The Doctrine of Inerrancy Lecture 13a

The Doctrine of The Doctrine of InerrancyInerrancy

Lecture 13aLecture 13aLet’s examine your knowledge of Let’s examine your knowledge of

inerrancy:inerrancy:

* What is inerrancy?* What is inerrancy?

* To what extent is the Bible inerrant?* To what extent is the Bible inerrant?

* Can you prove it?* Can you prove it?


Lecture 13dLecture 13dThe Bible is the only book that both claims and The Bible is the only book that both claims and proves to be the Word of God. It claims to be written proves to be the Word of God. It claims to be written by prophets of God who recorded in their own style by prophets of God who recorded in their own style and language exactly the message God wanted to and language exactly the message God wanted to give to humankind. The writings of the prophets and give to humankind. The writings of the prophets and apostles claim to be the unbreakable, imperishable, apostles claim to be the unbreakable, imperishable, and inerrant words of God. The evidence that their and inerrant words of God. The evidence that their writings are what they claimed to be is found not writings are what they claimed to be is found not only in their own moral character but in the only in their own moral character but in the supernatural confirmation of their message, its supernatural confirmation of their message, its prophetic accuracy, its amazing unity, its prophetic accuracy, its amazing unity, its transforming power, and the testimony of transforming power, and the testimony of JesusJesus who who was confirmed to be the Son of God. was confirmed to be the Son of God.

~ Dr. Norman Geisler, Baker’s Encyclopedia of Christian ~ Dr. Norman Geisler, Baker’s Encyclopedia of Christian ApologeticsApologetics

Respond to this Respond to this Argument:Argument:

1.1. Jesus was a human being.Jesus was a human being.

2.2. Humans beings sin.Humans beings sin.

3.3. Therefore, Jesus sinned.Therefore, Jesus sinned.


1.1. The Bible is a human book.The Bible is a human book.

2.2. Humans err.Humans err.

3.3. Therefore, the Bible errs.Therefore, the Bible errs.


The mistake is to assume that Jesus is simply The mistake is to assume that Jesus is simply human. Mere human beings sin. But, Jesus human. Mere human beings sin. But, Jesus was not a mere human being. He was also was not a mere human being. He was also God. Likewise, the Bible is not merely a God. Likewise, the Bible is not merely a human book; it is also the Word of God. Like human book; it is also the Word of God. Like Jesus, it has divine elements that negate the Jesus, it has divine elements that negate the statement that anything human errs. They statement that anything human errs. They are divine and cannot err. There can no are divine and cannot err. There can no more be an error in God’s written Word than more be an error in God’s written Word than there was a sin in God’s living Word.there was a sin in God’s living Word.

Consider…can the Consider…can the Bible be infallible but Bible be infallible but

not inerrant?not inerrant?““The Bible is infallible, as I define The Bible is infallible, as I define that term, but not inerrant. There that term, but not inerrant. There are historical and scientific errors are historical and scientific errors in the Bible, but I have found none in the Bible, but I have found none on matters of faith practice.”on matters of faith practice.”

Robert S. Alley, “Some Theologians Question Robert S. Alley, “Some Theologians Question Factual Truth of Gospels, Factual Truth of Gospels, The Richmond News The Richmond News LeaderLeader, 17 July 1978, 1., 17 July 1978, 1.

Consider…can the Consider…can the Bible be infallible but Bible be infallible but

not inerrant?not inerrant?The Lausanne Covenant declared The Lausanne Covenant declared the Bible to be “inerrant in all the Bible to be “inerrant in all that it affirms.” that it affirms.”

The phrase is flexible, since it may allow for The phrase is flexible, since it may allow for errors in areas like Creation, where, errors in areas like Creation, where, according some interpreters, the Bible is according some interpreters, the Bible is not affirming historical facts.not affirming historical facts.

Consider these Consider these Questions…Questions…

What is error?What is error?

Can the Bible use approximations and still be without error?Can the Bible use approximations and still be without error?

Can a New Testament writer quote freely from the Old Testament Can a New Testament writer quote freely from the Old Testament and claim that the resultant quotation is without error?and claim that the resultant quotation is without error?

Can a biblical writer use the language of appearances without Can a biblical writer use the language of appearances without communicating error?communicating error?

Can there exist different accounts of the same event without Can there exist different accounts of the same event without involving error? involving error?

