The Early Industrial and The Early Industrial and Transportation RevolutionTransportation Revolution

Chapter 14 Chapter 14

The Early Industrial and The Early Industrial and Transportation RevolutionTransportation Revolution

Chapter 14 Chapter 14

1. Population growth• 1800 = 5.5 million to 33 million by 1861• 13 states to 33 states by 1861 • Expansion of cities

2. Flow of Immigration – 1830’s to 1860’s• Why? Potato famine and European problem

• Irish• German 48er’s

• Hated by “Nativists”

3. Transformation of American Industry• Industrial Revolution – why?

• American System• Sectionalism

• Industrial pioneers

Westward Movement

Americans marched quickly toward west very hard w/ disease & loneliness

Frontier people were individualistic, superstitious & ill-informed

Westward movement molded environment

tobacco exhausted land “Kentucky blue grass” thrived

Ecological Imperialism

Am. Fur trappers practiced the “rendezvous system” Met w/ traders in St. Louis and Rocky Mountains to trade furs for goods=virtual extinction of beavers, bison etc.)

Led to conservation movement-Yellowstone Park 1872

5.3

mil

lion

Population Growth from 1620 to 1860

City growth

Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by

1850

The March of the Millions The March of the Millions The March of the Millions The March of the Millions

High birthrate accounted for population growth

Population doubling every 25 years

Near 1850s, millions of Irish, German came Beginning in 1830, immigration in the US

soared

Irish ImmigrationIrish Immigration Irish Potato Famine 1845-1849 Main ports of entry – New York,

Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston Irish were too poor to move inland and

farm so they stayed in the cities Boston did not particularly like the Irish –

catholic, illiterate, poor “No Irish need apply!” NINA posted at

factory gates Ancient Order of Hibernians

Benevolent society to help Irish Spawned “Molly Maguires” (miners union)

Gradually improved and became active politically

NY’s Tammany Hall, Irish political machine

German ImmigrationGerman ImmigrationMost Germans came due to crop

failuresGermans better off than Irish, came west,

many to WisconsinA few were political refugees from

collapse of democratic revolutions in 1848

German contributions include Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree, kindergarten, and abolitionists

Some Americans were suspicious because they tried to preserve language, culture and lived in separate communities, and drank beer

Sources of Immigration,

1820-40

Sources of Immigration,

1820-40

Sources of Immigration,

1840-60

Sources of Immigration,

1840-60

Settlements of ImmigrantsSettlements of Immigrants

•Irish in Northeastern cities: New York and Boston

•Germans would settle in Midwest

Early NativismEarly Nativism American “nativists” feared 1840s &

1850s invasion of immigrants Took jobs, Roman Catholicism grew Catholics built their own schools, were #1

denomination by 1850 1849: Nativists form Order of the

Star-Spangled Banner, developed into “Know-Nothing” party

Wanted immigration restrictions Nativists occasionally violent, burned

Boston convent (1834) Philadelphia Irish fought back, 13 killed

in several days of fighting (1844)

A shift from goods made by hand to factory and mass production

Technological innovations brought production from farmhouse to factories Invented in Britain in 1750; smuggled to U.S. Beginning of US Factory System

US slow to embrace factory system (WHY?) Scarce labor Little capital Superiority of British factories

Promote nationalism was internal improvements to unite the US.

•Transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers.•1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation•1860, the railroad is added

american system

Provide economic growth •Americans buying American goods •American self-sufficiency.•Protective tariff (allows US factories to grow)•2nd Bank of the United States

3 Sections working together to build the country

Henry Clay, Congressmen

from Kentucky

Henry Clay, Congressmen

from Kentucky

John C. Calhoun, US Senator from South

Carolina

John C. Calhoun, US Senator from South

Carolina

EconomyEconomy

LeaderLeader

____________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmentGovernment

NORTHEASTNORTHEAST•Business and Business and

ManufacturingManufacturing•Daniel WebsterDaniel Webster

________________________•Wanted TariffsWanted Tariffs•Backed internal Backed internal

improvementsimprovements•Wanted end to Wanted end to

cheap public cheap public landland

•Increasingly Increasingly nationalisticnationalistic

•Against Slavery Against Slavery and believed the and believed the U.S. Govt. must U.S. Govt. must

abolish it.abolish it.

SOUTHSOUTH•Cotton growingCotton growing

•John C. John C. CalhounCalhoun

__________________________•Opposed tariffs Opposed tariffs and government and government

spending on spending on American American

SystemSystem•Increasingly Increasingly supportive of supportive of states’ rightsstates’ rights

•Pro-slavery and Pro-slavery and opposed any opposed any

steps of the U.S. steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and Govt. to try and

abolish it.abolish it.

