj }fmju' Xkj uflj auuxrogm eczuxjru +CV^>½;! zuagm brofh eczuxjr hjstga,

xrzj oi }fmj mro}xk# jl~coqljgx mro}xk fghxaogu fu fg oyjrfcc ljfuzrj oi xkj uxrjgmxk fgh hj~xk oi

~fxjgxagm' Xkj rjuzcxu frj gjfrcq ahjgxaefc zuagm xkj xo~eczuxjru uagej ax ljfuzrju gox ogcq uxrjgmxk }axkag jfek

styj eczuxjru'eczuxjr bzx fcuo xkj j{xjgx oi oyjrcf~ flogm f rjmaog‑ueczuxjru fgh kjgej u~accoyjru flogm xkjl' Iam' 2: rjyjfcu

Eczuxjr uxrjgmxk fgh rjmaogfc }fmjuf ~ouaxayj fgh uamgastefgx rjcfxaoguka~ bjx}jjg xkj~fxjgxagm rfxj fgh xkj ukfrj oi xrfhjh jl~coqljgx ag]j eoguxrzexjh ujyjrfc ljfuzrju oi xkj uxrjgmxk oi f

rjmaog‑u frrfq oi eczuxjru# ljfuzrjh bq xkj ~ro~orxaog uxrogm eczuxjru zuagm gjmfxayj bagolafc rjmrjuuaog'



:=> Laekfjc ^orxjr

Iam' 25' Fyjrfmj }fmju yu' xkj al~orxfgej oi cjfhagm eczuxjru bq jeogolae frjf# 2>>> Uozreju4 Eozgxq Bzuagjuu ^fxxjrgu0 Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc'

Iam' 28' Fyjrfmj }fmj yu' ukfrj oi xrfhjh jl~coqljgx ag uxrogm eczuxjru#6 2>>> Goxj4 6' Brofh eczuxjr hjstgaxaogu'




Xkj Jeogolae ^jriorlfgej oi Rjmaogu :=6

Iam' 2:' ^fxjgxu ~jr 6>>#>>> agkfbaxfgxu yu' ukfrj oi xrfhjh jl~coqljgx ag uxrogm eczuxjru#6 2>>> Goxj4 6' Brofh eczuxjr hjstgaxaogu'


U Z L L F R Q F G H E O G E C Z U A O G U bj gjejuufrq bzx gox uzsteajgx' Xkj al~orxfgej oi

rjmaogu lfq j{~cfag }kq eozgxraju }axk mrjfxjr jeo,

Xkau ~f~jr rjyjfcu xkj uxra`agm al~orxfgej oi rjmaogfc golae hjejgxrfcatfxaog# uzek fu Mjrlfgq fgh xkj ZU#jeogolaju xo xkj oyjrfcc ~jriorlfgej oi gfxaogu# zuagm

kfyj bjjg kauxoraefccq uzeejuuizc' Ax lfq fcuo j{~cfagxkj hfxf irol xkj ZU jeogolq' Xkj ~jriorlfgej oi

}kq eozgxraju uzek fu Aghaf fgh Ekagf frj lf agmrjmaogfc jeogolaju yfraju lfr`jhcq ag xjrlu oi }fmju#

goxfbcj jeogolae ~romrjuu ag ~frxaezcfr uxfxju or ~roy,}fmj mro}xk# jl~coqljgx mro}xk fgh ~fxjgxagm'

ageju rjcfxayj xo oxkjru'Gfxaogfc ~jriorlfgej# xkjg# au f eol~ouaxj oi yjrq

Ozr stghagmu kamkcamkx xkj gjjh ior rjmaogfc jeo,ha jrjgx cjyjcu oi rjmaogfc ~jriorlfgej' Rjmaogfc

golae hjyjco~ljgx ~ocaeaju xo bj ~frxaezcfrcq fxxzgjhjeogolaju ha jr lohjrfxjcq ag xkjar ~ro~orxaog oi

xo xrfhjh eczuxjru# bjefzuj xkjuj gox ogcq uz~~orx kamkjr xrfhjh# rjuozrej,hj~jghjgx fgh coefc aghzuxraju# fgh

}fmju bzx fcuo f~~jfr xo hrayj coefc jl~coqljgx fghha jr lfr`jhcq ag xkj la{ oi eczuxjru ~rjujgx' Rjmaogfc

ju~jeafccq coefc }fmju' Rjmaogu ukozch ioezu og z~mrfh,jeogolae ~jriorlfgej au uxrogmcq agflzjgejh bq xkj

agm xkj ~rohzexayaxq oi fcc eczuxjru ag }kaek xkjq kfyj fxrfhjh eczuxjru }kaek f~~jfr xo ukf~j }fmju ag coefc

ljfgagmizc ~ouaxaog# rfxkjr xkfg fxxjl~xagm xo lamrfxjaghzuxraju' Rjcfxayj }fmju ag xrfhjh aghzuxraju hrayj

xo lorj ‛hjuarfbcj‑ eczuxjru' Fcuo# xkj al~orxfgej oi rjmaogfc }fmj ha jrjgeju# holagfxagm xkj agflzjgej oi bzachagm aggoyfxayj ef~feaxq fx xkj rjmaogfc cjyjc au

ha jrjgeju ag xkj ~ro~orxaog oi xrfhjh jl~coqljgx'uxrogmcq rjyjfcjh# fu au xkj bjgjstxu oi hayjruaiqagm xkj

Rjmaogfc jeogolae ~jriorlfgej au uxrogmcq f jexjheol~fgaju fgh aguxaxzxaogu xkfx mjgjrfxj aggoyfxayj

bq xkj uxrjgmxk oi eczuxjru fgh xkj yaxfcaxq fgh ~czrfcaxqozx~zx'

oi aggoyfxaog' Rjmaogfc ~jriorlfgej ha jrjgeju frj

holagfxjh bq rjcfxayj }fmj cjyjcu ag xkj frrfq oi eczuxjruFe`go}cjhmjljgxu ― Xkau ~f~jr kfu bjgjstxjh mrjfxcq irolxkfx frj ~rjujgx ag f rjmaog# rfxkjr xkfg xkj ~frxaezcfr uzuxfagjh rjujfrek oyjr f lzcxa,qjfr ~jraoh bq Hfgajc Yfuvzjt#la{ oi eczuxjru axujci'Jcaufbjxk hjIogxjgfq# fgh ju~jeafccq ]jaijgm ]jgm ag fuujl,Ozr stghagmu uzmmjux xkfx rjmaogfc fgfcquau lzuxbcagm xkj hfxfujx# uxfxauxaefccq hjrayagm xkj eol~ouaxaog oi

bjeolj ifr lorj ejgxrfc xo rjujfrek fgh ~ocaeq iorlz,rjmaogfc jeogolaju# hjstgagm eczuxjru fgh ~jriorlagm xkj

cfxaog ag eol~jxaxayjgjuu fgh jeogolae hjyjco~ljgx'gzljrozu fgfcquju eogxfagjh kjrj' ]j frj mrfxjizc xo xkj

Ozr rjuzcxu rjyjfc xkj gjjh ior lzek oi jeogolae Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc fgh Ucofg Iozghfxaog ior uz~~orxagm

