The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary...

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The Earliest Dynasties Xia – C. 2200 BCE – Organized through village network – Hereditary monarchy – Flood control Shang – 1766-1122 BCE Zhou – 1122-256 BCE

Transcript of The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary...

Page 1: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

The Earliest Dynasties

Xia– C. 2200 BCE– Organized through village

network– Hereditary monarchy– Flood control

Shang– 1766-1122 BCE

Zhou– 1122-256 BCE

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Neolithic village at Ban Po

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The Shang Dynasty

Yellow River

– near the frontier traditional date: 1500 B.C. invaders eventually absorbed

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Shang Dynasty

Bronze metallurgy from 1200 BCE– State monopoly

Horse-drawn chariots, other wheeled vehicles Large armies Political organization: network of fortified cities, loyal

to center– 1000 cities– Capital moved six times

• Impressive architecture at Ao, Yin

Other regional kingdoms coexist: Sanxingdui

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Distinct Characteristics

silk no animal milk or milk products ancestor worship central place of the family

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Operative unit of Society

the family not the individual not the state not the religion

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Other features

ornate architecture chopsticks ideographic script

– still readable by modern Chinese divination

Page 10: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

Oracle bone with early ideographic script

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An example of Shang bronze (religious objects) cast using a “lost wax” process

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More bronze ware, with early ideograms

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A bronze temple bell

-many will strike two distinct and separate notes, depending on which part of the bell is struck

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Page 15: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

Organization

peasants support nobles, officials, bureaucracy, etc.

government centered in towns warrior elite poor live in primitive conditions

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Distinctions

between rich and poor– price of civilization ?

between male and female– infanticide– footbinding– arranged marriages– multiple wives

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Early ideology

Yin and Yang Yin: female, dark, weak, wet, passive Yang: male, bright, strong, dry, active balance of opposites

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End of the Primary Phase

not as serious in China nomadic invaders the Zhou dynasty

– 1027 B.C. replaced one ruling class with another

– “meet the new boss...same as the old boss.”

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Zhou dynasty 1100-256 B.C.

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Zhou (Chou) Dynasty, 1122-256 BCE

No law codes: rule by decree– “Mandate of Heaven”

Aggregation of villages opposed to Shang leadership– Decentralization of authority

Development of cheap iron weaponry ends Shang monopoly on Bronze

Early money economy

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Decline of the Zhou Dynasty

Decentralized leadership style allows for building of regional powers– Increasing local independence, refusal to

pay Zhou taxes Iron metallurgy allows for widespread creation

of weaponry Northern invaders weaken Zhou dynasty,

beginning 8th c BCE 771 B.C. Zhou driven east

– Internal dissention: the Period of the Warring States (403-221 BCE)

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The Eastern Zhou

ruled until 256 B.C. power held by local aristocrats first Chinese literature evolution of bronze technology

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Political theory

the mandate of Heaven universal monarch

– favors consolidation– xenophobic

Emperor is the Son of Heaven feudal monarchy

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The Period of Warring States

771 B.C. dozen-plus states balance of power until 500’s period of consolidation by warfare

– warfare chronic

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The Period of the Warring States, ca. 500 B.C.

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Intellectual development

response to crisis and uncertainty Confucianism

– a sort of philosophy Taoism

– a sort of religion

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Zhou Literature

Confucius Book of Changes

– Manual for divination Book of History Book of Etiquette (Book of Rites) Book of Songs Little survived

– Often written on perishable bamboo strips– Many destroyed by Emperor of Qin dynasty in 221 BCE

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The Good Old Days

breakdown of “traditional family values” no trust or confidence in government

– filled with thieves, liars, and murderers no respect for the ancestors “Why do the wicked flourish?”

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Confucius (ca. 551-479 B.C.)

poor family well-educated in the “classics” ambitious (wanted to be a bureaucrat...) couldn’t get honest work...so he

became a teacher

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Kung Fu-Tse

Tomb of Master Kung

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Confucius, con’t

wrote nothing--his followers wrote about him

difficult to separate myth from fact the Analects

– his “sayings”

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The Analects

looked back to the “good old days” but favored some new ideas along with

the old rejection of the idea of in-born nobility proper training, education, and aptitude

make a “gentleman”– not simply birth into a certain family

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Marks of gentility

goodness, wisdom, courage moderation of outer and inner emotions knowledge of traditional rites dissociation from all men who did not

practice these things– simple satisfaction in the practice of virtue

for its own sake

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Circumstances favoring his ideas lack of mythopoetic urge lack of a strong religious tradition and

experience lack of prophets lack of anthropomorphic gods

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Important Confucian concepts

