The distribution of some selected alkali metals and ......The Stronghold Granite is located in the...

The distribution of some selected alkali metals and alkalineearths in the Stronghold granite, Cochise County, Arizona

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Authors Bock, Charles Mitchell, 1935-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME SELECTED ALKALI METALS

AND ALKALINE EARTHS IN THE STRONGHOLD

GRANITE, COCHISE COUNTY, ARIZONA

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

In P a rtia l Fulfillm ent of the Requirem ents For the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

THE .UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

•r-'C harles Mi Bock

ERRATA

page 26, Table 4.Stronghold Granite

k2o CaO

Average

Stronghold Granite

5.75 0.50 should read

Average 4.95 0.59

page 27, Table 5 .Average o f rhyolite

dikes associated with the Stronghold

k2o CaO

Granite

Average o f rhyolitedikes associated with

5.75 0.31 should read

the Stronghold Granite

4.95 0.36

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

GRADUATE COLLEGE

I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my

direction by Charles M, Bock___________________________________

entitled The distribution of some selected alkali metals and alkaline

earths in the Stronghold Granite, Cochise County, Arizona_______

be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the

degree of Doctor of Philosophy_______________________________

After inspection of the dissertation, the following members

of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and

recommend its acceptance:*

*This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination.

Date / z

STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

This thesis has been submitted in p artia l fulfillment of req u ire m ents for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University L ibrary to be made available to borrow ers under ru le s of the L ibrary .

B rief quotations from this thesis a re allowable without special perm ission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for perm ission for extended quotation from or reproduction of th is m anuscript in whole or in p art may be granted by the head of the m ajor departm ent or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the m ateria l is in the in te rests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, perm ission m ust be obtained from the author.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME SELECTED ALKALI METALS AND ALKALINE EARTHS IN THE STRONGHOLD

GRANITE, COCHISE COUNTY, ARIZONA

by

C harles M. Bock

ABSTRACT

X -ray fluorescent spectrographic analyses show the Stronghold

G ranite to be im poverished in Sr with respec t to other analyzed granites

of sim ilar Ca content and higher in the ratio . C a/S r. Rb and K/Rb values

for the Stronghold G ranite a re sim ilar to values obtained for other bio-

tite granites. Trend surface analysis techniques applied to the v a ri

ables m easured show that definite compositional trends exist in the

m assif. High order trend surfaces for Sr and Ca show negative cor

relation with the high order trend surface for the ra tio C a/S r. The

high order surfaces for C a/S r and K/Rb show negative correlation with

each other indicating that la te stage igneous events a re m ore dominant

in the northeast than in other p a r ts of the pluton.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

GLOSSARY ..................... ........................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION ....................................................... ............... .............. 3

PROCEDURE........................... 7

GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE STRONGHOLD GRANITE . . . . 15

Country Rocks .................................................. 15Contact M etamorphism ............................................................... 17Rhyolite and Aplite Dikes A ssociated with the Stronghold

G ranite ....................... 18Xenoliths ..................... 19Petrography of the Stronghold G r a n i te ................ 19

M ajor M inerals ................................... 20A ccessory M inerals ............................. 20

RESULTS OF ANALYSES ..................................................................... 22

K and Ca Analyses ......................................................... .. 22Sr Analyses ................................... 27Rb Analyses ................................. 27

TREND SURFACES .............................................. 30

Assumptions .......................................... 30Sampling ..................................................... 31Computation .................................................. 32Discussion of Trend S u rfa c e s ...................................... ............... 34Significance of Trend Surfaces ............... ............................... .. 38

DEVIATION MAPS .................................................. 55

SUMB4ARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

iii

Page

APPENDIX I—-TABULATION OF ANALYSES OF STRONGHOLD GRANITE SAMPLES EXCLUDING LOCATIONS .............................. 64

APPENDIX H— TABULATION OF ANALYSES OF RHYOLITE AND APLITE DIKES ASSOCIATED WITH THE STRONGHOLD GRANITE................ 74

APPENDIX HI— COEFFICIENTS FOR TREND SURFACE EQUATIONS ...................................... ........................................................ 77

APPENDIX IV— TABULATION OF U-V LOCATIONS AND ANALYSES OF STRONGHOLD GRANITE SAMPLES ...................... 80

APPENDIX V— SUMMATIONS OF COMPUTED AND OBSERVED VARIABLES, SUMS OF DEVIATIONS, SUMS OF SQUARES OF COMPUTED AND OBSERVED VARIABLES,AND SUMS OF SQUARES OF DEVIATIONS ASSOCIATEDWITH THE TREND SURFACES ............................. 86

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY............................. 90

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Index map showing the location of the DragoonMountains ............................... 4

2. Topographic map of the central Dragoon Mountains . . . . . . 9

3. Example m easurem ent and calculation for Sr and Rbusing G -l as a standard ...................................................... 12

4. Geologic map of the central Dragoon M ountains................... 16

5. Frequency distributions for percent K and percent Ca inthe Stronghold G ra n i te ................ 23

6. Frequency distributions for ppm Rb and ppm Sr in theStronghold G ranite ........................... 24

iv

Figure Page

7. Frequency distributions for the ra tio s K/Rb and C a/Srin the Stronghold Granite ............................................ 25

8. Outline of the Stronghold Granite showing samplelocations and U-V coordinate s y s te m ............................ .... 33

9. Linear trend surface for ppm Sr in the StrongholdG ran ite ............. .............. ....................................................... .... 36

10. Linear trend surface for the ra tio C a/Sr in theStronghold Granite ............................................... .......... .. 37

11. Scatter plot of percen t Ca vs. ppm Sr in theStronghold Granite • ................. .......... .................................. .. 39

12. L + Q trend surface for percen t Ca in theStronghold Granite .......................................... 41

13. L + Q trend surface for ppm Sr in theStronghold Granite ................................ ................ .............. .. 42

14. L + Q + C trend surface for percent Ca in theStronghold Granite ....................... 43

15. L + Q + C trend surface for ppm Sr in theStronghold G ra n ite ............ ...................................................... 44

16. L + Q trend surface for the ra tio C a/Sr in theStronghold G ranite .......................................... 45

17. L + Q + C trend surface for the ra tio C a/Sr in theStronghold G ranite ..................... 46

18. L + Q trend surface for percent K in the StrongholdG ran ite ........................................................... 47