~ocaeq xo bj hjejgxrfcatjh xo xkj rjmaogfc cjyjc' Uagej xkj Eczuxjr Lf~~agm ^rodjex irol }kaek xkj ~f~jr au hrf}g#lfgq oi xkj juujgxafc hjxjrlagfgxu oi jeogolae ~jrior, fgh xo xkj jhaxoru fgh fgogqlozu rjijrjju ior kjc~izc

eolljgxu'lfgej f~~jfr xo rjuahj ag rjmaogu# gfxaogfc ~ocaeaju }acc



:=2 Laekfjc ôrxjr

62' Uzek aghzuxraju kfyj bjjg xjrljh rjuahjgxafrq ― ujjGOXJ UYA G A G M# 61890 GORXK# 61::'

6' Ujj ju~jeafccq MCFJUJR jx fc'# 61120 KJ G H J RUOG 65' Uzek aghzuxraju kfyj bjjg xjrljh j{~orx aghzuxraju#jx fc'# 611:0 KF RRA UOG jx fc'# 61190 BF^XAUXF jx fc'# fcxkozmk xkj hjstgaxaog oi xkjuj yfraju irol aghzuxraju611;0 IJ C H LF G jx fc'# 61110 KJ G H J RUOG# 61110 fgh xkfx j{~orx agxjrgfxaogfccq xo aghzuxraju xkfx j{~orx ferouu@J X J C K O« KG # 2>>2' rjmaogu' ]j hjstgj xrfhjh aghzuxraju uxfxauxaefccq zuagm

2' Xkjrj au uolj jl~araefc caxjrfxzrj og rjmaogfc ~jrior, coefxaogfc ~fxxjrgu' Xkj j{~orx,bfujh xkjorq efgbj hfxjhlfgej' Xkj }or` oi BORXU fgh UX J A G# 6198# au ogj xo A G G A U# 612>' Ujj F RLUX ROG M fgh XFQCOR# 61;:0oi xkj jfrcajux fgh bjux,`go}g j orxu xo xjux gjoecfuuaefc CJAEKJG@O fgh EOZ C UOG# 61110 fgh C JAEKJG@O#j{~cfgfxaogu oi rjmaogfc mro}xk hau~fraxaju' 2>>>0 ior eol~rjkjguayj rjyaj}u' ^fux uxzhaju kfyj j{fl,

5' Ior j{fl~cj# ujj ÔRX J R# 2>>5# ior izrxkjr uxfxauxaefc agjh brofhcq hjstgjh ujexoru or lfgzifexzragm fu f }kocj'stghagmu og rjmaogfc ha jrjgeju ag }fmju# }fmj mro}xk Ozr ioezu au og xkj eczuxjr fgh aghzuxrq cjyjc'fgh ~fxjgxagm' 68' Xkj efxjmoratfxaog au kamkcq uxfbcj irol qjfr xo qjfr'

8' EB ^ hfxf au uz~~rjuujh ai xkj hauecouzrj }ozch eol~ro, 6:' YA G A G M# 6189# stghu xkfx jl~coqljgx ag rjuahjgxafrqlauj xkj hfxf ior f ~frxaezcfr eol~fgq' EB^ hfxf au lfhj aghzuxraju }fu fbozx ::* oi f uxfxj‑u xoxfc jl~coqljgx'fyfacfbcj fx xkj eozgxq# uxfxj fgh Z U cjyjc' Jeogolae frjf

Ozr stmzrj au kamkjr# }kaek au eoguauxjgx }axk xkjfgh ljxro~ocaxfg uxfxauxaefc frjf hfxf frj bzacx z~ irol xkj

uolj}kfx ifuxjr jl~coqljgx mro}xk ag coefc aghzuxrajueozgxq stcj# }kaek kfu xkj louxhfxf uz~~rjuuaog ~robcjlu'

ior xkj hjefhj oi xkj 611>u ior ~ouuabcj rjfuogu hauezuujhXkj uxfxj stcj kfu ij}jr uz~~rjuuaog ~robcjlu# louxcq fx

ag xkj ~f~jr'eczuxjr cjyjc' Xkj gfxaogfc hfxf au yarxzfccq irjj oi uz~~rju,

69' Xkau au f efuj oi oyjrcq fmmrjmfxjh aghzuxrq hjstgaxaogu#uaog' ]kjg hfxf au uz~~rjuujh# f rfgmj au rj~orxjh ior xkj }kaek }acc bj hauezuujh izrxkjr bjco}'jl~coqljgx hfxf' ]j zxacatj xkj lah,~oagx ag xkj rfgmj

6=' Xkjrj }fu f hjbfxj og xkj rjcfxayj al~orxfgej oi j{~orxag ozr hfxf' Ior ~fqrocc hfxf# go agiorlfxaog au ~royahjh

fgh rjuahjgxafrq aghzuxraju bjx}jjg Gorxk fgh Xajbozx}kjg hfxf au uz~~rjuujh' Jl~coqljgx stmzrju frjxkjrjiorj

ag xkj 61:>u' G ORXK# 61::# 61:9# uxfxju xkfx rjmaogfccjuu f jexjh xkfg }fmj hfxf'

mro}xk ‛au ecoujcq xajh xo xkj uzeejuu oi axu j{~orxu fgh:' Xkj ZU ^fxjgx fgh Xrfhjlfr` ostej rjvzarju agyjgxoru

lfq xf`j ~cfej jaxkjr fu f rjuzcx oi xkj al~royjh ~ouaxaogxo caux xkjar kolj fhhrjuu' EKA Rjujfrek fuuamgu ~fxjgxu

oi j{auxagm j{~orxu rjcfxayj xo eol~jxagm frjfu or fu fxo eozgxaju bfujh og xkj eozgxq ag }kaek xkj agyjgxor ‑u

rjuzcx oi xkj hjyjco~ljgx oi gj} j{~orxu' ' ' ' ‛Uagejrjuahjgej au coefxjh' ]j }ozch ~rjijr fxxrabzxagm xkj

rjuahjgxafrq aghzuxrq hj~jghu og ageolj }axkag xkj~fxjgx xo xkj }or` fhhrjuu# bzx xkau agiorlfxaog au gox

rjmaog# xkj j{~fguaog oi uzek fexayaxq lzux kfyj bjjgfyfacfbcj' Ag ~rfexaej# xkj ha jrjgej hzj xo xkj zuj oi

aghzejh bq xkj agerjfujh ageolj oi xkj rjmaog‑u agkfba,kolj yjruzu }or` fhhrjuuju au vzaxj ulfcc' Zuagm JFu fu

xfgxu'‑ Og xkj oxkjr kfgh# X A J BOZ X# 61:9# frmzju xkfxxkj zgax oi fgfcquau cfrmjcq fccjyafxju xkj ~robcjl uagej

xkjrj au go rjfuog xo fuuzlj xkfx j{~orxu frj xkj uocj or fcloux fcc oi xkj eollzxagm au }axkag JFu'

jyjg xkj loux al~orxfgx ifexor ag rjmaogfc mro}xk# fgh9' Eo,coefxaog oi aghzuxraju hoju gox mzfrfgxjj agxjrfexaog‛ag xjrlu ai efzufxaog# xkj gfxzrj oi xkj rjuahjgxafrqor u~accoyjru# bzx eoguauxjgx eo,coefxaog ferouu lfgqaghzuxraju }acc bj f `jq ifexor ag fgq ~ouuabcj hjyjco~,rjmaogu erjfxju f uxrogm ~rjuzl~xaog xkfx uzek agxjr,ljgx‑' Ozr stghagmu uz~~orx Gorxk‑u yaj}'fexaogu frj ~rjujgx'