If the Scripture includes approximations, free quotations, If the Scripture includes approximations, free quotations, language of appearances, different accounts of the same language of appearances, different accounts of the same occurrence, can that type of data support a definition of inerrancy occurrence, can that type of data support a definition of inerrancy as “being without error”?as “being without error”?

I.I. Definition of Definition of InerrancyInerrancy Inerrancy is the doctrine that when Inerrancy is the doctrine that when

all the facts become known, they all the facts become known, they will demonstrate that the Bible in its will demonstrate that the Bible in its original manuscripts and accurately original manuscripts and accurately interpreted is totally true and interpreted is totally true and without error, whether cultural, without error, whether cultural, doctrine, ethics, geography, social, doctrine, ethics, geography, social, physical, or life sciences.physical, or life sciences.

Definitions of Definitions of Inerrancy:Inerrancy:

““the inerrancy of the Bible means simply the inerrancy of the Bible means simply that the Bible tells the truth. Truth can that the Bible tells the truth. Truth can and does include approximations, free and does include approximations, free quotations, language of appearances, quotations, language of appearances, and different accounts of the same event and different accounts of the same event as long as these do not contradict.”as long as these do not contradict.”

~ Dr. Charles C. Ryrie, ~ Dr. Charles C. Ryrie, Basic TheologyBasic Theology, 93., 93.

~~


I.I. Arguments for InerrancyArguments for InerrancyA.A. Deductive Biblical SupportDeductive Biblical Support

1.1. God’s characterGod’s character2.2. Scriptural ClaimsScriptural Claims

B.B. Correspondence (Prophets &Correspondence (Prophets & Messages)Messages)C.C. Jesus’ Use of ScriptureJesus’ Use of ScriptureD.D. Historical Support in Church HistoryHistorical Support in Church HistoryE.E. Epistemological SupportEpistemological SupportF.F. Slipper Slope ArgumentSlipper Slope Argument

A. Deductive Biblical A. Deductive Biblical Support for Inerrancy:Support for Inerrancy:

God cannot err (God’s Character):God cannot err (God’s Character):

– Logically, the argument is valid. So, if the Logically, the argument is valid. So, if the premises are true, the conclusion is also true.premises are true, the conclusion is also true.

– If an infinitely-perfect God exists, then the first If an infinitely-perfect God exists, then the first premise is true.”premise is true.”

Heb. 6:18:Heb. 6:18: “it is impossible for God to lie.” “it is impossible for God to lie.” 2 Tim. 2:13:2 Tim. 2:13: “He is a God who, even if we are “He is a God who, even if we are

faithless, faithless, “remains faithful; he cannot “remains faithful; he cannot deny himself”deny himself”

John 17:17:John 17:17: Jesus said to the Father, “Your word is Jesus said to the Father, “Your word is truth.” truth.”

Psalm 119:60: “The entirety of Your word is truth.”Psalm 119:60: “The entirety of Your word is truth.”

A. Deductive A. Deductive Arguments:Arguments:

The Bible is the Word of God (Scriptural Claims):The Bible is the Word of God (Scriptural Claims):

– Jesus, who is God referred to the O.T. as the “Word of God” Jesus, who is God referred to the O.T. as the “Word of God” which “cannot be broken” (John 10:35).which “cannot be broken” (John 10:35).

– Jesus said, “until heaven and earth disappear, not the Jesus said, “until heaven and earth disappear, not the smallest letter, not the least stroke of a pen, will by any smallest letter, not the least stroke of a pen, will by any means disappear from the Law until everything is means disappear from the Law until everything is accomplished” (Matt. 5:18).accomplished” (Matt. 5:18).

– Paul says, “All Scripture is God-breathed” (2 Tim. 3:16).Paul says, “All Scripture is God-breathed” (2 Tim. 3:16).

– Scripture is from “out of the mouth of God” (Matt. 4:4).Scripture is from “out of the mouth of God” (Matt. 4:4).

– Although human authors recorded the messages, “prophecy Although human authors recorded the messages, “prophecy never had its origin in the will of man, but men spoke from never had its origin in the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit (2 Pet. God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit (2 Pet. 1:20).”1:20).”