19. L + Q + C trend surface for percent K in theStronghold G ranite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

20. L + Q trend surface for ppm Rb in the StrongholdG ranite .................................... ....................... .. 50

v

L + Q + C trend surface for ppm Rb in the StrongholdG ra n ite ................. . ................. .................. ............................... 51

22. L + Q trend surface for the ra tio K/Rb in the StrongholdG ra n ite ............................................................................................. 52

23. L + Q + C trend surface for the ra tio K/Rb in theStronghold G ranite ....................................................... .. 53 *

24. Map for deviations from the linear trend surface forpercen t K in the Stronghold G ra n ite .................................... 56

25. Map for deviations from the linear trend surface forpercen t Ca in the Stronghold G ra n ite .................................. 57

26. Map for deviations from the linear trend surface forppm Rb in the Stronghold Granite ...................................... 58

27. Map for deviations from the linear trend surface for ,ppm Sr in the Stronghold G ranite .......................................... 59

28. Map for deviations from the linear trend surface forthe ra tio K/Rb in the Stronghold Granite .......................... 60

29. Map for deviations from the linear trend surface forthe ratio C a/Sr in the Stronghold G ra n ite .............................. 61

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Instrum ental analysis d a ta ................................................. 10

2. P recision and accuracy of analyses ..................... .............. .. 13

3. Isotope dilution analyses and X -ray fluorescentanalyses ................................................ ................................. .... 14

4. Comparison of CaO and KgO contents of Nockolds’average biotite granite and the Stronghold Granite . . . . . 26

Figure

vi

Table Page

5„ Comparison of CaO and KoO contents of averagealkali rhyolite and rhyoute-obsidian with rh y o lite s" associated with the Stronghold G ra n ite ........... .. o . . . 27

6. Comparison of Sr contents and C a/S r ra tio s of lowCa granites and the Stronghold Granite ......... .. 28

7. Comparison of Sr contents and C a/Sr ra tio s of lowCa rhyolites and rhyolites associated with theStronghold G ran ite ................................................................ 28

8. Comparison of Rb contents and K/Rb ra tio s of 16South African biotite granites and the StrongholdG r a n i t e ........... ........................... ......................................... .. 29

9. Percentages of total sum s of squares associated withthe trend surfaces ............................................................. .... 35

10. Radii of the elem ents studied in the Stronghold G ranite . . 49

vii

GLOSSARY

DEVIATION TERMS. The algebraic difference between trend surface

values and values actually m easured a t data locations.

DIADOCHY. The substitution of one element for another element in a

given site in a crysta l structure .

G -l. A granite sam ple distributed by the U. S. Geological Survey for

which the chem ical composition is known precisely .

LINEAR SURFACE. A plane surface; a surface whose equation has no

te rm s higher, than f irs t degree.

LINEAR PLUS QUADRATIC SURFACE. A surface whose equation con

tains second degree te rm s plus f irs t degree te rm s.

LINEAR PLUS QUADRATIC PLUS CUBIC SURFACE. A surface whose

equation contains f irs t, second, and th ird degree te rm s.

NEGATIVE CORRELATION. R efers to a relationship between two v a ri

ables that causes one variable to increase while the other de

creases .

POSITIVE CORRELATION. R efers to a relationship between two v a r i

ables that causes one to increase when the other inc reases or

to decrease when the other decreases.

2

REGRESSION ANALYSIS. In this study, a m athem atical treatm ent of

the locations and magnitudes of a se t of variables to determ ine

an equation which best describes the magnitude of the variables

as a function of location.

TREND SURFACE. In this study, a surface which describes a variable

as a function of location.

X-RAY FLUORESCENT SPECTROGRAMHY. A spectrographic technique

in which X -rays a re used to excite fluorescent X -radiation

which is characte ris tic for each element.

INTRODUCTION

This paper is an attem pt to make a rea lis tic estim ate of the

p artia l composition of the Stronghold Granite and to investigate the

quantitative a rea l variations of K, Ca, Rb, Sr, K/Rb, and C a/S r using

trend surface analysis techniques. The elem ents selected for analysis

in this study were chosen because they a re readily amenable to quanti

tative analysis by X -ray fluorescent spectrography and they a re of geo

chem ical and petrologic moment.

The Stronghold Granite is located in the Dragoon Mountains of

Cochise County, Arizona (see Fig. 1).

The Stronghold Granite was chosen for study for the following

reasons:

1. The Stronghold G ranite is clearly in trusive to the surround

ing country rocks; i t can, therefore, be compared to other igneous

bodies.

2. The m assif is well exposed and only m oderately weathered.

3. Reliable geological work, e. g . , outcrop mapping, had a l

ready been accomplished.

4. F ine-grained texture of the granite sim plified sampling

and sam ple preparation because inadvertent inclusions of xenolithic

3

Figure 1. —Index map showing the location of the

Dragoon Mountains.

ARI ZONA

INDEXMAP

5

m ateria l or phenocrysts in hand specim ens was not a problem . That is,

a few cubic centim eters of a given hand specimen is as likely to be rep

resen tative of that hand specimen as any other sm all portion of that

hand specimen.

The Dragoon Mountains a re a has been mapped as a p a rt of a

la rg e r regional study by Gilluly (1956). Gilluly’s work included petro

graphic descriptions of the Stronghold Granite as well as two chemical

analyses of the intrusion. C ederstrom (1946) described the structu ra l

geology of a sm all portion of the Stronghold Granite. Whitten (1959)

has dem onstrated that quantitative m ineralogic variation in granitic

bodies can be investigated successfully using trend surface analysis

techniques.

The w riter gratefully acknowledges technical support from Dr.

R. W. G. Wyckoff of the Physics Departm ent of the U niversity of

Arizona. X -ray fluorescent spectrographic analyses w ere ca rried out

using equipment made available to Dr. Wyckoff for other re sea rch

purposes under National Science Foundation Grant number 9760, and

National Institute of Health Grant number DE 01183. The w riter also

wishes to thank P ro fesso rs John W. Anthony and Spencer R. Titley for

many helpful suggestions during the course of the study. M r. R ichard

A. Bideaux operated the computer for the author, and wrote auxiliary

routines which aided the w riter m aterially . The Num erical Analysis

Laboratory of the U niversity of Arizona allowed the w riter use of their

equipment.

PROCEDURE

Early in the course of th is study the w riter established several

c r ite r ia which any granitic body would have to m eet to be successfully

studied with X -ray fluorescent spectrography combined with trend su r

face techniques. F irs t, the granite m ust be unequivocally in trusive so

that trends of trace element distribution observed in other igneous bodies

could be assum ed to be operative here. Second, the granite m ust be

well exposed with as little weathering a s possible. Third, the texture

m ust be fine enough so that 2 or 3 cubic centim eters of the rock would

be represen tative of any hand specimen, and further, each hand speci

men m ust be represen tative of the outcrop from which i t was taken.

