The East Asian World 16. China at Its Apex From the Ming to the Qing Peasant rebellion of Zhu...
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The East Asian WorldThe East Asian World
1616
China at Its ApexChina at Its Apex From the Ming to the Qing
Peasant rebellion of Zhu Yuanzhang, 1368• Ming (Bright) Dynasty
Territorial expansion• Central Asia, Vietnam, and control over China’s heartland• Series of voyages far into Indian Ocean• Retreat from Maritime trade
First Contacts with the West Portuguese, Macao, and regional trade with Japan Spanish in the Philippines trading with China Christian missionaries Jesuits drew parallels between Christian and Confucian
concepts:• God and Heaven, Christian morality and Confucian ethics
China, cont’dChina, cont’d
The Ming Brought to Earth Decline due to corrupted weak rulers, concentration of
landownership, peasant rebellions, tribal unrest along northern frontier
English and Dutch disrupted silver trade Crop yields declined – starvation High taxes Manchus conquered China, created Qing
Ch’ing,or Pure) dynasty
China and Its Enemies China and Its Enemies During the Late Ming Era During the Late Ming Era
The Greatness of the QingThe Greatness of the Qing Accession of Manchus not universally applauded Forced Chinese to adopt Manchu dress and hairstyles to spot
rebels Males to shave foreheads and braid hair into a queue or
execution Manchus adapted well to Chinese conditions
Adopted Chinese political system Gradually accepted as rulers
The Reign of Kangxi (K’ang Hsi, 1661-1722) Greatest ruler of China Pacified the people on the northern and western frontiers Patron of the arts and letters Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits’ activities tolerated and
reached heights but squabbling led to suppression
The Qing, cont’dThe Qing, cont’d The Reign of Qianlong
Continued in Kangxi’s footsteps which led to continued growth of China Signs of internal decay:
• Military campaigns expensive• Corruption in courts• Unrest in rural areas due to burden of tax, growing population,
bureaucratic venality• White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804)
Qing Politics Adapted to new environment easily Stressed devotion to principles of Confucianism Manchus - 2 percent of the population – distinct population
• Manchu had aristocratic privileges, held land and revenue from state treasury
• Bannermen assigned farmland and organized into military units Dyarchy – administrative positions shared equally with Chinese and
Manchus
The Qing, cont’dThe Qing, cont’d
China on the Eve of Western Onslaught New era of military confrontation and pressure from trade Russia, Treaty of Nerchinsk English in Canton China forced trade restrictions on England England upset at uneven balance of trade, kowtow Emperor declared his distaste for British products, which
sowed seeds for a century of humiliation
The Qing Empire in the 18The Qing Empire in the 18thth C C
The Temple of HeavenThe Temple of Heaven
Changing ChinaChanging China The Population Explosion
70 to 80 million in 1390 to over 300 million at the end of the 18th century
• Long period of peace and stability• Introduction of new crops from America (peanuts, sweet
potatoes, and maize)• New species of faster growing rice from Southeast Asia
Seeds of Industrialization Trade and commerce
• Under control of the government• Political and social prejudice against commerce
Matteo Ricci, clocks
Daily Life in Qing ChinaDaily Life in Qing China The family
Joint family Large families to maintain agriculture Filial piety Clan
The Role of Women Inferior to men Carry on sacred rituals/govern Husband could divorce his wife, take second wife, or
take on a concubine if first wife did not produce a male heir
Problems that face widows Influential role in the family
Cultural DevelopmentsCultural Developments Rise of the Chinese Novel
Colloquial style Sympathized with the downtrodden The Golden Lotus and The Dream of the Red Chamber
Art of the Ming and Qing Architecture and the Imperial City in Beijing Decorative arts Artists
Tokugawa JapanTokugawa Japan
The Three Great Unifiers Oda Nobunga (1568-1582) Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1582-1598)
• Osaka• Korea
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1598-1616)
Tokugawa JapanTokugawa Japan
Tokugawa Japan, cont’dTokugawa Japan, cont’d Opening to the West
Unification of Japan simultaneous with coming of Europeans
Portuguese arrive in 1543, begin regional trade Francis Xavier, Jesuit missionary arrived 1549 Japanese liked tobacco, clocks, spectacles, weapons
and armaments Copied European military architecture – built castles Missionaries converted some Japanese but destroyed
local idols and shrines, turned temples into Christian schools or churches
European intervened in local politics
The Christians are ExpelledThe Christians are Expelled
Edict prohibited Christian activities Expulsion of all missionaries Prohibited foreign trade Closed foreign factories except one owned by
Dutch on Hirado Island and at Nagasaki
The Tokugawa “Great Peace”The Tokugawa “Great Peace” Ruled through a coalition of daimyo and a council
of elders State divided into territories, han Daimyo had to have two residences
Families left at Edo Economic problems
Social system Changes with samurai system
The Tokugawa “Great Peace” cont’dThe Tokugawa “Great Peace” cont’d Seeds of Capitalism
Commercial expansion Major cities Consumer culture Impact on the samurai Ronin
Land Problems Impact on rural population Low population growth
The Tokugawa “Great Peace” cont’dThe Tokugawa “Great Peace” cont’d
Life in the Village Bakufu Ie Role of women
Tokugawa CultureTokugawa Culture
The Literature of the New Middle Class Saikaku (1642-1693) Theater
• Kabuki Basho (1644-1694)
• Hokku• Haiku
Tokugawa Art Castle building/décor and furnishings Influence of other cultures Influence of “Dutch Learning” Woodblock Printing
The Siege of Osaka CastleThe Siege of Osaka Castle
Korea: The Hermit KingdomKorea: The Hermit Kingdom Followed the Chinese model Yangban (aristocratic class) Chonmin (slaves) Hangul, phonetic alphabet Growing economy Attempts to keep Korea isolated
Japanese invasion Manchu invasion Relatively untouched by Europeans
Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions
Why were the Manchus so successful at establishing a foreign dynasty in China, and what were the main characteristics of Manchu rule?
How did the society and economy of Japan change during the Tokugawa era, and how did Japanese culture reflect these changes?
How did China and Japan respond to the coming of the Europeans, and what explains the differences?