The Bible is the Word of GodThe Bible is the Word of God..– Jesus said to the religious leaders of his Jesus said to the religious leaders of his

day, “You nullify the word of God by day, “You nullify the word of God by your tradition” (Mark 7:13). Jesus your tradition” (Mark 7:13). Jesus turned their attention to the written turned their attention to the written Word of God by affirming over and over Word of God by affirming over and over again, “It is written” (e.g., Matt. 4:4, 7, again, “It is written” (e.g., Matt. 4:4, 7, 10). 10). This phrase occurs more than 90 times in This phrase occurs more than 90 times in

N.T., a strong indicator of divine authority.N.T., a strong indicator of divine authority.


The Bible is the Word of GodThe Bible is the Word of God..– Paul referred to Scripture as “the word of Paul referred to Scripture as “the word of

God (Rom. 9:6).”God (Rom. 9:6).”

– Author of Hebrews declared that “the Author of Hebrews declared that “the word of God is living and active. Sharper word of God is living and active. Sharper than any double edged sword, it than any double edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart” (Heb. 4:12).and attitudes of the heart” (Heb. 4:12).


Therefore, the Bible Cannot Therefore, the Bible Cannot ErrorError..– If God cannot err and if the Bible is the If God cannot err and if the Bible is the

Word of God, then the Bible cannot err.Word of God, then the Bible cannot err.

““The God of truth has given us the Word of The God of truth has given us the Word of truth, and it does not contain any untruth.” truth, and it does not contain any untruth.” Dr. Norman Geisler, 74.Dr. Norman Geisler, 74.

I. Support for I. Support for Inerrancy:Inerrancy:

B.B. Correspondence (prophets and truth):Correspondence (prophets and truth):1.1. Deut. 13:1-5; 18:20-22: Deut. 13:1-5; 18:20-22: Israel is given criteria for distinguishing God’s message Israel is given criteria for distinguishing God’s message and messenger from false prophecies and prophets. and messenger from false prophecies and prophets.

2. One mark of a divine message is total and absolute 2. One mark of a divine message is total and absolute truthfulness. truthfulness.3.3. A valid parallel can be made between the A valid parallel can be made between the prophet and prophet and the Bible. The prophet’s word was the Bible. The prophet’s word was usually oral, usually oral, although it might be recorded although it might be recorded and included in a book; and included in a book; the writers of Scripture the writers of Scripture communicated God’s Word in communicated God’s Word in written form. Both written form. Both were instruments of divine were instruments of divine communication, communication, and in both cases the human element and in both cases the human element was an was an essential ingredient.essential ingredient.

I. Support for I. Support for Inerrancy:Inerrancy:C.C. Christ’s Use of Scripture:Christ’s Use of Scripture:

1.1. Jesus rests an entire argument on a single word Jesus rests an entire argument on a single word (e.g., John 10:34-35);(e.g., John 10:34-35);

2.2. The tense of a verb (the pres. tense in Matt. The tense of a verb (the pres. tense in Matt. 22:32).22:32).

3.3. Precision of words as spelled and in detail Precision of words as spelled and in detail (Matt. (Matt. 5:17-18)5:17-18)

If the Bible’s inerrancy does not extend to every If the Bible’s inerrancy does not extend to every detail, these arguments lose their force. Moreover, detail, these arguments lose their force. Moreover, should I have a lower view of Scripture than Jesus should I have a lower view of Scripture than Jesus

Christ?Christ?


C.C. Christ’s Use of Scripture:Christ’s Use of Scripture:

1.1. Jesus rests an entire argument on a Jesus rests an entire argument on a single word (e.g., John 10:34-35):single word (e.g., John 10:34-35):

a. Jesus endorses written a. Jesus endorses written propositional statements, not propositional statements, not merely merely concepts, thoughts, or oral concepts, thoughts, or oral tradition.tradition.



2.2. The tense of a verb (Matt. 22:32; Exod. 3:6):The tense of a verb (Matt. 22:32; Exod. 3:6):

a. Jesus assumes the historicity of God’s a. Jesus assumes the historicity of God’s appearance to Moses.appearance to Moses.b. Jesus assumes that God’s revelation came in a b. Jesus assumes that God’s revelation came in a propositional statement. propositional statement.C. He assumes that every word could be trusted C. He assumes that every word could be trusted to be precisely accurate. to be precisely accurate.D. He assumes that doctrinal truth has to be D. He assumes that doctrinal truth has to be based on historical accuracy.based on historical accuracy.E. He assumes that one could use even unlikely E. He assumes that one could use even unlikely passages and trust their accuracy. passages and trust their accuracy.