The Stronghold Granite sa tisfied a ll of these requirem ents.

The location of sam pled s ites in th is study is best term ed

"haphazard” in the s ta tis tica l sense. At the inception of the study the

idea of collecting sam ples on a grid system was rejected because of the

extrem ely rugged topography. The sam ples a re biased as to ease of

accessib ility of outcrop and sta te of weathering. A sampling goal of 10

sam ples per square m ile was used a rb itra rily , and the w riter tr ied to

cover each square m ile as uniform ly as possible. Because of natural

obstacles a uniform coverage is lacking in some a reas .

7

8

Sample locations w ere m arked on a 1/62, 500 scale topographic

map made of p a rts of the U. S. Geological Survey St. David and P earce

15-minute quadrangles. Granite boundaries were traced from G illuly 's

geological map of central Cochise County on the newer topographic

se rie s and were corrected for location on the new map. No serious

relocation of the granite boundaries was necessary in tran sferrin g the

geology to the new map (see Fig. 2).

Samples were chipped from outcrops with a ham m er and m oil,

and rep resen t the fre sh est rock apparent to the worker at that location.

Dike rocks were sam pled a rb itra r ily whenever a dike was within approx

im ately 30 feet of a sample site and accessible. Approximately 3 cubic

cen tim eters of rock were chipped off each hand specimen and ground in

a P ica Blender m ill. The sam ple was reduced in the m ill for 1 minute,

and the pulverized and thoroughly mixed sample was then placed in a

p lastic "Caplug" and sealed with a l /4 -m il m ylar sheet held in place by

a drapery ring. Sieve analysis showed that in treating the sam ples in

th is manner over 80 percen t of the rock was reduced to -300 mesh.

Samples w ere irrad ia ted in specially constructed sam ple cups so that

the sam e a rea would be exposed to the exciting radiation for each sam ple.

A Norelco X -ray vacuum spectrograph with standard control

panel was used for analysis. Instrum ental analysis data is given in

Table 1. All peak height m easurem ents w ere made with the chart

reco rd e r. Signal intensity on the chart reco rd er was adjusted to give

Figure 2. —Topographic map of the central

Dragoon Mountains.

9

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF THECENTRAL DRAGOON MOUNTAINS

Composite mop of St. David and Peorce 15' Quod MopsScale

1 0 1 2 Miles

10

TABLE 1. INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS DATA*

Elem ents Rb and Sr K and Ca

Tungsten tube potential: 50 K.V. 30 K. V.

Tube current: 20 M. A. 25 M. A.

Analyzing crysta l: L iF EDDT

Radiation detector: Scintillation counter Flow proportional counterwith P-10 gas

Potential of rad ia tion monitor: 700 V. 1, 800 V.

Two-theta scan range: 24-28° C a ............... 43. 7-45. 5°

K ............. .. 48 ;7-50.7°

Two-theta position for background m easurem ent: A rb itrary C a ............... 43.7°

K ......... ......... 48.7°

♦All m easurem ents w ere made with base level discrim ination se t a t 20 volts. K and Ca m easurem ents were made in a vacuum of le ss than 500 m icrons m ercury p ressu re . Sr and Rb analyses w ere made in an a ir path. Scanning speed for a ll analyses was 1° tw o-theta per minute and the chart reco rd er speed was se t a t half an inch per minute. Tim e constant was se t at four.

11

optimum deflection from the baseline for the standard.

G -l, the U. S. Geological Survey standard granite, was used

a s the standard for a ll analyses by assum ing a linear relationship be

tween K-alpha X -ray peak height and composition for the sam ples. G -l

was run at least every tenth sam ple and at the beginning and end of each

se rie s of analyses. Ca and K peak heights were m easured from back

ground to the top of the g rea test deflection above background, and a

d irec t proportion was assum ed for the relation of peak intensity of the

unknown and the known G -l.

Sr and Rb contents w ere determ ined by constructing an a rb itra ry

baseline (see Fig. 3) and assum ing the ra tio of peak height to background

to be linear with variation in composition. The precision and accuracy

of these methods can be seen in Table 2. Sr and Rb analyses a re here

reported to the n ea rest 10 ppm (parts per million). Analyses on the

U. S. Bureau of Standards rocks were made by including them in day-

to-day runs and a re , therefore, an acceptable m easure of the accuracy

and precision which can be associated with analyses on the Stronghold

G ranite and associated rocks. Values used for G -l a re the values

recom m ended in U. 8. Geological Survey Bulletin 1113.

An independent check on the accuracy of the technique used for

Rb and Sr analyses was made by M r. Donald E. Livingston using isotope

dilution techniques. The re su lts of the isotope dilution analyses and

X -ray fluorescence techniques used in th is study appear in Table 3.

* 12 k.CO

X

degrees 2 0(LiF)

arbitrary background

chart baseline

Peak to background ratios(PBR)BCBA = 2L = 0-345 Rb:

3452 2 0 ,

P B R ^ ̂ppm Rbx

EF — =DE

§0 = 199 0-402,

^PBR for standards + PBR for unknown sample peaks ** unknown

Sr: P B R i2502 ppm Srx

1 ppm Rb ir, G-!2 ppm Sr in G-l

Figure 3.Example measurement and calculation for Sr and Rb

using G-l as a standard.

TABLE 2. PRECISION AND ACCURACY OF ANALYSES

13

P ercen t K P ercen t Ca ppm Rb ppm Sr

Chelm sford Granite (U .S .B .S . # 4979)

U. S.B . S. 4. 61 0.54

This study 4. 6640.08* 0.59+0.05* 328+13+ 47+12+

Turekian and C arr (1961) 65

M ilford Granite (U .S .B .S . # 4983)

U. 8. B. S. 3.32 0.40

This study 3.4140.06* 0.42+0.03* 60+13+ 131+10+


G raniteville Granite (U .S .B .S . # 4981)

U. S .B .S . 3.82 0.46

This study 3.84+0.02* 0. 6840.06* 432+16+ 11+3+


Recommended values for G -l (Stevens, 1960) 4. 51 0.97 220 250

♦R esu lts of 9 runs.

