The Early Modern World (1450-1750). Key Characteristics Beginning of globalization Modern science...
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Transcript of The Early Modern World (1450-1750). Key Characteristics Beginning of globalization Modern science...
Key Characteristics
• Beginning of globalization
• Modern science
• Growing European presence in world affairs
Key Characteristics
• Beginning of globalization– Colonization of Americas
– Atlantic slave trade
– Global silver trade
– Columbian Exchange
– Missionaries
– Demographic changes
The World in 1492
Middle East
India China Russia
Ottomans and Safavids
Dehli Sultanate
Ming Dynasty
Empire building
European Empire Building
• Distinctive because separated by an ocean (not connected by land)
• Up until this point Asia, India, and Middle East were centers of power
• Europe had marginal position in world of Eurasian commerce
• Not initially clear that balance of power will sway to Europe
Geographic Advantages
• Closer to Americas than Asia• No monsoon winds across the Atlantic Ocean
(unlike Indian Ocean)• Rich markets in Indian Ocean provided little
incentive for Chinese, Indians, and Muslims to look elsewhere
• Guns, germs, and steel enable Europeans to conquer Native Americans
China Europe
Ships Zheng He had hundreds of ships up to 400 feet long
Columbus had 3 ships, da Gama had 4 ships about 85 feet long
Motivation Did not seek conquest or colonies (already had tremendous wealth)
Unified state that closed doors to outsiders
Had already proven their greatness
No religious agenda
Seeking wealth of Africa and Asia
Competing states and rivalries
Looking to prove themselves
Religious agenda (spread Christianity)
China’s withdrawal from Indian Ocean trade facilitated European entry. Europeans did not have to compete with China’s huge treasure ships.
Moving forward:
-China continues to become productive and self-sufficient
Moving forward:
-Europe looks to overseas possessions to expand production
Reasons for Overseas Trade
• Growing merchant class in Europe during Renaissance
• Ottoman Empire blocks land routes• Increase in navigation technology
– Prince Henry the Navigator (school in Portugal)– Compass (from Chinese)– Astrolabe (from Muslims)– Caravel– Mercator Projection
Mercator Projection
• New map invented in 1569• Map that shows shapes accurately, but distorts
size• Excellent for navigation – showed true
direction of places in relation to each other
Sextant
• Invented 1500 (very early version)• Determined altitude of sun or stars • Helped find latitude of the ship
Key Explorers
• Diaz: sailed from Portugal to tip of Africa and back
• Da Gama: sailed from Portugal around Africa to Asia
• Columbus: sailed west to Americas
• Magellan: first to circumnavigate the world
Space-Time Compression, 1492–1962
Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the Earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.
Columbian Exchange
• Global exchange of ideas, resources, animals, plants
• Also included ideas, diseases, people
• Total transformation of lives all over world
WESTERN HEMISPHERE(AMERICAS)
EASTERN HEMISPHERE(EUROPE, AFRICA, )
FOOD CROPS
Corn, potatoes, cassava, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, pumpkins, squash, beans (navy, lima, kidney, string), peppers (bell, chili), pineapples, peanuts, pecans, cashews, avocados, papayas, cocoa beans, vanilla beans, wild rice
Wheat, oats, barley, Asian rice, sugarcane, soybeans, radishes, lettuce, onions, okra, chickpeas, olives, grapes, peaches, pears, oranges, lemons, coffee, watermelons, bananas
PLANTS Cotton, tobacco, marigolds
Dandelions, crabgrass, bluegrass, roses, daises
ANIMALS AND INSECTS
Turkeys, hummingbirds, rattlesnakes, gray squirrels, guinea pigs, muskrats, potato beetles
Cows, horses, goats, sheep, pigs, chickens, elephants, house cats, Mediterranean fruit flies, Japanese beetles, sparrows, mice, rats
Spread of Christianity
• Spanish and Portuguese saw overseas expansion as a way to spread Christianity (God, gold, glory)
• Portuguese missionaries in Africa and Asia• Spanish and French missionaries in Americas• Great success in Spanish Americas and
Philippines
What is another result of the Columbian
Exchange?