6;' Hfxf og ~rohzexayaxq bq aghzuxrq fx xkj aghayahzfc rjmaog=' Boxk izcc,xalj fgh ~frx,xalj jl~coqjju frj rj~orxjh agcjyjc au uamgastefgxcq f jexjh bq hfxf uz~~rjuuaog# ju~j,EB^' Uagej xkjrj au go rjfuog xo j{~jex lfdor ha jrjgejueafccq ior JFu fgh LUFu' ]j hah gox lf`j zuj oi xkauag xkj la{ oi izcc,xalj fgh ~frx,xalj }or jru ferouuhfxf ag loux oi xkj fgfcquau kjrjag'rjmaogu# xkjrj ukozch bj caxxcj bafu agxrohzejh ag j{flag,

61' Hfxf uz~~rjuuaog au lorj eollog ior aghzuxrq cjyjcagm xkj `jq rjcfxaoguka~u' Ko}jyjr# rj~orxjh }fmj}fmj hfxf xkfg ior jl~coqljgx hfxf' Fcuo# }kjrj }fmjha jrjgeju ferouu eczuxjru lfq bj f jexjh# ju~jeafccq aghfxf au uz~~rjuujh go agiorlfxaog au mayjg# }kacj ior xkj kou~axfcaxq fgh xozraul eczuxjr'eozgxaju }kjrj jl~coqljgx au uz~~rjuujh f rfgmj oi ;' Ior jfek qjfr# JFu frj uorxjh ag hjuejghagm orhjr bqjl~coqljgx au rj~orxjh' ]j efcezcfxjh f ca`jcakooh rfxaofyjrfmj }fmj# xkjg mroz~jh agxo hjeacju' Fcc hjeacj

xjux xo j{~corj }kjxkjr hfxf uz~~rjuuaog efzujh f bafu agmroz~u eogxfag 6= JFu# j{ej~x ior xkj strux fgh cfux# xkj rjcfxaoguka~ bjx}jjg xrfhjh fgh coefc }fmju' Xkj}kaek eogxfag 6;' Xkj hjeacj mroz~ }axk xkj co}juxxjux j{flagjh }kjxkjr xkj eojsteajgxu oi xkj rjcfxaoguka~}fmju au lfr`jh fu mroz~ 6# fgh xkj ogj }axk xkj kamkjuxbjx}jjg xrfhjh fgh coefc }fmju }fu xkj uflj ag xkj}fmj au mroz~ 6>'ufl~cj oi kfci oi JFu }axk cjuu uz~~rjuuaog fx xkj1' Hauezuuaogu oi xkj rjcfxayj ljraxu oi zuagm ~fxjgxu fu faghzuxrq cjyjc yjruzu xkj jgxarj JF ufl~cj' Xkj gzcc~ro{q ior aggoyfxayj fexayaxq efg bj iozgh ag M RA C A EK J U#kq~oxkjuau# a'j' go ha jrjgej# efggox bj rjdjexjh ― fg61;8# 611>0 DFIIJ# 61;90 HOU A jx fc'# 611>0 fghaghaefxaog xkfx }fmj hfxf uz~~rjuuaog hoju gox agxrohzejXRF DX J G BJ RM# 611>' Uolj kfyj zujh oeez~fxaogfcf lfdor bafu ag xkj rjuzcxu'hfxf xo j{~corj ~fxxjrgu og aggoyfxaog# bzx uzek hfxf au

2>' Ax au }jcc `go}g xkfx aghzuxraju frj oixjg mjomrf~kaefccqogcq fyfacfbcj ior rjmaogu fu f }kocj fgh# zgca`j ~fxjgxu#eogejgxrfxjh ag ejrxfag rjmaogu' Xkj cjyjc oi xkj eogejg,efggox bj fuuamgjh xo aghayahzfc aghzuxraju' Fcuo# ozx~zxxrfxaog fgh xkj rjfuogu ior xkj ~jruauxjgej oi aghzuxrafcorajgxjh ljfuzrju oi aggoyfxaog uzek fu ~fxjgxagm o jr eogejgxrfxaog frj j{~corjh ag JG RA M K X# 611>0 @ RZM,fhyfgxfmju oyjr ag~zx ljfuzrju'LF G# 61160 HZ LF A U jx fc'# 611=0 JC C A UOG jx fc'# 611=#6>' Xkau au fg al~caefxaog oi xkj xkjorq oi eczuxjru# }kaek au

@AL # 611;0 fgh J C C A UOG jx fc'# 6111'hauezuujh ag ÔRX J R# 611;'26' Xkjrj au f mro}agm caxjrfxzrj og eczuxjru0 ujj ^ ORXJR#66' ^fxjgxu stcjh bq aghayahzfcu zgfstcafxjh }axk f u~jeaste

ormfgatfxaog frj j{eczhjh ag xkj ~fxjgxor fgfcquau' 611;# ior f braji uzryjq'



Xkj Jeogolae ^jriorlfgej oi Rjmaogu :=5

2=' Xkj uxfghfrh hjyafxaog oi rjcfxayj rfg` ijcc lohjuxcq22' LF RUK F C C# 612>0 F RRO]# 61920 fgh R OLJ R# 61;9'

25' Xkjrj au f rjcfxjh kq~oxkjuau fbozx xkj rocj oi eol~jxa, bjx}jjg 611> fgh 2>>>'

2;' ]j fcuo efcezcfxjh xkj xalj xrjgh oi xkj jl~coqljgxxaog' LFR ujju eol~jxaxaog fu bfh bjefzuj ax rjhzeju

xkj rfxj oi ~romrjuu ho}g xkj cjfrgagm ezryj' ^ ORXJR# MAGA4 MAGA õfòbª x # }kjrj x rj~rjujgxu xkj qjfr

fgh rfgmju irol 611> xo 2>>>' Ai xkj xalj eojsteajgx au611># frmzju xkfx eol~jxaxaog au mooh bjefzuj ax uxalz,

cfxju aggoyfxaog fgh hqgflaul0 D FEOBU# 6191# au fuuoea, ~ouaxayj# xkau aghaefxju xkfx xkj uxfxj au bjeolagm lorj

u~jeafcatjh fgh yaej yjruf' Xkj stghagmu }jrj ualacfr xofxjh }axk xkau yaj} fcxkozmk xkjrj au go j{~caeax hauezuuaogoi eol~jxaxaog ag kjr boo ' ^rjyaozu rjuzcxu# fmfag zuagm xkj rjuzcxu ior ual~cj ekfgmju ag MA GA' Lorj xkfg kfci

+52! oi xkj uxfxju kfyj f ~ouaxayj eojsteajgx# fgh xkj rjuxaghzuxraju fgh LUFu fu zgaxu oi fgfcquau# uz~~orx xkj ~oua,

xayj rocj oi eol~jxaxaog' kfyj f gjmfxayj eojsteajgx' Ior JFu# =2 +oi 6=2! kfyj f

~ouaxayj eojsteajgx' Loux oi xkj xrjgh eojsteajgxu frj28' Xkau fgfcquau }fu bfujh og 6119# xkj loux rjejgx qjfr

xkjg fyfacfbcj' Rj~caefxagm xkj fgfcquau zuagm lorj rjejgx uxfxauxaefccq uamgastefgx'

21' Fg CV ezxo ior eczuxjr uxrjgmxk oi ^6½> ljfgu xkfx qjfru rjyjfcjh go lfxjrafc ha jrjgeju'