+R esults of 10 runs,

14

TABLE 3; ISOTOPE DILUTION* ANALYSES AND X-RAY FLUORESCENT ANALYSES

(Livingston, 1962)

Rb SrSample I. D.* X-Ray I. D.* X-Ray

Ruin Granite 279 330 158 150

Red Rock Rhyolite 205 260 226 220

Rhyolite (DEL-5-62) 173 200 250 230

GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE STRONGHOLD GRANITE

Country Rocks

The following is a b rief description of the rocks which surround

the Stronghold Granite. A detailed rep o rt on the region has been pub

lished as U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 281 by Jam es

Gilluly. The reader is re fe rre d to that paper for detailed stratigraphic

and struc tu ra l information.

The oldest unit exposed in contact with the granite is the P re -

cam brian Pinal Schist. Exposures of the sch ist along the central septum

(see Fig. 4) which divides the granite into two lobes a re characterized

by biotite, muscovite, quartz, and a little hornblende. A second type

of P inal Schist exposed along the eastern boundary of the pluton is

characterized by muscovite and occasional porphyroblasts of andalusite

averaging 5 mm in length.

Paleozoic rocks lie unconformably on the P recam brian Pinal

Schist and consist of the basal Cam brian Bolsa Q uartzite overlain by a

Devonian through Perm ian lim estone sequence in terrupted by occasional

shaly partings. The lim estone has suffered varying degrees of contact

m etam orphism , but seem s to have been predominantly unreactive to the

Stronghold Granite.15

Figure 4. —Geologic map of the central

Dragoon Mountains.

110*00'

j #

GEOLOGIC M A P % t _

% %

6 #r-j

EXPLANATION

V^V-:-y-J Quoternory ‘..‘dal..* alluvium

ii

f t

#

1 Tertiaryhr | Ts9 Stronghold

" " "

IvV-.VV-.V* --------- FormationC r ^ Trioesic or

W p . . w(.•:* Quartz

Monzonite%# ! H

j # '' :V.*:*•"•*;\V: Precombrion

OF THE CENTRAL

DRAGOON MOUNTAINS Modified from Gilluly(I956)

17

T riass ic or Ju rass ic Cochise Peak Q uartz Monzonite cuts the

Paleozoic rocks and is characterized by the presence of large well-

aligned m icrocline phenocrysts in a q u artz -rich m atrix . The author

observed an a rea north of the Stronghold Canyon Picnic A rea where the

quartz monzonite was sheared and apparently rem obilized at the tim e

of the Stronghold Granite emplacement.

The Cretaceous Bisbee Form ation overlies the Cochise Peak

Quartz Monzonite in depositional contact and consists dominantly of

e lastics with le sse r lim estone. The Bisbee Form ation does not have

an extensive exposed contact relationship with the Stronghold Granite

(see Fig. 4).

Contact M etamorphism

Contact m etam orphic activity is variable around the periphery

of the Stronghold Granite. At m ost contacts examined there appears to

have been a m ere "baking" of the country rocks with little reaction be

tween the granite and its host. However, there a re a few places where

lim estones have reac ted with the granite to produce dense hornblende

hornfels. Reaction was energetic enough to generate at least two pyro-

m etasom atic o re deposits (Wilson, 1951).

If one assum es the hornblende hornfels adjacent to the granite

as an indicator of maximum contact tem perature and p ressu re , the

granite probably intruded at a tem perature not higher than 700°C, and

18

with a partia l water p ressu re not g rea ter than 6 kilobars (cf. Fig. 107,

Fyfe, Turner, and Verhoogen, 1958). However, hornblende hornfels

zones a re not common, and the granite as a whole was probably cooler

o r, at least, le ss reactive than indicated by the hornblende hornfels at

the tim e of emplacement.

Rhyolite and Aplite Dikes Associated With the Stronghold G ranite"

Rhyolite dikes a re ubiquitous throughout the Stronghold Granite

m assif and show well-developed flow lines with m arked chilling a t their

bo rders. The rhyolite dikes a re usually 2 to 5 feet thick, but locally

may be as much as 50 feet thick.

Aplites occur as dikes cutting the granite and as zones within

the granite which appear to be segregations. Rhyolite dikes intrude

both granite and aplite and rep resen t the youngest igneous activity a s

sociated with the granite. Aplite dikes do not appear to be as numerous

as the rhyolites. They a re , however, especially well displayed half a

m ile north of Slavin Gulch (see Fig. 2) on the west side of the m assif.

A large podlike aplite m ass is exposed on the sheer cliffs

north of the entrance to the Stronghold Picnic A rea, but its boundaries

could not be determ ined because of inaccessibility of the te rra in .

M iarolitic cavities displaying euhedral quartz and m icrocline a re

especially abundant in th is aplitic m ass. Such cavities a re common

19

also in the granite north of West Stronghold Canyon. In some places

m icrocline and quartz have completely filled the voids yielding sm all

pegm atitic pods ranging from a few inches to several feet in diam eter.

Xenoliths

P laty b io tite -rich xenoliths 2 to 3 inches in diam eter w ere ob

served in a roadcut approximately halfway up Slavin Gulch. These

xenoliths a re probably rem nant products of reaction of the granite with

blocks of Pinal Schist which were observed to be ro tated out of position

along the w estern contact of the cen tra l septum.

Petrography of the Stronghold Granite

Thin sections of 15 specim ens of the Stronghold G ranite were

studied with a petrographic m icroscope. No effort was made to get uni

form coverage of the pluton with thin sections. The specim ens examined

a re characterized by their cataclastic texture and late growth of m icro

cline.

Average estim ated volume percentages a re : 50-60 percent

quartz, 30-40 percent K- spar, 10-20 percent plagioclase, and 0 to 3

percen t biotite. M ineralogically the Stronghold G ranite corresponds

to an alaskitic biotite granite (cf. Gilluly, 1956, p. 107).

20

M ajor M inerals

K -spar is represen ted as perth itic m icrocline in euhedral to

subhedral c ry sta ls 1 to 5 mm long which a re commonly observed re -

sorbing plagioclase cry sta ls . Large m icrocline c ry sta ls a re m ost

commonly poikiloblastic with quartz blebs which appear to have been

partia lly replaced by K -spar. Some of the large crysta ls also show

growth rings which m ay be outlined by quartz blebs or K -spar with a

slightly different optical orientation.

Subhedral to anhedral lath-shaped crysta ls of plagioclase range

from l / 4 to 2 mm long, and in m ost of the specim ens studied the c ry s

ta ls have been replaced to a g rea te r or le sse r degree by K -spar. An-

orth ite molecule percentage, a s determ ined by the M ichel-Levy method,

with a universal stage ranges from An^g to Angg. Values of An^g to

An^g a re m ost common.

