The Earth and Its Peoples 3 rd edition Chapter 16 The Maritime Revolution, to 1550 Cover Slide...

The Earth and Its Peoples

3rd edition

Chapter 16

The Maritime Revolution, to 1550

Cover Slide

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Arawak women making tortillasThe first Amerindians to encounter Columbus were the Arawak of Hispaniola (modern Haiti and the Dominican Republic). They cultivated maize (corn), cassava (a tuber), sweet potatoes, and hot peppers, as well as cotton and tobacco. This sixteenth-century woodcut depicts techniques of food preparation in the West Indies. The woman at the left grinds cornmeal on a metate. The woman in the center pats cornmeal dough flat and fries the tortillas. The third woman serves tortillas with a bowl of stew. (Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University)

Arawak women making tortillas


Ca' d'OroTravel and long-term residence in the Muslim East gave Venetian merchants familiarity with Islamic architecture. Inspired by what they saw, and using Islamic motifs, Venetian merchants built palaces that served both as headquarters for their businesses and as family homes. The Contarini family, whose colossal fortune rested on banking and commerce, built this palace--the Ca' d'Oro--on the Grand Canal. Ca is an abbreviation of casa (house), a term of modesty to distinguish it from palazzo (palace), a word reserved for the doge's residence. Because the exterior was gilded, it was called the House of Gold. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)

Ca' d'Oro


Cantino MapThe Cantino Map was named for the agent secretly commissioned to design it in Lisbon for the Duke of Ferrara, an avid Italian map collector. It reveals such a good knowledge of the African continent, of the islands of the West Indies, and of the shoreline of present-day Venezuela, Guiana, and Brazil that modern scholars suspect there may have been clandestine voyages to the Americas shortly after Columbus's. (Biblioteca Estense, Modena)

Cantino Map


Dutch world mapThe stunningly beautiful maps and globes of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe were the most complete, detailed, and useful representations of the earth that any society had ever produced. The best mapmaker of the century was Gerhard Kremer, who is remembered as Mercator (the merchant) because his maps were so useful to European ocean traders. In his maps Mercator drew the lines of longitude in parallel lines, to represent the spherical globe on a flat map. Sailors could then plot their course by drawing a straight line between their point of departure and their destination. However, his projection greatly exaggerated the size of every landmass and body of water distant from the equator, as we see in this Dutch world map that clearly shows the distortions. (Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum)

Dutch world map


Marco Polo's headless peopleMedieval Christians believed that wondrous peoples lived beyond the borders of Christendom. Images of headless or one-legged men were usually included in travel accounts. This illustration from Marco Polo's Travels shows what many Europeans expected to find when they traveled. (Bibliotheque nationale de France)

Marco Polo's headless people


Mexico-Spanish encounterOn May 23, 1520, Pedro de Alvarado, one of Cortes's captains, massacred Mexican nobles who had been dancing during a religious celebration. This illustration from the Codex Duran depicts the Mexican counterattack. The Spaniards took refuge in the palace, where the Mexicans besieged them. The difference in weapons is striking: The Mexicans are armed with spears, the Spaniards with firearms and crossbows. The colorful dress of the Mexicans--indicating that this was a ceremonial rite for them--contrasts with the dull metallic gray of the Spaniards' armor. The location of these events is indicated by the glyph for Mexico-Tenochtitlan (the cactus) seen above the Mexican warriors. (Instit Amatller d'Art Hispanic)

Mexico-Spanish encounter


Pepper harvestTo break the monotony of their bland diet, Europeans had a passion for pepper, which--along with cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and ginger--was the main object of the Asian trade. One kilo of pepper cost 2 grams of silver at the place of production in the East Indies; 10 to 14 grams in Alexandria, Egypt; 14 to 18 grams in Venice; and 20 to 30 grams at the markets of northern Europe. Thus, we can appreciate the fifteenth-century expression "as dear as pepper." Here natives fill vats, and the dealer tastes a peppercorn for pungency. (Bibliotheque nationale de France)

Pepper harvest


Polynesian canoesPacific Ocean mariners sailing canoes such as these, shown in an eighteenth-century painting, made epic voyages of exploration and settlement. A large platform connects two canoes at the left, providing more room for the members of the expedition, and a sail supplements the paddlers. This painting depicts Tereoboo, King of Owyhee, bringing presents to Captain Cook. (Courtesy, The Dixon Library, State Library of New South Wales)

Polynesian canoes


Portuguese in IndiaIn the sixteenth century Portuguese men moved to the Indian Ocean basin to work as administrators and traders. This Indo-Portuguese drawing from about 1540 shows a Portuguese man speaking to an Indian woman, perhaps making a proposal of marriage. (Biblioteca Casanatense, Rome. Photo: Humberto Nicoletti Serra)

Portuguese in India


Vessels off Java CoastThis sixteenth-century Dutch engraving shows four types of vessels off the Java Coast. Clockwise from top: a Javanese trading sailboat; a Chinese junk, a flatbottomed ship with high poop (exposed partial deck) and battens (material to fasten down hatches in foul weather); a local fishing boat; and a Javanese junk. (From Lodewycksk, 1598)

Vessels off Java Coast


Map: The Aztec Empire, 1519

The Aztec Empire, 1519The Aztecs controlled much of central Mexico. The Maya survived in the Yucatan peninsula and some of the present day Guatemala. Notice the number of cities. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: European Exploration and Conquest, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

European Exploration and Conquest, Fifteenth and Sixteenth CenturiesThe voyages of discovery marked another phase in the centuries-old migrations of European peoples. Consider the major contemporary significance of each of the three voyages depicted on the map. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: Exploration and Settlement in Indian and Pacific Oceans Before 1500

Exploration and Settlement in Indian and Pacific Oceans Before 1500Over many centuries mariners originating in Southeast Asia gradually colonized the islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The Chinese voyages led by Zheng He in the fifteenth century were lavish official expeditions. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: Middle America to 1533

Middle America to 1533Early Amerindian voyages from South America brought new settlers to the West Indies and western Mexico. The arrival of Europeans in 1492 soon led to the conquest and depopulation of Amerindians. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


The Earth and Its Peoples 3 rd edition Chapter 16 The Maritime Revolution, to 1550 Cover Slide...

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