The Early Middle Ages - WordPress.com...Visigoths 12/1/2011 3 Rome’s Population (est.) over Time <...
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The Early Middle Ages
Chapter 9
Outline
• Collapse of Rome led to development of new ways of life in Europe
• Charlemagne revived the idea of empire
• Vikings terrorized Europe
• Feudalism became the basis for government
New Ways of Life Developed in Europe
• Roman civilization collapsed– Trade and towns– Illiteracy
• Personal ties replaced citizenship• Christianity wins new followers
– Missionaries– The Franks under Clovis
• Monastic Life– Benedictine Rule– Achievements of the Monasteries
• Gregory expands Papal power
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Reasons for Rome’s Collapse
• Re-assertion of local loyalties
• Decline in the quality of the Roman army
• Invasion of the Germanic Tribes across the Rhine-Danube frontier--motivation for invasions--Fear of the Huns--The invasion of the Visigoths
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Rome’s Population (est.) over Time
< - Middle Ages ->
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Warfare disrupts trade
• Collapse of trade = death for cities
• Roman rule ends
• Citizens migrate to the countryside– Small farms
• Western Europe population becomes overwhelmingly rural
Were the “Dark Ages” dark?
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Personal ties replace citizenship
• Germanic kingdoms replace Roman Provinces
• Family ties outweigh citizenship
• Personal loyalties outweigh observance of the rule of public law
• No obligations to foreign or distant kings
Christianity wins new followers
• The Roman Catholic Church endures
• Christian missionaries travel among the Germanic and Celtic tribes (~300-400 CE)– Patrick returns to and
converts Ireland in 432 CE
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Conversion of Clovis
• Politics and religion find common ground– Clovis’ wife
encourages his conversion to Catholicism
• Anti-Arianism
– Beginning of a Frankish and Catholic Church partnership
Two views of the Feudal Triangle
• Feudalism had political and economic elements
• The social structure also defined political and economic relationships
Workers, Warriors & Worshippers
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Loss of Literacy
• Barbarians did not read or write
• Multiple languages and dialects– Latin evolves French, Spanish, Italian
– German
• Roman citizens de-emphasize learning
• Priests are the only literate members of society
Monastic Life• Without cities, Bishops lose
influence• Monasteries arise as Christian
communities– Simple life without
possessions– Devotion to worship and
prayer– Poverty, Chastity,
Obedience• Benedictine Rule
– Spiritual and Administrative Guidance for Monastic Life
• Sister Scholastica
Monastic Achievements
• Islands of stability• Best-governed
communities• Most-educated
communities– Schools– Libraries– “Publishing”
• Preservation of Rome’s intellectual heritage
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Gregory Expands Papal Authority
• Papacy becomes a political as well as a spiritual force– Armies– Road repair– Relief for the poor
• Pope as “Mayor” of Rome• Missionary expeditions• Influential Author
– Dialogues– Pastoral Care
• Papal responsibility not limited by borders
• The idea of a Churchly Kingdom - Christendom
Key Terms
• Ordeal
• Medieval
• Dark Ages
• Literacy
• Monastery
• Abbot
• Patrick
• Clovis
• Arianism
• Benedict
• Scholastica
• Gregory I
• Lombards
• Christendom
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Charlemagne Revived the idea of Empire
• Clovis’ descendants lost power– Merovingian Kings
• Major domo (Mayor of the Palace)
• Pope names Pepin king
• Charlemagne extended Frankish power, strengthened his rule, revived learning
• Pope names Charlemagne emperor
• Charlemagne’s heirs rule weakly
Problems of Succession
• Clovis’ descendants were known as Merovingians– Also known as “the long-haired kings”
• 275 years of (not peaceful) rule
• When a Merovingian king died, his sons treated the kingdom as private property– Civil war and conflict
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Clovis I
• From petty King to ruler of the largest European Kingdom
Major domo
• By 700 CE, the power of the Merovingian kings shrank to nearly nothing
• Palace officials known as the major domo (mayor of the palace) held the real power– Governed in the king’s name
• 714 CE – Charles Martel held the position of major domo
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Pepin the Short
• Pepin’s ambitions were larger than his father’s
• He wanted to be king, not just major domo
• Correspondence with Pope Stephen II led to Pepin being named “King by the Grace of God”
• Kings gain spiritual power
Impact on the Church
• Victories over the Lombards
• Pope gains political power
• Conflict between Popes and Kings
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Charlemagne extends Frankish Power
• Charlemagne founds the Carolingian dynasty
• Physical strength and energy inspires personal loyalty
• Direct command of the armies
Seeds of the Feudal System
• Landowners called to the capital
• Nobles bring followers equipped for battle
Charlemagne’s Empire
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Royal Officials Administer the Empire
Division of the Empire
Key Terms
• Knight
• Count
• Missi dominici
• Carolingian miniscule
• Franks
• Merovingians
• Major domo (mayor of the palace)
• Charles Martel
• Pepin the Short
• Papal States
• Charlemagne
• Carolingians
• Treaty of Verdun
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Viking “Terror”
• Skilled seafarers
• Widespread settlement
• End of an Era
Skilled Seamen
Feudalism
• Lords and Vassals exchange vows
• Vassals serve in war and peace
• Manors are the economic side of feudalism
• Peasant duties on the manor
• Harsh manor life
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Feudal Triangle
Bonds between Lord & Vassal
• Begin with personal loyalty• Oath = contract• Investiture = symbolic act passing control
of a piece of land to a vassal• Fiefs were divided to raise armies• Benefits included responsiveness to raids,
fortifications of key holdings• Weaknesses included divided loyalties,
confusing relationships
Vassals serve in times of war and peace
• Vassals required to fight when called– 40 days of combat, on horseback, per year– Extensive, specialized training
• Women and church leaders held estates– Women might inherit– Church leaders might fight
• Peacetime duties included – Courts of justice– Administrative, including tax collection– Finance– Written records
• Public power becomes private
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Manors
• Manor = economic unit
• Self-sufficient
• Serfs bound to the land
• Free peasants technically able to leave the manor
Civilization
• Growth of Cities
• Specialized Workers
• Writing
• Advanced Technology
• Complex Institutions