1. Ingestion

2. Mechanical processing

3. Digestion

4. Secretion

5. Absorption

6. Excretion

• Tooth decay by bacteria that produce acid and demineralize the enamel and dentin (form plaque on teeth)

• Inflammation and degeneration of gingivae (gums), alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum

• Myxovirus infects parotid gland- inflammation

• Fever, extreme

pain in throat• Swelling on one or

both sides of face• Testes can also

become inflamed• Immunization available

• Lower sphincter fails to relax

• Food passage impeded and food lodged in esophagus

• Lower sphincter fails to close

• Hydrochloric acid bubbles up esophagus

• Antacids help neutralize HCL

• Bulging of stomach through esophageal hiatus

• Narrowing of pyloric sphincter by enlarged muscle fibers

• Hallmark symptom- projectile vomit

• Surgery needed

• 5-10% of population• Normal balance

between destructive and protective forces upset

• Stimulated by Heliobacter pylori, stress, smoking, alcohol, coffee, aspirin, medications

• Mucosal cells of small intestine do not produce lactase

• Bacterial fermentation occurs and produces gas, bloating, diarrhea,

and cramps

• Medications available

Diverticula- saclike outpouchings of Diverticula- saclike outpouchings of wall of colon where muscularis weak wall of colon where muscularis weak

Become inflamedBecome inflamed Prevented by high fiber dietPrevented by high fiber diet

• First performed in 1989- 21 month old received part of Mother’s liver

– Liver regenerates well

• Also been done for pancreas, kidney and bone marrow

• Yellowish color of sclera, skin, and mucous membranes due to build up of bilirubin

• Three catagories– Excessive production of bilirubin– Dysfunction of liver cells– Blockage of bile drainage

• Formed as a result of precipitation of cholesterol and bile salts in gall bladder

• Diagnosed by ultrasound

• Often no symptoms

• If obstructing the gall bladder, severe pain in upper right side of abdomen

• Can be removed by surgical procedures

Peristalsis: the contraction of smooth muscles to propel contents through the digestive tract

• wave contraction of longitudinal and circular muscles preceded by wave relaxation of these muscles

link

Metabolism: sum of all chemical reactions in the body

ATP: Energy currency