Quartz c ry sta ls range from 1/4 to 5 mm in diam eter in an

hedral, commonly strained grains. Small blebs of quartz a re often a r

ranged in inclusion zones in K -spar and quartz also often has in te rs titia l

appearance to large K -spar c ry sta ls .

A ccessory M inerals

L ight-green to yellow and yellow-brown laths of biotite range

from l /8 to 3 mm long and a re not uncommonly being replaced by

21

m uscovite or K -spar. Opaques a re often in close proxim ity to the bio-

tite being replaced and a re probably reaction products of the rep lace-X

ment. Shreds of se ric ite were observed replacing plagioclase occa

sionally, and le ss commonly as a replacem ent of K -spar. Muscovite

usually occurs as a replacem ent of biotite, but a few isolated laths a re

found without associated opaques. A few irreg u la r peripheral patches

of chlorite, probably pennine, were observed replacing biotite. Euhedral

to subhedral c ry sta ls of zircon w ere observed as inclusions in biotite.

Haloes a re found around some zircon cry sta ls , but a re not characte r

is tic . Anhedral to euhedral c ry sta ls of fluorite a re commonly associ

ated with biotite and le ss commonly as apparent void fillings.

Other accessory m inera ls include epidote, apatite, opaques,

and clays. Epidote occurs as vein fillings in a few locations, but is not

quantitatively im portant as an accessory m ineral in the granite. A few

apatite cry sta ls a re occasionally associated with opaques. Magnetite,

ilm enite, and hem atite observed in the Stronghold Granite appear to be

associated with the breakdown of biotite. Clay m inera ls were observed

as occasional alteration products of both K -spar and plagioclase.

RESULTS OF ANALYSES

The re su lts of 243 X -ray fluorescent spectrographic analyses

on the Stronghold Granite a re tabulated in Appendix I. For convenience

of com parison with other data, oxide as well as elem ental percentages

a re lis ted for K and Ca. Frequency distributions of the variables w ere

made and appear in F igures 5, 6, and 7. C lass in tervals in the f re

quency distributions were selected a rb itra rily , but in all cases exceed

the rela tive standard deviation of analysis for the variable involved.

Analyses of aplites and rhyolite dikes associated with the granite a re

tabulated in Appendix IL

K and Ca Analyses

The KgO and CaO content of the Stronghold Granite do not ap

pear to be significantly different from Nockolds’ averages for sim ilar

granitic rocks (Nockolds, 1954; Table 4). However, i t has been pointed

out that Nockolds* averages a re represen tative only for the hand speci

m ens which w ere analyzed, and a re not necessarily represen tative of

the composition of the plutons from which the sam ples were taken. This

c ritic ism may apply to a ll averaged rock analytical data until m ore r e

a listic estim ates of the composition of rock units a re available.

22

Arithmetic mean = 4 11% Standard deviation = 0 41

Frequency distribution for %K

Figure 5. Frequency distributions for Stronghold Granite.

Arithmetic mean - 0 42 % Standard deviation = 0-13

Frequency distribution for % Co

%K and % Ca in the

3

6 0.. Arithmetic mean = 3 9 0 PPm Geometric m eon = 375 ppm Standard deviation = 120

5 0..

4 0 1

3 0..

2 0 ..

f !|om1oCM

— 1. I - i. .4- 4—1- -1—1__I__l _ 4 _ 4 - L i . n n 4-4 -4-4—4. 1-4- 4Frequency distribution for ppm Rb

Figure 6. Frequency distributions forStronghold Granite.

Arithmetic mean = 30 ppm Geometric mean = 2 0 ppm Standard deviation = 2 0

Frequency distribution for ppm Srppm Rb and ppm Sr in the

6 0

5 0

4 0

30

20

10

Arithmetic mean = 110 Geometric mean = HO Standard deviation = 25

4 0 IArithmetic mean = 2 6 0 Geometric mean = 2 0 0Standard deviations 2 0 0

2 0

io

oGO

1 JA i . m - i

requency distribution for K/Rb Frequency distribution for Ca/Sr> 7. Frequency distributions for K/Rb and Ca/Sr in the Stronghold Granite.

TABLE 4. COMPARISON OF CaO AND K20 CONTENTS OF NOCKOLDS' AVERAGE BIOTITE GRANITE AND

THE STRONGHOLD GRANITE

26

k 2o(percent)

CaO(percent)

Nockolds* average biotitegranite (Nockolds, 1954) 5.01 0.56

Stronghold G ranite average 5.75 0.50

Whitten (1962b) has proposed a new method for determ ination

of the average composition of a granitic m assif based on trend surface

analysis. This method will be applied to the Stronghold G ranite at a

la te r date.

The rhyolite dikes intruding the granite a re m ore potassic and

le s s calcic than Nockolds* (1954) averages for alkali rhyolite and

rhyolite-obsidian, as seen in Table 5.

Three rhyolite dikes have sufficiently higher K content to

w arrant further study, that is, samples Sgd 16, 17, and 24 (see Appen

dix Ha).

Too few aplites were analyzed in th is study to make any mean

ingful com parisons with other data (see Appendix Bb).

27

TABLE 5. COMPARISON OF CaO AND K2O CONTENTS OF AVERAGE ALKALI RHYOLITE AND RHYOLITE-

OBSIDIAN WITH RHYOLITES ASSOCIATED WITH THE STRONGHOLD GRANITE

k 2o(percent)

CaO(percent)

Nockolds1 average alkali rhyolite and rhyolite- obsidian (Nockolds, 1954) 4. 73 0.61

Average of rhyolite dikes associated with the Stronghold G ranite 5. 75 0.31

Sr Analyses

The Sr content of the granite appears to be significantly lower

than the average given by Turekian and Kulp (1956) for granites in the

0 .1 -1 . 0 percent Ca range (see Table 6). The lower Sr content also

affects the C a/S r ra tio causing that param eter to be higher than the

average C a/S r ra tio for rocks of sim ila r composition. Rhyolite dikes

associated with the granite also run low in Sr when com pared with other

data (see Table 7). The C a/Sr ra tio for the rhyolites is also higher

than the average for rocks of sim ila r Ca content (see Table 7).