2:' F~~caefxaog oi xkj ag~zx ― ozx~zx ljxkoh efg bj iozgh xkj eczuxjr ‑u jl~coqljgx ag xkj rjmaog au jvzfc xo

or mrjfxjr xkfg xkj rjmaog‑u ukfrj oi xoxfc gfxaogfcag XA J BOZ X# 61:90 LA J RG Q@# 619:0 GJ YA G jx fc'#

61990 QFG # 61910 R A EK F RH UOG# 61=20 CJ]AU fgh jl~coqljgx' ]j fcuo jl~coq f uolj}kfx co}jr ezxo

+^>½;! xo ef~xzrj eczuxjru }axk f uzbuxfgxafc ~ouaxaog agLEGA EOC C# 61=;0 ^Z C C J G fgh ^ROO^U# 61;50 fgh

oxkjru' Ujj F RLUX ROG M fgh XFQCOR# 61;:# ior xkj xkj rjmaog xkfx irol caux ― ~cjfuj fhh lfq ifcc dzux bjco}

CV oi 6'uzllfrq og xkj ag~zx ― ozx~zx f~~rofek'

29' Fljghjh eczuxjru kfyj bjjg hjst

gjh zuagm GFA EU hfxf 5>' Xkj goxaog oi eczuxjr la{ yu' rjcfxayj }fmj cjyjc auualacfr ag eogej~x xo ukaix,ukfrj fgfcquau# }kaek }fu}kaek ~royj xo bj yjrq ualacfr ag eol~ouaxaog bzx

ageczhj f lohjrfxj gzlbjr oi fhhaxaogfc aghzuxraju' ]j oramagfccq ~ro~oujh bq H ZG G# 619># fgh kfu lfgq

f~~caefxaogu ag rjmaogfc uxzhaju'ho gox zxacatj GFA EU eczuxjru kjrj hzj xo cfe` oi

kauxoraefc hfxf' 56' Ujj DFIIJ jx fc'# 6115'

F ^ ^ J G H A [ F 4 Z U J E O G O L A E F R J F U

Iam' F6' ZU jeogolae frjfu4 BJF jeogolae frjfu fgh eol~ogjgx jeogolae gohju6

Goxju4 6' Juxfbcaukjh fu oi Ijbrzfrq 611:' Ljxro~ocaxfg frjfu frj xkj LU Fu hjstgjh bq xkj Ostej oi Lfgfmjljgx fgh Bzhmjx fu oi

Hjejlbjr 611='

Uozrej4 ^rj~frjh bq Rjmaogfc Jeogolae Fgfcquau Hayauaog# Jeogolaeu fgh Uxfxauxaeu Fhlagauxrfxaog# Bzrjfz oi Jeogolae Fgfcquau# ZU

Hj~frxljgx oi Eolljrej'



:=8 Laekfjc ôrxjr

F ^ ^ J G H A [ B 4 C A U X O I X R F H J H E C Z U X J RU F G H U Z B E C Z U X J R U

Xfbcj B6' Caux oi xrfhjh eczuxjru fgh uzbeczuxjru

Fjrou~fej jgmagju F~~frjc Lobacj fgh loxor kolju

Farerfix jgmagju Ljg‑u ecoxkagm Rjcfxjh ~frxu

^rjeauaog ljxfc ~rohzexu ]oljg‑u fgh ekachrjg‑u ecoxkagm Eoguxrzexaog lfxjrafcu

Jgmagj fgh oxkjr aguxrzljgxu Kouajrq fgh oxkjr mfrljgxu Kfrh}frj^frxu fgh eol~ogjgxu Feejuuoraju Lacc}or`

Iozghraju @gaxxagm fgh stgaukagm laccu Rjcfxjh st{xzrju

^frxu ~roejuuagm Mcoyju Uxjjc }or`

Gogijrrozu ~roejuuagm Kfxu

Lfekagj xoocu Oxkjr feejuuoraju Bzuagjuu ujryaeju

Farerfix fgh ~frxu Rjcfxjh mfrljgxu Lfgfmjljgx eoguzcxagm

Ozx}jfr Ogcagj agiorlfxaog ujryaeju

Fjrou~fej yjkaecju fgh hjijgej Eol~zxjr ujryaeju

Farerfix Fzxoloxayj Eol~zxjr ~romrfllagm

Lauuacju fgh u~fej yjkaecju Loxor yjkaecju fuujlbcq ^koxoeo~qagm

Hjijgej jvza~ljgx Fzxoloxayj ~frxu Lfr`jxagm rjcfxjh ujryaeju

Hauxrabzxaog fgh }kocjufcagm Fzxoloxayj eol~ogjgxu ^roijuuaogfc ormfgatfxaogu fgh ujr yaeju

Ljxfccae ~frxu Iormagmu fgh uxfl~agmu Jgmagjjragm ujryaeju

Jcjexrogae ~frxu Icfx mcfuu Cfzghrq ujryaeju

Aguxrzljgxu ^rohzexaog jvza~ljgx Ifeacaxaju uz~~orx ujryaeju

Ujlaeoghzexoru fgh eol~zxjru Ulfcc yjkaecju fgh xrfacjru Irjamkx fr rfgmjljgx

Rjcfxjh jvza~ljgx Lfragj# xfg` fgh uxfxaogfrq jgmagju Uzryjqagm ujryaeju

Eollzgaefxaogu jvza~ljgx Rjcfxjh ~frxu Ljhaf rjcfxjh ujryaeju

Uoix}frj fgh eol~zxjr ujryaeju Loxoru fgh mjgjrfxoru Efxfcom fgh lfac,orhjr

Rjujfrek Rjcfxjh yjkaecju Aguzrfgej

Ljxfc ~roejuuagm

Fmraezcxzrfc ~rohzexu Lfekagj xoocu Ekjlaefc ~rohzexu

Ifrl lfgfmjljgx fgh rjcfxjh ujryaeju Rjcfxjh ~roejuu lfekagjrq Agxjrljhafxj ekjlaefcu fgh mfuju

Uoac ~rj~frfxaog ujryaeju Aghzuxrafc xrzeù fgh xrfexoru ^fe`fmjh ekjlaefc ~rohzexu

Arramfxaog uquxjlu Haj,efuxagmu Oxkjr ~roejuujh ekjlaefcu

^fe`fmagm Rjirfexoraju

Ijrxacatjru Bao~kfrlfejzxaefcu Cjfxkjr xfggagm fgh stgaukagm

Fmraezcxzrfc ~rohzexu Bao~kfrlfejzxaefc ~rohzexu Fllzgaxaog

]agj fgh brfghq Kjfcxk fgh bjfzxq ~rohzexu U~jeafc ~fe`fmagm

Eamfru Eogxfagjru Xrjfxjh mfrljgxu

Laccagm fgh rjstgagm Hrzm fgh rjcfxjh }kocjufcagm Kqhroefrbogu^rohzex hauxrabzxaog fgh }kocjufcagm Baocomaefc ~rohzexu ^jxroekjlaefcu

Lfcx bjyjrfmju U~jeafcxq ekjlaefcu ^cfuxaeu# rjuagu fgh ~rohzexu

Rjcfxjh ~roejuujh ioohu ^fe`fmagm ^kfrlfejzxaefcu

Rj cfxjh agmrjhajgxu Agux rzljgxu fgh cfborfxor q f~~frfxzu Hafmgouxa eu fgh baocomaefc ~rohzexu

