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Transcript of The Dynamic Earth. Earth As A System Four Spheres Geosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere a set...
CHAPTER THREEThe Dynamic Earth
Earth As A System
Four “Spheres”
Geosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere
a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole, in particular
Four “Spheres”
Geosphere12,756 km
(diameter)
Atmosphere1,000 km
HydrosphereAll water, incl
atmospheric water
Biosphere9 km above surface
11 km beneath surface
Sphere Sizes
Demonstration
Lesson
Homework
Plate Tectonics
Idea that lithosphere is broken into plates that slide across asthenosphere
Responsible for current position
of continents Landforms ,
volcanoes, earthquakes
Terms to Note
Plate tectonics Convergent
boundary Divergent
boundary Transform
boundary Subduction Sea-floor
spreading
www.newpathlearning.com
Volcanoes
Born when magma reaches and penetrates earth’s crust—usually at plate boundaries
Melted rock, gas, and
water under intense heat and pressure
http://ees.as.uky.edu/volcano-songs
Volcanoes
Occurs between both continental and oceanic plates
Can form: On land
At divergent boundaries
At convergent boundaries
Volcanoes
Occurs between both continental and oceanic plates
Can form: Underwater
At divergent boundaries
At convergent boundaries
Ring around the pacific plate where 75% of world’s volcanoes occur
Ring of Fire
Spots where volcanoes occur AWAY from plate boundaries simply because magma has come
close to the surface
Hot Spots
Example: Hawaiian Islands
Eruptions Can be quiet or
explosive Can cause lots of
damage Environmental Effects:
Forms rocks silica, basalt, pumice,
obsidian, rhyolite Kills vegetation Changes atmosphere
Dust, ash, climateParacutinVideo OneVideo Two
Weathering and Erosion Erosion- removal and
transport of surface material
Can occur because of wind or water
Can be mechanical, chemical, or both Demonstrations
Frost wedging- a common form of weathering in temperate regions Demonstration Violent Hawaii
Circle the gentlest slope in RED. (Merna)
Circle the steepest slope in BLUE. (Grace)
Color in the peak of the landform in GREEN. (Jules)
Draw a rough profile of the section from G-H. (Ann-Houston and Bridget)
What kind of landform is this? (Rachel)
Circle the gentlest slope in RED. (Merna)
Circle the steepest slope in BLUE. (Grace)
Color in the peak of the landform in GREEN. (Jules)
Draw a rough profile of the section from G-H. (Ann-Houston and Bridget)
What kind of landform is this? (Rachel)
3.2—The Atmosphere
What is the atmosphere?
Atmos = vapor, steam (Greek) Combination of gases which surrounds
earth and makes life sustainable About 50 km thick (31 miles) Divided into layers based on
temperature and pressure changes
Remember– this was the 1.0m long section of our demonstration outside…
Functions of the Atmosphere Protection of all life from dangerous sun rays Allows sunlight in Protects from drastic temperature variation (insulates earth) Transports energy and water vapor Stores nitrogen and CO2 (for plants) and oxygen (for
animals) Protects from smaller meteorites
Atmosphere Profiles Homework Check1. Draw the line that you came up
with in RED. (Ava)
2. Draw a BLUE bracket around the troposphere. (Catherine)
3. Draw a GREEN bracket around the Stratosphere. (Grace)
4. Draw a BLACK bracket around the thermosphere. (Alice)
5. What is the temperature range of the atmosphere surrounding an airplane at cruising altitude? (Christine)
___________ ºC
6. Write on the profile where the aurora borealis originates. (Kathy)
Atmosphere Profiles
Layers of the Atmosphere
Pauses
Aurora BorealisVideo
Homework– For MONDAY
Read article on ozone layer and global warming Answer questions
We will USE this information for a discussion
Homework Check
Alice
Christine
Catherine
Kathy
Ava and Jules
Energy in the Atmosphere
Remember– part of purpose of atmosphere is
Letting sunlight in Keeping bad sun rays out Insulating
Remember– Energy is neither created nor
destroyed—only transferred.
Heat and light are forms of ENERGY
Energy in the Atmosphere
So…2 questions: Where does the energy (heat and
light) on earth come from? How is it transferred?
3 mechanisms for heat transfer:
1)Radiation2)Conduction3)Convection
Textbook, p. 74-75
1) Radiation Moves E through SPACE as WAVES
Reaches earth as electromagnetic radiation Includes visible light, infrared radiation, and
ultraviolet (UV) light
Only about 2 billionths of this E from sun hits earth Of this E, ½ reaches the Earth’s surface
Where does the rest go?
DEMONSTRATION
Things that are NOT touching each other
1) Radiation
Textbook, p. 74-75
2) Conduction Moves E from one object to another
Warmth emitted by earth’s surface is reabsorbed by the air at the surface Which layer of the atmosphere touches the
earth’s surface?