Rb Analyses

Rb values appear to be in good agreem ent with data obtained

TABLE 6. COMPARISON OF Sr CONTENTS AND C a/Sr RATIOS OF LOW Ca GRANITES AND THE

STRONGHOLD GRANITE

28

Sr(ppm) C a/Sr

Average for granitic rocks with 0 .1 -1 .0 percent Ca (Turekian and Kiulp, 1956) 100 60 (re

ported %s Sr X 10 V Ca)

Average for the StrongholdG ranite 30 260

TABLE 7. COMPARISON OF Sr CONTENTS AND C a/Sr RATIOS OF LOW C a RHYOLITES AND RHYOLITES

ASSOCIATED WITH THE STRONGHOLD GRANITE

Sr(ppm) Ca/Sr

Average for rhyolites with le ss than 1 .0 percen t Ca (Turekian and Kulp, 1956) 178 19.6

(reported as Sr X 103/Ca)

Average for rhyolites a s sociated with the Stronghold Granite 30 160

29

from other granites. Ahrens, Pinson, and Kearns (1952) investigated

the Rb-K relationship in rocks, but did not identify the dark m inerals

in the granites so that valid com parison is not p ractical. Butler,

Bowden, and Smith (1962) have made a study of a se rie s of South African

granites and their data for K/Rb and Rb in biotite granites agree well

with data gathered in th is study (see Table 8).

Frequency distributions for Ca and K show the expected norm al

distributions (cf. Ahrens, 1954a) for m ajor elements (see Fig. 5). Sr

and C a/S r show apparent lognorm al distributions (see Figs. 6 and 7).

The distribution for Rb is not clearly norm al or lognormal, but the

distribution for K/Rb is apparently norm al (see Fig. 7).

TABLES. COMPARISON OF Rb CONTENTS AND K/Rb RATIOS OF 16 SOUTH AFRICAN BIOTITE

GRANITES AND THE STRONGHOLDGRANITE

Rb(ppm) K/Rb

Average for 16 South African biotite granites (Butler, Bowden, and Smith, 1962) 400 116

Average for the Stronghold G ranite 390 110

TREND SURFACES

Assumptions

Whitten (1959) has outlined the assum ptions necessary to a

study of this nature, but i t seem s advantageous to review then here.

F irs t , i t is assum ed that a hand specimen is represen tative of a broad

a re a of rocks around it. Second, i t is assum ed that the laboratory anal

yses a re tru ly represen tative of the composition of the rocks in question;

and third, it is assum ed that there is a rational, m easurable trend in

the granitic body. The f ir s t assum ption is perhaps the weakest of the

th ree and, as far a s is known, no attem pt has been made to rigorously

establish the relationship. Sampling plans have been proposed which

allow equal chance for each outcrop to be sampled, but the w riter does

not know of any attem pt to dem onstrate that a hand specimen is re p re

sentative of a rock outcrop.

The confidence that can be placed in the laboratory work is

high, since the several analyses of the U. S. Bureau of Standards rocks

com pare favorably for the known components. The w riter satisfied

him self early in the study that a few chips from a hand specimen were

rep resen tative of the hand specim en by making duplicate analyses of

30

31

the sam e specimen. In th is respect, however, perhaps m ore confidence

can be placed in the ra tio s of elem ents than in the absolute quantities.

The ra tio s may be m ore re liab le because inadvertent inclusion of a

sam ple rich e r in quartz than the hand specimen would cause the absolute

amount of K, Ca, Rb, and Sr to be low, but the ra tio s of K/Rb and

C a/S r should be unchanged, assum ing that the ra tio s a re constant for

any given hand specimen.

The assumption that th e re is a rational trend in the Stronghold

G ranite and that it can actually be portrayed by trend surface can only

be supported by the fact that trend surface analyses dem onstrate that

trends do exist for the param ete rs m easured.

Sampling

Trend surface analyses have been critic ized because sam ples

w ere not collected randomly in a rigorous sta tistica l sense (Link and

Koch, 1962). Sampling models have been proposed based on a rec tan

gular grid and random number scheme. However, the end re su lt of

such schem es is that the worker m ust make a subjective decision con

cerning the accessib ility of the sam ple site, weathering, and other r e l

evant details. One m ajor problem that is commonly overlooked by

designers of such plans is the identification of a sam ple site in the field

from a grid intersection on a topograjiic map or ae ria l photo. In th is

study a grid sampling procedure was re jected because of rugged

32

topography. Every effort was made to obtain uniform coverage on the

outcrop of the pluton, and the w riter feels that the sampling is re p re

sentative of the Stronghold Granite, even though it may not be s ta tis tica l

ly valid in a rigorous sense (see Fig. 8). For detailed argum ents on

sampling see Link and Koch (1962) and Whitten (1962a).

Computation

Trend surfaces were generated using an IBM 650 computer

with a program (IBM file No. 8.3.001) described by Krumbein (1959).

Information requ ired by the computer includes the location of each data

point in te rm s of an a rb itra ry U-V coordinate system and data from that

location. From reg ression analyses coefficients for general equations

w ere generated for linear (L), linear plus quadratic (L + Q), and linear

plus quadratic plus cubic (L + Q + C) surfaces. General equations

(Krumbein and Faulkner, p. 6) for trend surfaces have the form

XL - A + BU + CV (L)

Xq = Aq + Bq U + CQ + D2QU + Eq UV + Fq V2 (L + Q)

Xq - Aq + BCU + CCV + DCU2 + ECUV + F CV2 + GCU3 +

H c u V + J CUV2 + Kq V3 (L + Q + C)

where X is the computed value a t a location given by U and V, and A,

B, C, etc. a re coefficients for the respective surfaces. Coefficients

for the surfaces generated in th is study a re listed in Appendix ILL The

U-V location of each sample and the raw data are lis ted in Appendix IV.

Figure 8= —Outline of the Stronghold Granite showing

sample locations (.) and U-V coordinate

system .

A23C K 2 4 E

T.ii s.

COCO

34

"Raw data" were converted to ra tio s and oxide percentages by an auxil

ia ry computer program .

Computed values were com pared with m easured values at each

data point to yield deviation termso

Trend surface and deviation m aps were contoured by inspec

tion after computed values were manually plotted against U-V coordi

nates.

Discussion of Trend Surfaces

The linear surfaces for K, Ca, Rb, and K/Rb all a re essen tial

ly horizontal surfaces, that is , the differences in the variables ac ross

the surfaces is le ss than the expected analytical e rro r of any individual

analysis. F rom the percentages of sum s of squares accounted for by

these surfaces, i t appears that the data fitted by the linear surfaces

a re noisy (see Table 9). "Noise" may be attributed to analytical e rro r

or to natural variations within the granite.