Fgalfc kjfcxk ~rohzexu Hafmgouxaeu Rjcfxjh eoguzljr ~rohzexu

Iauk ~rohzexu Uzrmaefc aguxrzljgxu fgh uz~~caju Oxkjr ~fe`fmagm

Fmraezcxzrfc ekjlaefcu Hjgxfc aguxrzljgxu fgh uz~~caju ^roejuuagm aguxrzljgxu

Uz~~caju hauxrabzxaog fgh }kocjufcagm Ljhaefc jvza~ljgx

Rjcfxjh stgfgeafc ujryaeju O~kxkfclae moohu Eollzgaefxaogu jvza~ljgx

Xrfgu~or xfxa og fgh comauxae ujr yaeju ^fxj gx o}gjru fgh cjuuoru Eollzgaefxaogu jvza~ljgx

Lfragj xrfgu~orxfxaog ujryaeju Rjujfrek ormfgatfxaogu Jcjexraefc fgh jcjexrogae eol~ogjgxu

Bzc` ~fe`fmagm U~jeafcxq ostej lfekagju

^fe`fmagm fgh ~fe`fmagm lfekagjrq Bzachagm st{xzrju# jvza~ljgx fgh ujryaeju Eollzgaefxaogu ujryaeju

Rjcfxjh ujryaeju ^czlbagm ~rohzexu Rjcfxjh ujryaeju

Hrf~jrq kfrh}frj Hauxrabzxaog fgh }kocjufcagm Fgfcqxaefc aguxrzljgxu Ifbraefxjh lfxjrafcu ]aragm# eoacu fgh xrfguiorljru

Cfborfxorq aguxrzljgxu Kjfxagm fgh camkxagm Ujlaeoghzexor fgh o~xaefc hjyaeju

O~xaefc aguxrzljgxu Izrgaxzrj fgh stxxagmu Uoix}frj fgh eol~zxjr ujryaeju

^roejuu aguxrzljgxu Ecfq fgh yaxrjozu ~rohzexu Ljxfc ~roejuuagm

Ujfrek fgh gfyamfxaog jvza~ljgx Icoor eoyjragmu Efbagjxu

Jcjexrogae eol~ogjgxu Uxjfl fgh far,eoghaxaogagm ô}jr xrfgulauuaog jvza~ljgx

Hauxrabzxaog fgh }kocjufcagm Uxogj fgh xacj }or` Uxorfmj bfxxjraju

Jcjexrogae ~frxu ]ooh efbagjxu# st{xzrju fgh oxkjr ~rohzexu Eol~zxjr jvza~ljgx

Oxkjr ~fr xu Eogerjxj# mq~uzl fgh oxkjr bzacha gm ~rohzexu Kozujkoch fzhao fgh yahjo j vza~ljgx

Ljhaefc jvza~ljgx Hauxrabzxaog fgh }kocjufcagm Mzahjh lauuacju fgh u~fej yjkaecju

Rjcfxjh ~roejuu jvza~ljgx ^cfxagm fgh ~ocaukagm Ujfrek fgh gfyamfxaog jvza~ljgx

Rjcfxjh jvza~ljgx Camkxagm ~rohzexu Rjcfxjh aguxrzljgxu

Eol~zxjr fgh uoix}frj ujryaeju Ejrflae xacj Rjujfrek aguxaxzxaogu

Rj ujfrek ormfgatfxaogu Jcjyfxor u fgh loyagm uxfar}fqu

Rjcfxjh jcjexraefc ~rohzexuIzrgaukagmu

Oxkjr yaxrjozu ~rohzexu



Xkj Jeogolae ^jriorlfgej oi Rjmaogu :=:

Eoguxrzexaog lfxjrafcu Agiorlfxaog ~royahjru Lfekagjrq eol~ogjgxu

Xacj# brae` fgh mcfuu Eol~zxjr fgh eollzgaefxaog ujryaeju Yfcyju fgh ~a~j stxxagmu

^czlbagm st{xzrju ^ragxagm ujryaeju Koauxu fgh erfgju

]ooh ~rohzexu ^fxjgx o}gjru fgh cjuuoru Iormagmu# efuxagmu fgh ljxfc ~frxu

Ezx fgh erzukjh uxogj Lfr`jxagm rjcfxjh ujryaeju Jgmagju

Mzl fgh }ooh ekjlaefcu Rjujfrek ormfgatfxaogu Rjcfxjh ~frxu

Rzbbjr ~rohzexu Eol~rjuuoru fgh ifguIaukagm fgh stukagm ~rohzexuFhkjuayju fgh ujfcfgxu Xarju fgh aggjr xzbjuIauk ~rohzexuAguzcfxaog fgh roostgm

Kou~axfcaxq fgh xozraulIaukagm fgh kzgxagm^cfuxae ukjjxXozraul fxxrfexaogu^roejuujh ujfioohuUqgxkjxae rzbbjr Xozraul rjcfxjh ujryaejuUjfiooh hauxrabzxaog fgh }kocjufcagmUxjjc ~a~j fgh xzbju]fxjr ~fuujgmjr xrfgu~orxfxaogIcooragm fgh yjgjjr

Ioox}jfr Feeollohfxaogu fgh rjcfxjh ujryaejuUfgh fgh mrfyjcIoox}jfr Bofx rjcfxjh ujryaejuEogerjxj bcoe` fgh braeÙ~jeafcaxq ioox}jfr Mrozgh xrfgu~orxfxaogOxkjr }ooh ~rohzexuIoox}jfr ~frxu Oxkjr coefc xrfgu~orxfxaogOxkjr cjfxkjr moohu Rjcfxjh ~roijuuaogfc ujryaejuHauxrabzxaog ujryaejuRjcfxjh lfxjrafcu Oxkjr fxxrfexaoguLjrekfghauj }kocjufcagm

Far ujryaejuF~~frjc fgh feejuuoraju }kocjufcagmIorjux ~rohzexu Yjkaecj hauxrabzxaog fgh }kocjufcagmEfxfcomzj fgh lfac,orhjr ^f~jr ~rohzexu

Ifeacaxaju uz~~orx ujryaejuIooh ~rohzexu }kocjufcagm ^f~jr laccuIfrl lfxjrafc fgh uz~~caju }kocjufcagm

^f~jr aghzuxraju lfekagjrq Agiorlfxaog xjekgocomqXrfgu~orxfxaog yjkaecj fgh jvza~ljgx^rjifbraefxjh }ooh bzachagmu Eol~zxjruhauxrabzxaog]ooh ~frxaxaogu fgh st{xzrju Jcjexrogae eol~ogjgxu fgh fuujlbcajuU~jeafc }frjkozuagm fgh uxorfmj^f~jrbofrh fgh bo{ju ^jra~kjrfcu Dj}jccjrq fgh ~rjeaozu uxogju }kocjufcagm^roejuu jvza~ljgx Uoix}frjEoguxrzexaog lfekagjrq }kocjufcagmKoauxu fgh erfgju Eollzgaefxaogu ujryaeju^f~jr rjcfxjh lfekagjrq fgh aguxrzljgxu Hauxrabzxaog fgh }kocjufcagmJhzefxaog fgh `go}cjhmj erjfxaogUxfxaogjrq ~rohzexu Oxkjr jcjexrogae eol~ogjgxu fgh ~frxuJhzefxaogfc aguxaxzxaoguBroolu fgh brzukju Rjeorhagm ljhaf ujryaejuRjujfrek ormfgatfxaogu