3. Precision of words as spelled and in detail 3. Precision of words as spelled and in detail (Matt. 5:17-18):(Matt. 5:17-18): a.a. Single letters change words.Single letters change words. b.b. A A tittletittle is even more minute than a jot. is even more minute than a jot. b. Jesus promised that not one jot would b. Jesus promised that not one jot would fail. Every promise will be fulfilled fail. Every promise will be fulfilled just as it just as it was spelled out.was spelled out. c.c. Promises involve more than just faith.Promises involve more than just faith.


D.D. Historical Support from Church History:Historical Support from Church History:

1.1. It has been the view of the church It has been the view of the church in every period of its history.in every period of its history.

St. Augustine:St. Augustine:““I have learned to yield this respect and I have learned to yield this respect and honour only to the canonical books of honour only to the canonical books of

Scripture: of these alone do I most firmly Scripture: of these alone do I most firmly believe that the authors were completely believe that the authors were completely

from error.”from error.”




Martin Luther:Martin Luther:““But everyone, indeed, knows that at times But everyone, indeed, knows that at times they [the Fathers] have erred as men will; they [the Fathers] have erred as men will;

therefore I am ready to trust them only therefore I am ready to trust them only when they prove their opinions from when they prove their opinions from Scripture, which has never erred.”Scripture, which has never erred.”




John Calvin:John Calvin:““The Spirit of God…appears purposely to The Spirit of God…appears purposely to

have regulated their style in such a manner, have regulated their style in such a manner, that they all wrote one and the same that they all wrote one and the same

history, with the most perfect agreement, history, with the most perfect agreement, but in different ways.”but in different ways.”




John Wesley:John Wesley:“”“”Nay, if there be any mistakes in the Bible Nay, if there be any mistakes in the Bible there may well be a thousand. If there is there may well be a thousand. If there is

one falsehood in that Book it did not come one falsehood in that Book it did not come from the God of truth” (Journal VI. 117).from the God of truth” (Journal VI. 117).


E. Epistemological Argument: E. Epistemological Argument:

1.1. Epistemology is the discipline that is Epistemology is the discipline that is concerned with how we know that we concerned with how we know that we know something to be true.know something to be true.

2.2. This argument has been formulated This argument has been formulated in in at least two distinct ways:at least two distinct ways:


E. Epistemological Argument: E. Epistemological Argument: a.a. For some, knowledge claims must, to For some, knowledge claims must, to be be justified, be indubitable or incorrigible justified, be indubitable or incorrigible (beyond doubt and question).(beyond doubt and question). - It is not enough that a belief is true and is - It is not enough that a belief is true and is believed on good grounds. It must be believed on good grounds. It must be beyond beyond doubt and question.doubt and question.- For such an epistemology, inerrancy is - For such an epistemology, inerrancy is essential.essential.- Inerrancy guarantees the incorrigibility of - Inerrancy guarantees the incorrigibility of every every statement of Scripture. statement of Scripture. - Therefore, the contents of Scripture can be - Therefore, the contents of Scripture can be objects of knowledge.objects of knowledge.


E. Epistemological Argument: E. Epistemological Argument: b.b. For some, knowledge claims do not For some, knowledge claims do not require require such a high standard of such a high standard of certitude as certitude as indubitability to indubitability to have inerrancy:have inerrancy:

- If the Bible is not inerrant, then any - If the Bible is not inerrant, then any claim claim it makes is false. it makes is false.

- This means not that all claims are false, - This means not that all claims are false, but that some might be. but that some might be. - But so much of the Bible is beyond - But so much of the Bible is beyond

direct direct verification. Therefore only verification. Therefore only its inerrancy its inerrancy assures the knower assures the knower that his or her claim is that his or her claim is justified. justified.