Ren – innate goodness in human beings

Li – normal standard of conduct the TAO –what is appropriate no speculation on metaphysics

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Confucian Ideas

Ethics and politics– Avoided religion, metaphysics

Junzi: “superior individuals”– Role in government service

Emphasis on Zhou Dynasty texts– later formed core texts of Chinese

education

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Confucius, con’t

a failure? ideas spread by students adopted by the Han dynasty

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Taoism

Mo Tzu: ca. 470-391 B.C. Lao Tzu: 4th or 3rd century

– taught about the Tao

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Taoism

supplied the metaphysical multiple lines of thought very fluid

Page 40: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

Taoism

Critics of Confucianism– Passivism, rejection of active attempts to

change the course of events Founder: Laozi, 6th c. BCE The Tao te Ching (Classic of Way and

of Virtue) Zhuangzi (named for author, 369-236

BCE)

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Basic concepts

pursuit of justice and righteousness Wu wei wu: “

– Doing by not doing.” withdrawal and contemplation withdrawal from society

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#1: The Tao

The tao that can be described is not the eternal Tao. The name that can be spoken is not the eternal Name.

The nameless is the boundary of Heaven and Earth. The named is the mother of creation.

Freed from desire, you can see the hidden mystery. By having desire, you can only see what is visibly real.

Yet mystery and reality emerge from the same source. This source is called darkness.

Darkness born from darkness. The beginning of all understanding.

Page 43: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

#31: Maintaining Peace

Armies are tools of violence;They cause men to hate and fear.The sage will not join them.His purpose is creation;Their purpose is destruction.

Weapons are tools of violence,Not of the sage;He uses them only when there is no choice,And then calmly, and with tact,For he finds no beauty in them.

Whoever finds beauty in weaponsDelights in the slaughter of men;And who delights in slaughterCannot content himself with peace.

So slaughters must be mourned

And conquest celebrated with a funeral.

Page 44: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

The Zhou (Chou) and Qin

rise of the Qin new technology gave land to peasants new military draft new bureaucracy

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The Qin and the Legalist tradition ideology of rule absolute power of the ruler people existed to serve the state destroy Confucian philosophy?

Page 46: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

The First Emperor

Qin Shihuangdi (r. 221-210 BCE) founds new dynasty as “First Emperor”

Dynasty ends in 207, but sets dramatic precedent

Basis of rule: centralized bureacracy Massive public works begun

– Incl. precursor to Great Wall

Page 47: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

Shi Huangdi

united China in 221 B.C. ruled by the Legalist theory massive conscription for labor

Page 48: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

China under the Qin dynasty, 221-207 B.C.E.

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Resistance to Qin Policies

Emperor orders execution of all critics Orders burning of all ideological works Some 460 scholars buried alive Others exiled Massive cultural losses

Page 50: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

Tomb of Shi Huangdi

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Page 52: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

The Great Canal

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Rise of the Han

rebellion of peasants Lui Bang a successful failure

Page 54: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

Han dynasty

ruled for 400 years new bureaucracy emphasis on centralization

– weakening of the aristocracy imperial expansion destruction of the Legalists

Page 55: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

East Asia and central Asia at the time of Han Wudi, Ca. 87 B.C.E.

Page 56: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

The Han Dynasty

Page 57: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

Han society

the Confucian educated elite free peasants non-free peasants improvement in women's’ status beginnings of “secret societies”

Page 58: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

Population Growth in the Han Dynasty

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

220 BCE 9 CE

Population (millions)

General prosperity Increased

agricultural productivity

Taxes small part of overall income

Produce occasionally spoiling in state granaries

Page 59: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

Books:

H.L. Creel. The Birth of China Sebastian De Grazia, ed. Masters of Chinese

Political Thought Mark Elvin. The Patterns of the Chinese Past Michael Loewe. Everyday Life in Ancient

China Laurence G. Thompson. Chinese Religion:

An Introduction Martin Palmer. The Elements of Taoism

Page 60: The Earliest Dynasties n Xia –C. 2200 BCE –Organized through village network –Hereditary monarchy –Flood control n Shang –1766-1122 BCE n Zhou –1122-256.

More Books

Stephen Mitchell. Tao Te Ching Thomas Cleary. The Essential Tao Isabelle Robinet. Taoism: Growth of a

Religion


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