Ogcagj agiorlfxaog ujryaejuJhzefxaogfc ifeacaxaju Izrgaxzrj Eol~zxjr ujryaeju^fxjgx o}gjru fgh cjuuoru Izrgaxzrj AguxrzljgxuUz~~caju ]ooh lfxjrafcu fgh ~rohzexu Eollzgaefxaogu jvza~ljgxRjujfrek rjcfxjh aguxrzljgxu Izrgaukagmu Rjujfrek ormfgatfxaogu

^kfrlfejzxaefcu Xfbcj}frj fgh àxekjg}frj^zbcaukagm Izrgaxzrj rjcfxjh ~frxu Dj}jccjrq fgh ~rjeaozu ljxfcu^ragxagm Ljxfc kozujkoch izrgaxzrj Dj}jccjrq fgh ~rjeaozu ljxfc ~rohzexuEollzgaefxaogu ujryaeju Ostej izrgaxzrj Eouxzlj dj}jccjrqLfr`jxagm fgh agiorlfxaog ujryaeju Lfxxrjuuju fgh bjhu~ragmu EzxcjrqOgcagj agiorlfxaog ujryaeju Rjcfxjh kozujkoch st{xzrju EoccjexabcjuEol~zxjr ujryaeju Lobacj kolju Hauxrabzxaog fgh }kocjufcagm^rj~fe`fmjh uoix}frj Oxkjr }ooh ~rohzexu ^rjeaozu ljxfc rjcfxjh stgfgeafc ujryaejuEol~zxjr fgh uoix}frj }kocjufcagm fgh ô}jr xoocuujryaeju Cjfxkjr ~rohzexu]ooh}oràgm lfekagjrqEol~zxjr jvza~ljgx Cjfxkjr ~rohzexuLacc}or`

Izr moohuJgxjrxfagljgx Kjfyq eoguxrzexaog ujryaeju Eofxjh ifbraeuYahjo ~rohzexaog fgh hauxrabzxaog Iagfc eoguxrzexaog Rjcfxjh ~rohzexuRjeorhjh ~rohzexu Uzbeogxrfexoru FeejuuorajuJgxjrxfagljgx jvza~ljgx ^ralfrq eoguxrzexaog lfxjrafcu

]oljg‑u ioox}jfr Jgxjrxfagljgx rjcfxjh ujryaeju Ejrflae xacju Ljg‑u ecoxkagmJgxjrxfagljgx yjgzju Jvza~ljgx hauxrabzxaog fgh }kocjufcagm ]oljg‑u ecoxkagm fgh feejuuorajuHauxrabzxaog fgh }kocjufcagm Ifbraefxjh ljxfc uxrzexzrju fgh ~a~agmLfr`jxagm fgh ~roloxaogfc ujryaej J{~couayju Camkxagm fgh jcjexraefc jvza~ljgx Rjcfxjh fxxrfexaogu Xrfgu~orxfxaog ujryaeju Camkxagm st{xzrjuGj}u uqghaefxju Ekjlaefc fgh rjcfxjh ~rohzexu Jcjexrae cfl~uFzhao fgh yahjo jvza~ljgx Mcfuu fgh ecfq Bfxxjraju

Rjcfxjh jvza~ljgx fgh eol~ogjgxu U}axekmjfr Iagfgeafc ujryaeju Jcjyfxor u fgh loyagm uxfar}fqu Jcjexra efc ~fr xuHj~ouaxorq aguxaxzxaogu Rjcfxjh ujryaeju Ljxfc ~frxuUjezraxaju bro`jru# hjfcjru fgh j{ekfgmju Xacagm fgh mcftagm Rjcfxjh jcjexraefc jvza~ljgxAguzrfgej ~rohzexu Aguxrzljgxu xo ljfuzrj jcjexraeaxqKjfcxk ~cfgu Kjfyq lfekagjrq Jcjexrae ujryaejuRau` ef~axfc ~royahjru Eoguxrzexaog lfekagjr q Mcfuu fgh ejrflaeu ~rohzexuAgyjuxljgx izghu Ifrl lfekagjrq ]arj

Rjfc juxfxj agyjuxljgx xrzuxu Rfacrofh jvza~ljgx fgh rjgxfc Rjcfxjh jcjexrogae ~frxu^fuujgmjr efr cjfuagm Lagagm lfekagjrq Oxkjr camkxagm jvza~ljgx



:=9 Laekfjc ôrxjr

Ljhaefc hjyaeju Oac fgh mfu ~rohzexu fgh ujryaeju Lfcx bjyjrfmju

Uzrm aefc aguxrzljgxu fgh uz~~caju Oac fgh mfu lfekagjr q ^f~jr eogxfagjru fgh bo{ju

Hjgxfc aguxrzljgxu fgh uz~~caju Kqhroefrbogu Ljxfc fgh mcfuu eogxfagjru

O~kxkfclae moohu Oac fgh mfu j{~corfxaog fgh hraccagm Iooh ~rohzexu lfekagjrq

Ljhaefc jvza~ljgx Oac ~a~jcagju Hauxrabzxaog fgh }kocjufcagm

Hafmgouxae uzbuxfgeju ^jxrocjzl ~roejuuagm ^fe`fmagm lfxjrafcu

Baocomaefc ~rohzexu Oac fgh mfu xrfhagm Bzc` ~fe`fmagmCfborfxor q f~~frfxzu ]fxjr irjamkx xrfgu~or xfxaog ujr yaeju

Jcjexrogae eol~ogjgxu Iormagmu fgh stxxagmu ^rohzexaog xjekgocomq

^cfuxae ~frxu Xzrbagju fgh xzrbagj mjgjrfxoru Lfekagj xoocu fgh feejuuoraju

Ljxfc ~frxu Czbraefxagm oacu ^roejuu jvza~ljgx uzb,uquxjlu fgh

Uoix}frj Agxjrljhafxj ekjlaefcu eol~ogjgxu

Ogcagj agior lfxaog ujryaeju ^cfuxaeu fgh rjcfxjh lfxjrafcu Koauxu fgh erfgju

^rjeauaog aguxrzljgxu Bfrrjcu fgh hrzlu ^roejuu lfekagjrq

Eol~zxjr jvza~ljgx Oxkjr xrfgu~orxfxaog ujryaeju Aghzuxrafc ~fxxjrgu

^kfrlfejzxaefc ~rohzexu Ifbraefxjh ~cfxj }or`

Rjujfrek ormfgatfxaogu ^cfuxaeu Aghzuxrafc xrzeù fgh xrfexoru

^cfuxae lfxjrafcu fgh rjuagu Bfcc fgh roccjr bjfragmu

Ljxfc lfgzifexzragm ^cfuxae ~rohzexu ^rohzexaog lfekagjrq fgh eol~ogjgxu

Ifbraefxjh ljxfc ~rohzexu ^fagxu fgh fccajh ~rohzexu Bcfux izrgfeju fgh uxjjc laccu

Ljxfc fccoqu Uqgxkjxae rzbbjr Kozujkoch f~~cafgeju

^ralfr q ljxfc ~rohzexu ^cfuxaeu hauxrabzxaog fgh }kocjufcagm Fbrfuayj ~rohzexu^rjeauaog ljxfc ~rohzexu Ormfgae ekjlaefcu Ljxfc kjfx xrjfxagm