The percentage of the totaled sum of squares accounted for by

any surface is one appraisal of a surface (Dawson and Whitten, S62).

This param eter is actually a m easure of "goodness of f i t , " that is ,

when a high percentage of the sum of squares is accounted for by a su r

face, the surface p asses through a large number of data points. The

percentage of total sum of squares accounted for by a surface was

calculated from the equation given by Dawson and Whitten (1962):

35

TABLE 9. PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL SUMS OF SQUARES ASSOCIATED WITH THE TREND SURFACES

ComponentK

(percent)Ca

(percent)Rb

(ppm)Sr

(ppm) K/Rb C a/Sr

L inear 0 .5 0.1 6.6 9.0 4.6 8.4

L inear plusquadratic 9.25 3.19 24.7 16.2 21.5 17.6

Quadratic alone (8.75) (2.09) (18.1) (7.2) (16.9) (9.2)

L inear plus quadratic pluscubic 11.8 7.30 42.0 20.3 33.6 25.3

Cubic alone (2.65) (4.11) (17.3) (13.9) (12.1) (7.7)

100 (Sum of computed- (Sum X computed) V n)9 9(Sum observed-(Sum X observed) /N)

This number is norm ally calculated as a p a r t of the computer program ,

but for some unknown reason, the computer recorded absurd values for

Sum X observed. Since th is number is used in the above calculation,

the percentage was calculated by hand after an auxiliary program deter

mined the tru e value for Sum X^ observed (see Appendix V).

The linear surfaces for Sr and C a/Sr do show appreciable dif

ferences in variab les ac ro ss the surfaces (see F igs. 9 and 10).

L inear plus quadratic p artia l trend surfaces show appreciable

Figure 9. —Linear trend surface for ppm Sr in the

Stronghold Granite.

ppm Sr line

GOoa

Figure 10. —Linear trend surface for the ra tio C a/S r

in the Stronghold Granite.

38

gains in percentages of sum s of squares (see Table 9), but a re essen

tially no better at approximating the average variable than the f irs t su r

face (see Appendix VI). The f ir s t approximation of the average of the

variable is improved with higher o rder trend surfaces, but i t is doubt

ful that improvem ent past the f i r s t th ree decimal p laces has any d irec t

geological significance. Strike and dip symbols showing the attitude of

the linear trend surface a re shown on the linear plus quadratic surfaces

for com parison of trend. In all cases except K, the s trik e sense for

the linear plus quadratic surface is sim ilar to the s trik e of the linear

surface suggesting that the attitude of the linear surface is significant.

L inear plus quadratic plus cubic trend surfaces show appreci

able gains in sum s of squares, but for a ll surfaces except the percent

Ca surface the gain is le ss than the gain from linear to linear plus

quadratic. Further, the linear plus quadratic plus cubic surface re ta in s

the sam e sense of dip and strik e a s that of the linear plus quadratic su r

face.

Significance of T rend Surfaces

Turekian and Kulp (1956, Fig. 10) have established a positive

correlation between Ca and Sr in rocks, and a sim ilar correla tion is

suggested in the Stronghold G ranite, although a lim ited range of Ca

values tends to m ask th is interdependence in a sca tte r plot (see Fig.

11). Heier and Taylor (1959b, p. 297) note that Sr proxies for K as

I 3 0

120 -

I 10 -

100 ’

/

•90

•80

•70

•60

;30oo

•4055

•30

•20

•10

tir-!4 ':

Is•e

• • •

4

4

3

5 10 20 30 40 50 6 0 70 80 90ppm S r ------ =""»

Figure II. Scatter plot of % Co vs. ppm

100 150

Sr in the Stronghold Granite.W*

40

well as Ca and diadochy of th is so rt would also tend to obscure co rre la

tion of Sr with Ca. The substitution of Sr++ for K* is a capture mech

anism resulting from the sm aller divalent Sr ion (see Table 10) being

included instead of the monovalent K ion.

Trend surface analysis suggests a crude positive correlation

between Ca and Sr, but the sim ilarity is only slight for the L + Q + C

surfaces and even m ore obscure for the L + Q surfaces (see F igs. 12-

15). The ra tio C a/Sr is apparently strongly controlled by the gradients

of the Ca and Sr trends. The C a/S r ra tio trend surface shows a strong

negative correlation with trend surfaces for the absolute amounts of Ca

and Sr (see Figs. 14, 15, 16, and 17). This negative correlation be

tween the ra tio C a/Sr and Ca and Sr had been noted previously by

Turekian and Kulp (1956) and Heier and Taylor (1959).

An increasing ra tio of C a/S r is considered an index of in c reas

ing differentiation in igneous rocks (Heier and Taylor, 1959, p. 298).

If the L + Q + C trend surface for C a/S r tru ly rep resen ts a trend in the

Stronghold G ranite, then la te stage igneous events p rog ressed toward

the northeastern p a rt of the pluton (see Fig. 17).

The distribution of K throughout the pluton is apparently uni

form because all the trend surfaces for absolute amount of K have a

highly sym m etric relation to the outline of the intrusion (see F igs. 18

and 19). By contrast, the Rb distribution is uniform for the linear su r

face, but the second and th ird degree surfaces show pronounced r is e s

Figure 12. —L + Q trend surface for percen t Ca in the

Stronghold Granite.

0 4 0

% C a I t q

Figure 13. —L + Q trend surface for ppm Sr in the

Stronghold Granite.

Figure 14. —L + Q + C trend surface for percent Ca in the

Stronghold Granite.

Figure 15. —L + Q + C trend surface for ppm Sr in the

Stronghold Granite.

ppm Sr l + q + c

+

Figure 16. —L + Q trend surface for the ra tio C a/Sr in the

Stronghold Granite.

5 0 0

f t

Figure 17. —L + Q + C trend surface for the ra tio C a/S r


Figure 18, —L + Q trend surface for percen t K in the

Stronghold Granite.

Figure 19. —L + Q + C trend surface for percent K in the

Stronghold Granite.

z z

3 80

%K l+q + c

+00

TABLE 10. RADII OF THE ELEMENTS STUDIED IN THE STRONGHOLD GRANITE

4 9

Cation . K* • Ca++ • Rb+ Sr++

o o o oRadius (Green, 1.42 A 1.03 A 1.57 A 1.16 A

1959)

in Rb values to the northeast (see Figs. 20 and 21).