DEMONSTRATION
Between two things in contact with one another
2) Convection Moves E from one fluid to another
Occurs because of DENSITY differences Warm air is LESS DENSE than cool air, so it
______________ When the warm air cools, it is MORE DENSE, so it
_________________ Creates CONVECTION CURRENTS
Occurs in molten rock, air, and water Responsible for WEATHER
DEMONSTRATION
Fluid includes air, water, AND molten rock
Research Groups
Assignment Tasks: Gather in (+/-) groups
(+) meets in back of classroom (-) meets in front of classroom
Make a plan for Friday’s discussion What does it mean to be +/- in this
debate? Discuss research so far
Concerns? Good finds?
Begin Making ROUGH outline
You have until 9:25.
Common Confusion (homework) Ozone Layer Greenhouse
EffectWhere is it? (Grace)
What does it do? (Kathy)
How does pollution affect it?(Rachel)
What are the issues? (Merna)
Common Confusion
Ozone Layer Greenhouse Effect
Where is it? Concentrated in Stratosphere
Throughout atmosphere
What does it do? Blocks OUT harmful UV rays
Keeps enough radiation IN
How does pollution affect it?
Depleted by pollution Increased by pollution
What are the issues? Ozone thinning = too many UV rays
Too many greenhouse gases = rise in global temperature
Review Picture (#29)
Question: Talk about it
• Which type of heat transfer is MOST important in the atmosphere?
• Why?
Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse gases insulate earth and keep enough warmth IN
Mostly water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide
TOO many greenhouse gases keeps TOO much warmth in
3.3– The Hydrosphere and Biosphere
3.3– The Hydrosphere and Biosphere
Review:• Spheres of the earth
(4)• Geosphere• Atmosphere• Hydrosphere• Biosphere
• Earth is a SYSTEM• Biosphere largely
dependent on hydrosphere
Hydrosphere
Includes all water on or near Earth’s surface
Water = matter So, remains IN Earth’s
closed system—recycled and reused
The Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)
1. From liquid to gas
2. From gas to tiny droplets of liquid
3. From tiny droplets to larger drops of liquid
The Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)
Smaller parts of cycle
Oceans
Four/Five oceans, but considered one WORLD OCEAN
Covers over 70% Earth’s surface
Helps regulate Earth’s climate
Ocean Facts and Figures
Size Depth Currents Special Features
Pacific Largest(165,640,000 km2)(63,953,604 mi2)
Deepest(4,280 m)(14,042 ft)
Surface current: Clockwise in north; Counterclockwise in south
Challenger Deep; deeper than Mt. Everest is tall!
Atlantic Second Largest(81,630,000 km2)
Second Deepest(3,926 m)
Same as above
Puerto Rico Trench; 28,231 ft deep
Indian Third Largest(73,420,000 km2)
Third Deepest(3,890 m)
Java Trench; 25,344 ft deep
Arctic Smallest Most Shallow(1,205m)
Mostly covered with floating ice (pack ice)
Ocean Water
Contains salts Picked up from
rocks over millions of years
Gathered from underwater volcanoes
Salinity = concentration of all dissolved salts Avg. 3.5 % by
weight
55%30.6%
7.7%
3.7%
1.2% 1.1% 0.7%
Ocean Water Composition
ChlorineSodiumMagnesiumSulfurCalciumPotassiumOther
• Where would you expect HIGH salinity?
• Low salinity?
Temperature ZonesTemperature/ Facts
Surface Warm for 100 m; Surface Currents mix warm top water with layers below
Thermocline Temp drops fastest of all layers
Deep Very cold (avg. 2˚C)
• NO Wonder Journal this week
• Watch NewPath Lecture and
complete notes• Work on Research
Homework
Bridget: Draw Gulf StreamJules: Circle the two cities
Open Question:
Why the temperature difference?
On an index card:
On blank side:
1. Draw experimental design
On lined side:
2. What do you THINK will happen?
Convection Current Demo
On an index card:
On blank side:
1. Draw experimental design
On lined side:
2. What do you THINK will happen?
3. What actually happens?
4. Is this what SHOULD have happened?
Revisit Convection Current Demo
3.3– The Hydrosphere and Biosphere
Review:• Spheres of the earth
(4)• Geosphere• Atmosphere• Hydrosphere• Biosphere
• Hydrosphere includes:• Water in
atmosphere • Oceans• Freshwater/
Groundwater
Fresh Water and Groundwater
Fresh water - water that is not salty
3% of water on Earth BUT most is “locked
up” in icecaps and glaciers
Other fresh water found in lakes, rivers, wetland, soil, rock layers, and atmosphere
Groundwater- fresh water that trickles into ground from rain and runoff
Less than 1% of all water on earth
Fulfills water needs for Drinking water Agriculture Industrial uses
Aquifers- rock layers that store groundwater
3.3– The Hydrosphere and Biosphere
• Biosphere includes:• All parts of earth
that can be inhabited by life
Biosphere
Made up of: Upper part of geosphere Most of hydrosphere
12 km into ocean (7.5 mi) Lower part of atmosphere
Up to 9 km (5.5 mi)
Why is life limited to these spaces?
Open System vs. Closed SystemWhich system describes earth?
Why?
What kind of energy enters the earth system?
What kind of energy exits the earth system?
Meet in Groups
Tasks:• Discuss research• Work on outline• Discussion will include
the following:• Define global warming• Is it a problem? (why
do we care?)• What should we be
doing about it?
• Finish outline for homework
• 5 minutes to talk at start of class Monday