The Early Industrial The Early Industrial RevolutionRevolution

1750-18501750-1850

Transformative Qualities of Transformative Qualities of IndustrializationIndustrialization

1. Mode of Production 1. Mode of Production

2. Mode of Reproduction2. Mode of Reproduction

3. Traditional Economy/Ecology3. Traditional Economy/Ecology

I. Changes in the I. Changes in the Traditional EconomyTraditional Economy

1. 2nd Agricultural Revolution1. 2nd Agricultural Revolution

2. Enclosure2. Enclosure

3. Population explosion3. Population explosion

A. 2nd Agricultural A. 2nd Agricultural Revolution, 1750 - 1920Revolution, 1750 - 1920

1. Scientific Farming1. Scientific FarmingJethro TullJethro Tull

““Thick as a brick”Thick as a brick”

2. Early genetics2. Early genetics

Gregor Mendel, 1830sGregor Mendel, 1830s

3. New crops 3. New crops social history of the turnipsocial history of the turnip clover clover carbohydrates/colonies carbohydrates/colonies

4. Crop rotation replaced4. Crop rotation replaced- extensive to intensive fertilization- extensive to intensive fertilization

5. Selective animal breeding5. Selective animal breeding

6. Agricultural fairs6. Agricultural fairs

Transformation from folk culture to Transformation from folk culture to modern technologymodern technology

B. Enclosure MovementB. Enclosure Movement

1. 1500-1750: Price Revolution1. 1500-1750: Price Revolution

2. Social dislocation2. Social dislocation

C. Population ExplosionC. Population Explosion

1. Demographic Transition Theory1. Demographic Transition Theory

DR falls, BRDR falls, BR

remains highremains high

BR eventually BR eventually

declinesdeclines

2. Malthus, 2. Malthus, An Essay on the An Essay on the

Principles of Population Principles of Population (1798)(1798)

““natural checks” on populationnatural checks” on population

What do you do with excess people?What do you do with excess people?

3. ecological disaster?3. ecological disaster?

”I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled ...”

Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal (1729)

II. Changes in the II. Changes in the Traditional EconomyTraditional Economy

A. Cottage IndustryA. Cottage Industry

1. Based on piece-work 1. Based on piece-work

- the entrepreneur- the entrepreneur

2. Increasing dependence on 2. Increasing dependence on manufacturingmanufacturing- changing families- changing families

B. Release of capitalB. Release of capital

1. Market revolution & the merchant 1. Market revolution & the merchant classclass

2. Warfare & trade2. Warfare & trade

C. The Capitalist EthicC. The Capitalist Ethic

1. Enlightened self-interest1. Enlightened self-interest

2. Adam Smith, 2. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776)The Wealth of Nations (1776)

- economic liberalism- economic liberalism

- “invisible hand”- “invisible hand”

III. Template for III. Template for IndustrializationIndustrialization

A. ResourcesA. Resources

1. Narrow, swift streams1. Narrow, swift streams

2. Textiles – 2. Textiles – leading industryleading industry

3. Coal3. Coal

4. People4. People

enclosureenclosure

agricultureagriculture

B. Efficient Banking B. Efficient Banking SystemSystem

1. 1693 - Bank of England; joint stock 1. 1693 - Bank of England; joint stock companiescompanies

C. TechnologyC. Technology

1. Culture of Science1. Culture of Science

2. Steam engine - 1758 James Watt2. Steam engine - 1758 James Watt

D. King CottonD. King Cotton

1. Cotton gin - American, Indian, 1. Cotton gin - American, Indian, Egyptian sourcesEgyptian sources

Eli WhitneyEli Whitney

short-staple short-staple cottoncotton