F.F. Slipper Slope Argument:Slipper Slope Argument:

If the Bible contains some errors, If the Bible contains some errors, however few or many, how can we be however few or many, how can we be sure that the teaching on Christ, the sure that the teaching on Christ, the Trinity, sin, salvation, adultery, Trinity, sin, salvation, adultery, homosexuality, etc. is correct? An homosexuality, etc. is correct? An errant approach opens the door of errant approach opens the door of suspicion on other portions and suspicion on other portions and teachings of Scripture:teachings of Scripture:


G.G. Manuscript Evidence:Manuscript Evidence:We have more manuscripts than any We have more manuscripts than any other work or collection of ancient other work or collection of ancient antiquity. We now have approx. 6,000 antiquity. We now have approx. 6,000 manuscripts. For example:manuscripts. For example:we have 7 copies of Plato’s work compared to 6,000 we have 7 copies of Plato’s work compared to 6,000 N.T. manuscripts. Moreover, we have more copies N.T. manuscripts. Moreover, we have more copies closer to the original than any other work of closer to the original than any other work of antiquity. Finally, we have 99% accurately copied as antiquity. Finally, we have 99% accurately copied as opposed to any other work. opposed to any other work. Whose history can we Whose history can we better trust? better trust?

1. COMPARISON OF ANCIENT MANUSCRIPT EVIDENCE:1. COMPARISON OF ANCIENT MANUSCRIPT EVIDENCE:

Author Author BookBook Date Written Earliest Copies Date Written Earliest Copies Time Gap # Time Gap # Copies:Copies:

HomerHomer IliadIliad 800 B.C. 800 B.C. C. 400 B.C C. 400 B.C 400 yrs. 400 yrs. 643643

HerodotusHerodotus HistoryHistory 480-425 B.C. C. A.D. 900480-425 B.C. C. A.D. 900 1,350 yrs. 1,350 yrs. 88ThucydidesThucydides HistoryHistory 460-400 B.C. C. A.D. 900460-400 B.C. C. A.D. 900 1,350 yrs. 1,350 yrs. 88PlatoPlato 400 B.C.400 B.C. C. A.D. 900 C. A.D. 900 1,300 yrs. 1,300 yrs. 88DemosthenesDemosthenes 300 B.C.300 B.C. C. A.D. 1100 C. A.D. 1100 1,400 yrs. 1,400 yrs. 77CaesarCaesarGallic Gallic 100-44 B.C. C. A.D. 900100-44 B.C. C. A.D. 900 1,000 yrs. 1,000 yrs. 200200

WarsWarsLivyLivy HistoryHistory 59 B.C.-A.D. 17 C. 459 B.C.-A.D. 17 C. 4thth cent. cent. 400 yrs. 1 partial 400 yrs. 1 partial

of Romeof Rome (partial); mostly (partial); mostly 1010thth Century Century 1,000 yrs. 1,000 yrs. 1919

TacitusTacitus AnnalsAnnals A.D. 100A.D. 100 C. A.D. 1100 C. A.D. 1100 1,000 yrs. 1,000 yrs. 20 20 Pliny SecundusPliny Secundus NaturalNatural A.D. 61-113 C. A.D. 850A.D. 61-113 C. A.D. 850 750 yrs. 750 yrs. 77

HistoryHistoryNew TestamentNew Testament A.D. 50-96 C. 114 (fragment) A.D. 50-96 C. 114 (fragment) + 50 years+ 50 years 5,700+5,700+

C. 200 (books)C. 200 (books) 100 years100 years C. 250 (most N.T.) C. 250 (most N.T.) 150 years150 years C. 325 (complete N.T.) C. 325 (complete N.T.) 225 years225 years

““There is no body of ancient literature in the world which enjoys such a wealth of good textual attestation as There is no body of ancient literature in the world which enjoys such a wealth of good textual attestation as the New Testament.” ~ F. F. Brucethe New Testament.” ~ F. F. Bruce

2. EARLY PATRISTIC QUOTATIONS OF THE NEW 2. EARLY PATRISTIC QUOTATIONS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT:TESTAMENT:

WRITER: WRITER: GospelsGospels ActsActs P. EpistlesP. Epistles G. EpistlesG. Epistles Rev. Total:Rev. Total:

JustinJustin 268 10 268 10 43 43 6 6 3 3 330 330MartyrMartyrIreneaus 1,038 194Ireneaus 1,038 194 499 499 23 23 65 1,819 65 1,819OrigenOrigen 9,231 349 7,778 399 9,231 349 7,778 399 165 17,992 165 17,992Tertullian 3,822 502 2,609 120 205 7,258Tertullian 3,822 502 2,609 120 205 7,258Hippolytus 734 42 387 27 188 1,378Hippolytus 734 42 387 27 188 1,378Eusebius 3,258 211 1, 592 88Eusebius 3,258 211 1, 592 88 27 5,176 27 5,176