Ifuxjgjru Fc`fcaju fgh ekcoragj ^roejuu jvza~ljgx

]arj fgh u~ragmu Agormfgae ekjlaefcu Yjkaecj fgh kjfyq uxfl~agm

Ljxfc ~roejuuagm Rjcfxjh ~cfuxae ~rohzexu Eoguxrzexaog lfekagjrq

Arog fgh uxjjc laccu fgh iozghraju Kqhroefrbogu Efuxagm# iormagmu fgh ljxfc fccoqu

Gogijrrozu laccu fgh iozghraju ^jxrocjzl ~roejuuagm

Ljxfc izrgaxzrj Uzrifej fexayj fmjgxu ^zbcaukagm fgh ~ragxagm

Jgyarogljgxfc eogxrocu Fhkjuayju fgh ujfcfgxu ^zbcaukagm

^zl~u ^roejuu jvza~ljgx Gj}u uqghaefxju

Uf} bcfhju fgh kfghuf}u Uamgu fgh fhyjrxauagm u~jeafcxaju

Mjgjrfc aghzuxrafc lfekagjrq ô}jr mjgjrfxaog fgh xrfgulauuaog ^koxomrf~kae ujryaeju

Cfzghrq fgh ecjfgagm jvza~ljgx Jcjexrae ujryaeju ^koxomrf~kae jvza~ljgx fgh uz~~caju

Ljxfc fr lfljgxu Xzrbagju fgh xzrbagj mjgjrfxoru Rfhao# XY# ~zbcaukjr rj~rjujgxfxayju

Ljfuzragm fgh hau~jguagm ~zl~u Xrfguiorljru ^ragxagm ujryaeju

Xoocu# haju fgh st{xzrju ôrejcfag# efrbog fgh mrf~kaxj eol~ogjgxu ^ragxagm ag~zxu

^fagxu fgh fccajh ~rohzexu Jcjexrogae ef~feaxoru ^f~jr ~rohzexu

Czbraefxagm oacu fgh mrjfuju Jcjexraefc f~~frfxzu fgh aguxrzljgxu U~jeafcaxq ~f~jr ~rohzexu

Fbrfuayj ~rohzexu Loxoru# mjgjrfxoru fgh jcjexrae ifgu Ag`jh ~f~jr fgh rabbogu

Ljxfc}oràgm lfekagjrq fgh eol~ogjgxu U}axekmjfr# eogxrocu fgh eol~ogjgxu Ostej jvza~ljgx fgh uz~~caju

Rjcfxjh ljxfc ~roejuuagm Lfr`jxagm rjcfxjh ujryaeju

Aghzuxrafc izrgfeju fgh oyjgu ^rjifbraefxjh jgecouzrju ^ragxagm,rjcfxjh lfekagjrq

Fzxoloxayj ~frxu fgh jvza~ljgx Rjerjfxaogfc yjkaecju fgh ~frxu Ogcagj agiorlfxaog ujryaeju

Koauxu fgh erfgju Lobacj kolju Eol~zxjr ujryaeju

Rjcfxjh ljxfc ~rohzexu Xrzeù fgh xrfacjru Rjujfrek ormfgatfxaogu

Loxoreqecju fgh baeqecju Efu`jxu Rjujfrek ifeacaxaju

Jcjyfxoru fgh loyagm uxfar}fqu

Loxor hrayjg ~rohzexu Ostej izrgaxzrj U~orxagm# rjerjfxaogfc fgh ekachrjg‑u moohu

Loxor u fgh mjgjrfxor u Kozujkoch rjiramjrfxoru fgh irjjtjr u U~orxagm fgh fxkcjxae moohu

Bfxxjraju Fczlagzl ~roejuuagm Mflju# xoqu# fgh ekachrjg‑u yjkaecju

Loxoratjh jvza~ljgx Gog,ijrrozu ~roejuuagm# j{ej~x fczlagzl Loxoreqecju fgh baeqecju

Rjiramjrfxaog fgh kjfxagm jvza~ljgx Fczlagzl iormagm fgh oxkjr ~roejuuagm Hoccu fgh uxz jh xoqu

F~~cafgeju Uxjjc u~ragmu Ifbraefxjh ljxfc ~rohzexu

U~jeafcatjh ~zl~u Rfacrofh jvza~ljgx Xoqu fgh kobbq moohu }kocjufcagm

U~jeafcatjh lfekagjrq Oxkjr izrgaxzrj fgh efbagjxu Ljxfc ~roejuuagm

Xarju fgh aggjr xzbju

Lfragj# xfg` fgh uxfxaogfrq jgmagju ^roejuujh iooh Xj{xacju

Loxoreqecju fgh baeqecju Lac` fgh irotjg hjuujrxu Ifbrae laccu

Ljxfc ~roejuuagm Bf`jh ~fe`fmjh ioohu U~jeafcaxq ifbrae laccu

Rjcfxjh f~~cafgeju Eo jj U~jeafcaxq ifbrae ~roejuuagm

Koauxu fgh erfgju ^roejuujh hfarq fgh rjcfxjh ~rohzexu Xj{xacj lfekagjrq

^ragxagm xrfhju lfekagjrq Ljfx fgh rjcfxjh ~rohzexu fgh ujryaeju Qfrg fgh xkrjfh laccu

Jcjyfxoru fgh loyagm uxfar}fqu Icozr Efr~jxu fgh rzmu

Far fgh mfu eol~rjuuoru U~jeafcxq ioohu fgh agmrjhajgxu ]ooc laccu

ô}jr xrfgulauuaog# loxoru fgh ~zl~u Laccagm Iabrju

Eogxroc hjyaeju Efghq fgh ekoeocfxj Iagaukagm ~cfgxu



:=; Laekfjc ôrxjr

IJ C H LF G L' ' fgh F Z H RJ X UEK H' B' +6111! Aggoyfxaog ag eaxaju4 ueajgej,bfujh hayjruaxq# u~jeafcatfxaog fgh coefcatjh

eol~jxaxaog# Jzro~' Jeog' Rjy' 85+2!# 8>1 ― 21'

MCFJUJR J' C' +2>>>! Xkj gj} jeogolaeu oi zrbfg fgh rjmaogfc mro}xk# ag E CFR@ M'# IJ C H LF G L' fgh MJRXCJR L'

+Jhu! Xkj O{iorh Kfghboo` oi Jeogolae Mjomrf~kq# ~~' ;5 ― 1;' O{iorh Zgayjruaxq ^rjuu# O{iorh'

MCFJUJR J' C'# @FCCFC K' H'# UEK J A G @ LF G D' F' fgh UK C J A I J R F' +6112! Mro}xk ag eaxaju# D' ôc' Jeog' 6>> +Hjejlbjr!#

6#629 ― :2'

MRA C A EK J U T' +61;8! R)H# ^fxjgxu# fgh ^rohzexayaxq' Zgayjruaxq oi Ekaefmo ^rjuu# Ekaefmo# AC'MRA C A EK J U T' +611>! ^fxjgx uxfxauxaeu fu jeogolae aghaefxoru4 f uzryjq# D' Jeog' Cax' 12# 95> ― :5'

KF G UOG M' K' +2>>>! Uefcj jeogolaju fgh xkj mjomrf~kae eogejgxrfxaog oi aghzuxrq# GBJR ]oràgm ^f~jr ;>65# Gfxaogfc

Bzrjfz oi Jeogolae Rjujfrek# Eflbrahmj# LF'

KF RRA UOG B'# @J C C J Q L' fgh M FG X D' +6119! U~jeafcatfxaog yjruzu hayjruaxq ag coefc jeogolaju4 xkj al~caefxaogu ior

aggoyfxayj ~rayfxj,ujexor bjkfyaor# Eaxquef~j4 F Dozrgfc oi ôcaeq Hjyjco~ljgx fgh Rjujfrek 2 +Lfq!# 96 ― 15'

KJ G H J RUOG Y' +6111! Lfrukfcc‑u uefcj jeogolaju# GBJR ]oràgm ^f~jr =5:;# Gfxaogfc Bzrjfz oi Jeogolae Rjujfrek#

Eflbrahmj +LF!'