EconomyEconomy

LeaderLeader

____________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmentGovernment

WESTWEST•Frontier Frontier

agricultureagriculture•Henry ClayHenry Clay

__________________________•Supported Supported

internal internal improvements improvements •Wanted cheap Wanted cheap

landland•Loyal to the Loyal to the

U.S. Govt.U.S. Govt.•Against Against

slavery but slavery but some supported some supported

letting the letting the people decide people decide

the slavery the slavery issueissue

EconomyEconomy

LeaderLeader

____________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmentGovernment

Population shift because of westward expansion the West demanded transportation. The Land Act of 1820, gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80

acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash

Erie Canal started in 1817 and completed in 1825 NY Governor DeWitt Clinton built the Erie Canal Connected New York City from Hudson River with the Great Lakes and the West

Clinton’s Big Ditch--------Other canals follow

Navigable rivers and the steamboat the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

HighwaysBad roads made transportation highly

unreliable

The National Road begun in 1811 and completed by 1832 Connected Maryland to Illinois. Built by US government

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s

•Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and

the infant industry.

•Because of the British

blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for

internal transportation improvements.

The Railroad Revolution,1850s

The Railroad Revolution,1850s

1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy

Americans demanded transcontinental railroad to California. Completed by 1869.

Pioneer Railroad PromotersPioneer Railroad Promoters1800 to 1850: Roads, canals, navigable

rivers with steamboats were the main modes of transportation.

1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy

Competition between Railroads and Canals

Obstacles opposition from canal backers danger of fire poor brakes difference in track gauge meant changing trains

Map rr

Effects of the Transportation Revolution

Effects of the Transportation Revolution

1860-61, Pony Express connected East-West

Telegraph instantly sent messages across US

Attraction of many large capital investments and encouraged risk taking in the US economy

People moved faster and country expanded Unifying spirit among fellow country men A need for a transcontinental railroad that

connected east to west

•Telegraph revolutionized communication

•Would replace the Pony Express by

1861

Trails

•Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

•Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories. •Slater came to US to make his fortune in the textile industry.

•Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill

of its day

Samuel Slater was the "Father of the "Father of the American Factory American Factory

System."System."

Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom

The Lowell MillsThe Lowell MillsAmericans beat the British at their

own game, made better factoriesFrancis C Lowell (a British

“traitor”) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody Together they improved the mill and

invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing

The Lowell System Lowell,

Massachusetts, 1832

Young New England farm girls Supervised on and off the job Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a day Escorted to church on Sunday

Women & the EconomyWomen & the Economy1850: 10% of white women working for

pay outside home Vast majority of working women were single Left paying jobs upon marriage

“Cult of domesticity” Cultural idea that glorifies homemaker

Empowers married women Increased power & independence of women in

home led to decline in family size

Workers & Wage Slaves

Workers & Wage Slaves

With industrial revolution, large impersonal factories surrounded by slums full of “wage slaves” developed

Long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions, lack of heat, etc.

Labor unions illegal

1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10

Workers & Wage SlavesWorkers & Wage Slaves1820s & 1830s: right to vote for

laborers Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved

conditions Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better

conditions

1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for higher wages or 10-hour day 1837 depression hurt union membership

Commonwealth v. Hunt Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal

conspiracies as long as they were peaceful

•1830s, Industrialization

grew throughout the North…

•Southern cotton shipped to Northern

textile mills was a good working relationship.

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try

anything. anything.

They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, then innovators. innovators.

Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try

anything. anything.

They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, then innovators. innovators.1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.

1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “

1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.

1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “

•Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry.

•He is also noted for the concept of mass production and

interchangeable parts by creating dyes for pistols and rifles.

•Very important early pioneer in America’s industrial revolution.

Cotton Production

The invention which changed

the South, cotton and slavery.

Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine

Cotton gin invented in 1793 50 times more effective than hand picking

Raising cotton more profitable South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton”

New England factories flourish with Southern cotton

1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable

steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel.

The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation

from 1808 through 1930.

1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable

steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel.

The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation

from 1808 through 1930.

John Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel Plow

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

“WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”“WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer1840s

Sewing Machine

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer1840s

Sewing Machine

Perfected by SingerGave boost to northern industry

Became foundation for ready-made clothing industry

Led many women into factories

From left to right: Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Robert Fulton (steam boat), Thomas Edison (light bulb), Cyrus McCormick (reaper), Richard Hoe (automatic printing press)