TOTALS: 19,368 1,352 14,035 870 664 36,289TOTALS: 19,368 1,352 14,035 870 664 36,289


3.3. Does the Gospels Pass Atheist’s David Does the Gospels Pass Atheist’s David Hume’s Hume’s Criteria for Determining Document Criteria for Determining Document Reliability:Reliability:A.A. Do the witnesses contradict each other?Do the witnesses contradict each other?B.B. Are there a sufficient number of witnesses?Are there a sufficient number of witnesses?C.C. Were the witnesses truthful? Were the witnesses truthful? D.D. Were they non-prejudicial? (e.g., Consider Were they non-prejudicial? (e.g., Consider Saul who was opposed but became Paul Saul who was opposed but became Paul through through evidence; Thomas who doubted but evidence; Thomas who doubted but touched the touched the evidence; scared apostles evidence; scared apostles transformed into bold transformed into bold evangelists).evangelists).Thus, according to the historiographical criteria of David Thus, according to the historiographical criteria of David Hume, the N.T. is reliable.Hume, the N.T. is reliable.


G.G. What about not having the original What about not having the original manuscripts?:manuscripts?:It doesn’t matter that we have the originals; It doesn’t matter that we have the originals; God preserved it in copies to keep people God preserved it in copies to keep people from:from:1.1. Worshipping the Originals;Worshipping the Originals;2.2. Possible manipulative distortion;Possible manipulative distortion;3.3. Potential authoritative exclusivity.Potential authoritative exclusivity.

God preserved the Originals in the copies!God preserved the Originals in the copies!


G.G. Manuscript Evidence:Manuscript Evidence:If we doubt the Bible, we doubt history for any If we doubt the Bible, we doubt history for any record of any event. Consider the sources record of any event. Consider the sources apart from the Bible itself:apart from the Bible itself:1.1. Writers outside of the Bible: Writers outside of the Bible:

a. Papias (A.D. 130) records sayings of a. Papias (A.D. 130) records sayings of John’s John’s remarks regarding Mark being remarks regarding Mark being the interpreter the interpreter for Peter. Papias also for Peter. Papias also comments on comments on Matthew: Matthew:

““Matthew recorded the oracles in the Matthew recorded the oracles in the Hebrew Hebrew (i.e., Aramaic) tongue.”(i.e., Aramaic) tongue.”


G.G. Manuscript Evidence:Manuscript Evidence:b. Irenaeus (A.D. 180) was a student of b. Irenaeus (A.D. 180) was a student of Polycarp who was a disciple of the Polycarp who was a disciple of the

Apostle Apostle John stated: John stated:““So firm is the ground upon which these So firm is the ground upon which these Gospels rest, that the very heretics Gospels rest, that the very heretics themselves bear witness to them, and, themselves bear witness to them, and, starting from these [documents], each one of starting from these [documents], each one of them endeavours to establish his own them endeavours to establish his own particular doctrine” (Against Heresies, III).”particular doctrine” (Against Heresies, III).”


G.G. Manuscript Evidence:Manuscript Evidence:c. Clement of Rome (C. A.D. 95) used Scripture c. Clement of Rome (C. A.D. 95) used Scripture as a reliable and authentic source. as a reliable and authentic source.d. Ignatius (A.D. 70-110), a disciple of Polycarp, d. Ignatius (A.D. 70-110), a disciple of Polycarp, he knew all the apostles and was a disciple, he knew all the apostles and was a disciple, gave credence to the Scripture to the extent gave credence to the Scripture to the extent that he was martyred for it. that he was martyred for it. e. Polycarp (A.D. 70-156) was a disciple of e. Polycarp (A.D. 70-156) was a disciple of John John who succumbed to martyrdom at 86 who succumbed to martyrdom at 86 yeas of yeas of age for his devout devotion to Christ and age for his devout devotion to Christ and Scripture.Scripture.

I. Conclusion:I. Conclusion:

““If Inspired, Then inerrant. Inerrancy is a If Inspired, Then inerrant. Inerrancy is a logical result of inspiration. Inerrancy logical result of inspiration. Inerrancy

means “wholly true and without means “wholly true and without error.” And what God breathes out error.” And what God breathes out

(inspires) must be wholly true (inspires) must be wholly true (inerrant).”(inerrant).”

Dr. Norman Geisler, 75.Dr. Norman Geisler, 75.

The Doctrine of Inerrancy Lecture 13a

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