KJ G H J RUOG Y'# @ZGEORO F' fgh X Z RG J R L' +611:! Aghzuxrafc hjyjco~ljgx ag eaxaju# D' ôc' Jeog' 6>5+:!# 6#>9= ― ;='

AG G A U K' +612>! Xkj Izr Xrfhj ag Efgfhf' Qfcj Zgayjruaxq ^rjuu# Gj} Kfyjg# EX'

DFEOBU D' +6191! Xkj Jeogolq oi Eaxaju' Rfghol Kozuj# Gj} Qor`'

DFIIJ F' B' +61;9! Xjekgocomaefc o~~orxzgaxq fgh u~accoyjru oi R)H4 jyahjgej irol strlu‑ ~fxjgxu# ~rostxu# fgh lfr`jx yfczj#

Fl' Jeog' Rjy' =9+:!# 1;8 ― 6#>>6'

DFIIJ

F' B'# XRF DX J G BJ RM

L' fgh KJ G H J RUOG

R' +6115! Mjomrf~kae coefcatfxaog oi `go}cjhmj u~accoyjru fu jyahjgejhbq ~fxjgx eaxfxaogu# Vzfrx' D' Jeog' 6>;# :== ― 1;'

@J X J C K OK G G' ]' +2>>2! Xkj Rocj oi Eczuxjru fu Uozreju oi Hqgflae J{xjrgfcaxaju' HBF hauujrxfxaog# Kfryfrh Zgayjruaxq'

@AL U' +611;! Jeogolae agxjmrfxaog fgh eogyjrmjgej4 ZU rjmaogu# 6;8> ― 61;=# D' Jeog' Kaux' :; +Uj~xjlbjr!# 9:1 ― ;5'

@RZMLFG ^' +6116! Mjomrf~kq fgh Xrfhj ' LAX ^rjuu# Eflbrahmj# LF'

CJAEKJG@O R' +2>>>! J{~orxu# jl~coqljgx fgh ~rohzexaog4 f efzufc fuujuuljgx oi ZU uxfxju fgh rjmaogu# Jeog' Mjomr' =9#

5>5 ― 2:'

CJAEKJG@O R' fgh EOZ C UOG J' +6111! Iorjamg aghzuxrafc j{~orxu fgh uxfxj lfgzifexzragm ~jriorlfgej# Mro}xk ) Ekfgmj

5># 8=1 ― :>9'

CJ]AU X' L' fgh L EG A EOC C A' K' +61=;! Gorxk Ujf Oac fgh Ueoxcfgh ‑u Jeogolae ^rou~jexu' Erool Kjcl# Coghog'

LF RUK F C C F' +612>! ^ragea~cju oi Jeogolaeu# ;xk jhaxaog' Lfelaccfg# Coghog'

LA J RG Q@ ]' K' +619:! Xkj Jcjljgxu oi Ag~zx ― Ozx~zx Jeogolaeu' Rfghol Kozuj# Gj} Qor`'

GJ YA G J'# ROJ F' fgh R OZGH D' A' +6199! Xkj Uxrzexzrj oi xkj ]jcuk Jeogolq' Zgayjruaxq oi ]fcju ^rjuu'

GORXK H' E' +61::! Coefxaog xkjorq fgh rjmaogfc jeogolae mro}xk# D' ôc' Jeog' 95+5!# 285 ― :;

GORXK H' E' +61:9! J{~orxu fgh rjmaogfc jeogolae mro}xk4 f rj~cq# D' ôc' Jeog' 98+2!# 69: ― 9;'ÔRX J R L' J' +611>! Xkj Eol~jxaxayj Fhyfgxfmj oi Gfxaogu' Xkj Irjj ^rjuu# Gj} Qor`'

ÔRX J R L' J' +611;! Eczuxjru fgh eol~jxaxaog4 gj} fmjghfu ior eol~fgaju# moyjrgljgxu# fgh aguxaxzxaogu# ag ^ ORX J R L' J'

Og Eol~jxaxaog# ~~' 61= ― 2;=' Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc ^rjuu# Bouxog# LF'

ÔRX J R L' J' +2>>5! Hjxjrlagfgxu oi rjmaogfc jeogolae ~jriorlfgej# Kfryfrh Bzuagjuu Uekooc# Kfryfrh Zgayjruaxq

+laljo!'

^Z C C J G L' D' fgh ^ROOÛ D' C' R' +61;5! Xkj Gorxk Uxf orhukarj rjmaogfc jeogolq4 fg ag~zx ― ozx~zx fuujuuljgx# Rjm'

Uxzhaju 6=+5!# 616 ― 2>>'

RA EK F RH UOG K' ]' +61=2! Ag~zx ― Ozx~zx fgh Rjmaogfc Jeogolaeu' ]jahjgijch ) Gaeocuog# Coghog'

ROLJ R ^' L' +61;9! Agerjfuagm rjxzrgu fgh cogm,rzg mro}xk# D' ôc' Jeog' 18# 6#>>2 ― 5='

UEOXX F' D' +2>>>! Jeogolae mjomrf~kq4 xkj mrjfx kfci,ejgxzrq# ag E CFR@ M'# IJ C H LF G L' fgh MJRXCJR L' +Jhu! Xkj

O{iorh Kfghboo` oi Jeogolae Mjomrf~kq# ~~' 6; ― 88' O{iorh Zgayjruaxq ^rjuu# O{iorh'

UACYJRLFG B' U' +6111! Xjekgocomaefc rjuozreju fgh xkj harjexaog oi eor~orfxj hayjruastefxaog4 xo}frh fg agxjmrfxaog oi xkj

rjuozrej,bfujh yaj} fgh xrfgufexaog eoux jeogolaeu# Lmx' Uea' 8:+;!# 6#6>1 ― 28'

XA J BOZ X E' L' +61:9! J{~orxu fgh rjmaogfc jeogolae mro}xk# D' ôc' Jeog' 98+2!# 69> ― 98'

XRF DX J G BJ RM L' +611>! ^fxjgxu fu Aghaefxoru oi Aggoyfxaog# Jeogolae Fgfcquau oi ^rohzex Aggoyfxaog' Kfryfrh Zgayjruaxq ^rjuu#

Eflbrahmj# LF'

YA G A G M R' +6189! Coefxaog oi aghzuxrq fgh rjmaogfc ~fxxjrgu oi bzuagjuu,eqecj bjkfyaor# Jeogoljxraef 68+6!# 5= ― 9;'

QFG E' +6191! Agxrohzexaog xo Ag~zx ― Ozx~zx Jeogolaeu' Kocx# Ragjkfrx ) ]aguxog# Gj} Qor`'

The Economic Performance of Regions (Eng) / El rendimiento económico de las regiones (Ing) /...

Documents

Transcript of The Economic Performance of Regions (Eng) / El rendimiento económico de las regiones (Ing) /...