Rb values apparently strongly control the trend of the K/Rb

ra tio for both L + Q and L + Q + C surfaces (see Figs. 22 and 23). As

Rb values increase , K values decrease, so that the K/Rb ra tio s de

c rease rapidly. The strong trend of lower values for the ra tio toward

the northeast p a rt of the m assif is striking, and since the param eter of

K/Rb is also considered as a differentiation index (Butler, Bowden, and

Smith, 1962, p. 93), the idea that late stage igneous events p rogressed

toward the northeast is reinforced.

In noting that late stage igneous events p rogressed toward the

northeast in the Stronghold Granite, the w riter does not mean that dif

ferentiation in the granite p rog ressed la terally . Consideration of v e rti

cal position of sampled sites in trend surface analyses would alm ost

certainly a lter the configuration of the trend surfaces so that vertical

trends may be distinguished. Further, from rela tions with the country

rocks the w riter gained the im pression that the pluton is unroofed only

Figure 20. —L + Q trend surface for ppm Rb in the

Stronghold Granite.

Figure 21. —L + Q + C trend surface for ppm Rb in the

Stronghold Granite.

5 0

400450ppm Rb l + q + c

Figure 22, —L + Q trend surface for the ra tio K/Rb in the

Stronghold Granite.

Figure 23„ —L + Q + C trend surface for the ra tio K/Rb


!

120

K/Rb l+q+c

/

54

to a shallow depth. Thus, the weathering surface of the pluton in places

may be very close to the original in terface between the m assif and the

country rocks. P erterbating influences of reactions between the granite,

country rocks, and la te stage differentiates will becloud the p ic tu re of

the granite* s history until m ore is learned about the geology of the in

trusion.

DEVIATION MAPS

Deviations from calculated linear values w ere plotted and con

toured (see F igs. 24-29). Deviations from higher o rder surfaces were

not trea ted because higher o rder te rm s account for m ore and m ore

sum s of squares thereby reducing deviations,, Im plicit in th is study is

the assum ption that a linear trend surface is an adequate representation

of any regional trend, while higher order trend surfaces may m ask im

portant anom alies removing them from deviation te rm s. Deviations a re

probably not significant unless they a re m ore than one standard deviation

away from the surface, where the standard deviation is computed from

frequency distributions of the variables. Significant deviations may

also be surrounded by deviations of the sam e sign and of a le sse r or

g rea ter magnitude.

In th is study deviations from the regional trend (linear trend

surface) apparently have no sim ple relationship to the surrounding

country rocks. Since lack of reaction of the granite with the country

rocks seem s to be characte ristic , lack of correla tion of the deviations

with contiguous country rocks is not su rprising (cf. Fig. 4 with F igs.

24-29). The Paleozoic rocks surrounding the m assif a re largely lim e

stones, and one might expect positive Ca anom alies a t contacts of the

55

Figure 24. —Map for deviations from the linear trend

surface for percent K in the Stronghold

Granite.

m m

SB


surface for percent Ca in the Stronghold

Granite.

DEVIATIONSE X P L A N A T I O N

P o s i t i v e N e g a t i v e


surface for ppm Rb in the

Stronghold Granite.

'' ’•X’X-Xv!

Rb LINEAR DEVIATIONS

E X P L A N A T I O NP o s i t i v e

o x 0-200

CJI00

Figure 27, —Map for deviations from the linear trend

surface for ppm Sr in theK *

. Stronghold Granite.


surface for the ra tio K/Rb in the

Stronghold Granite.

Figure 29, —Map for deviations from the linear trend

surface for the ra tio C a/Sr in the

Stronghold Granite,

Ca/Sr LINEA

DEVIATIONSE X P L A N A T I O N

N e g a t i v e

B ,

62

granite and the Paleozoic country rocks, but no such sim ple re la tion

ship is apparent in the deviation m aps.

Speculations concerning deviation m aps m ust await processing

of complimentary petrographic data by trend surface analysis.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1. X -ray fluorescent spectrographic analysis is a re liab le

method for p a rtia l analysis of granitic rocks, and it is especially

amenable to the analyses of elem ents such as Sr and Rb which a re dif

ficult to tre a t using norm al chem ical techniques.

2. Trend surface analysis can be used to establish chemical

trends in granitic bodies where such trends a re not otherw ise clear in

raw data. Such trends can be used to establish a rea s within a granite

pluton which are characterized by la te stage igneous activity.

3. The Stronghold G ranite is an alkali granite im poverished

in Sr and higher in the ra tio C a/S r with respec t to other analyzed

granites of sim ilar Ca content. Rb and K/Rb values of the Stronghold

G ranite a re not s ignificantly different from sim ilar rocks. Reported

negative correlation between Ca and Sr, and the ra tio C a/Sr is co r

roborated. C a/S r and K/Rb trend surfaces show negative correlation

and indicate that la te stage igneous activity p rogressed toward the

northeast in the Stronghold G ranite pluton.

6 3

APPENDIX I

TABULATION OF ANALYSES OF STRONGHOLD GRANITE SAMPLES EXCLUDING LOCATIONS

NOTE: All data a re listed here in p a rts per million, that is ,

to read percentages count four p laces over from the right.

EXAMPLE: Read 0000044800 as 4.48 percent. Read

0000000010 as 10 ppm.

F or purposes of computation, Sr values originally recorded as

le ss than 10 ppm a re reported as 5 ppm. Oxide percentages and ra tio s

of the elem ents were computed by mi auxiliary program on the IBM 650

computer.

6 4

Sample No.

0000000001

0000000002

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9

0000000010

0000000011

0000000012

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8

000000001Q

0000000020

0000000021

0000000022

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8

% K

0 0 0 0 0 4 4 8 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 3 6 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 2 4 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 9 2 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 0 7 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 4 8 0 0

0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 2 7 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 8 9 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 2 8 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 8 9 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 9 8 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 5 7 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 3 4 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 6 7 0 0

0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 3 7 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 2 7 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 7 3 0 0

0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 7 7 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 5 6 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 1 4 0 0

% k 2o

0 0 0 0 0 5 3 9 7 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 2 5 2 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 8 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 7 2 2 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 9 0 3 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 3 2 4 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 3 9 7 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 8 1 8 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 1 4 4 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 6 8 6 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 9 5 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 1 8 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 6 8 6 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 7 9 4 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 1 8 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 5 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 8 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 6 2 5 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 8 1 8 0

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The distribution of some selected alkali metals and ......The Stronghold Granite is located in the...

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