Effect: Spread of ChristianitySignificance: Native Americans often forced to convert (Latin America today is mostly Catholic)
What is another result of the Columbian Exchange?
Effect: Spread of diseaseSignificance: Millions of Native Americans died from smallpox (destroyed civilizations)
What is another result of the Columbian Exchange?
Effect: Forced labor of Native AmericansSignificance: Native Americans forced to work on their own land under terrible conditions
What is another result of the Columbian
Exchange?
Effect: Beginning of slave tradeSignificance: Africans replace Native Americans as the labor force (triangular trade)
Mercantilism
• Economic policy stating that a country’s power depended mainly on its wealth
1.Set up colonies
2.Obtain as much gold and silver as possible from colonies
3.Establish a favorable balance of trade
Long Term Benefits of Atlantic Trade
• Colonies become extension of European civilizations (language, religion)
• Americas eventually allow Europe to become a world power
Silver Trade
• Silver mines in Mexico and Peru fueled trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific commerce
• Enabled Europeans to buy Chinese silk, tea, and porcelain
Colonial Structure in the Americas
• Spanish were early starters– Earliest cities, universities, and churches in new
world– Silver/gold mining– Commercial agriculture (cash crops)
• Encomienda system: forced labor of Native Americans
• Spanish colonization generated new societies and new races
• Sought 3 G’s – God, gold, glory
Peninsulares –People born in Spain
Creoles – People of European descent
born in the colonies
Native Americans and Africans
Mestizos – People of mixed Native American and European descent
Mulattoes – People of mixed African and European descent
Social Structure of Spanish colonies
King of Spain
Viceroy Viceroy Viceroy
Government in the Spanish colonies
Viceroy = representatives appointed by the king to rule over provinces in Spanish colonies
Cultural Blending
• Religious syncretism: Christian saints blended with indigenous gods (magic, folk medicine, communion with dead)– Native American beliefs blended with Christianity– Churches replaced temples as centers of cities
• New races: – Mestizos were blends of European and Native
American races (Mexico, Peru)– Mulattoes were blends of European and Africans
(Brazil, Caribbean)
The Aztec city of Tenochtitlan was built on an island in Lake Texcoco. The center of the city was dominated by the Templo Mayor. The twin shrines on the top of the temple were dedicated to the Aztec God of rain and agriculture (blue) and Aztec god of war (red).
Lady of Guadalupe
• Juan Diego (Aztec converted to Christianity)
• Claims he saw Virgin Mary on Tempeyac Hill
• Gathered flowers in tilma (garment)
• Image of Virgin Mary appeared where flowers had been
Sugar Colonies
• Brazil and Caribbean• Sugar in high demand in Europe• Colonies set up almost exclusively for export• Labor intensive (slave labor)• About 80% of captured Africans went to these
areas
North America
• England got later start and North America initially seen as leftovers
• Cash crops: tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo• Much less racial mixing• Sharply defined races• Settler colonies: many came for religious
freedom (Puritans, Quakers)
The potato was first introduced to Ireland in 1589 when British explorer Sir Walter Raleigh first planted them at his Irish estate. Legend has it that he made a gift of the potato plant to Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603). The local gentry were invited to a royal banquet featuring the potato in every course. Unfortunately, the cooks were uneducated in the matter of potatoes, tossed out the lumpy-looking tubers and brought to the royal table a dish of boiled stems and leaves (which are poisonous), which promptly made everyone deathly ill. The potatoes were then banned from court. However, once the Irish became potato experts, this vegetable soon became a staple in Irish diets. The Irish became so dependent on this crop that when a disease destroyed potato crops in the late 1840s, millions died of starvation. This potato famine (or Great Famine) left many poverty stricken families with no choice but to struggle for survival or emigrate out of Ireland. Towns became deserted, and all the best shops closed because store owners were forced to emigrate due to the amount of unemployment. Over one and a half million people left Ireland for North America and Australia. Over just a few years, the population of Ireland dropped by one half, from about 9 million to little more than 4 million.
So basically, the introduction of the potato from the Americas to Ireland later led to the introduction of the Irish to the Americas!!