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Autorii aduc prin acest dicionar un piosomagiu marelui anglist romn,

Leon Levichi.

SORIN BACIU & CRISTIAN BACIU

THE DICTIONARY OFCONFUSEDABUSED

AND MISUSEDENGLISH WORDS

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Coperta: Leo OrmanIlustraia copertei: Jerusalem, Plate 48, "These were his last words....", gravur de

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5CUPRINSOMAGIU PROFESORULUI LEON LEVICHI ........................................... 7CUVNT NAINTE............................................................................ 11IS ENGLISH A MOST VERSATILE LANGUAGE?..................................... 19ABREVIERI....................................................................................... 32A.................................................................................................... 37B.................................................................................................... 55C.................................................................................................... 82D ................................................................................................. 140E .................................................................................................. 158F .................................................................................................. 169G ................................................................................................. 192H ................................................................................................. 205I................................................................................................... 219J................................................................................................... 227K.................................................................................................. 229L .................................................................................................. 235M................................................................................................. 256N ................................................................................................. 277O ................................................................................................. 280P .................................................................................................. 283Q ................................................................................................. 318R.................................................................................................. 320S .................................................................................................. 344

6T.................................................................................................. 390U.................................................................................................. 417V.................................................................................................. 420W................................................................................................. 423X.................................................................................................. 444Y.................................................................................................. 445Z.................................................................................................. 447SURSE UTILIZATE .......................................................................... 448

7OMAGIU PROFESORULUILEON LEVICHI

nainte de a purcede la prezentarea acestei lucrri doresc s aduc un respectuosomagiu acelui crturar i anglist romn de rar excepie care a fost profesorulLeon Levichi (1918-1991).Pentru cei care l-au avut n preajm i au beneficiat direct de ceea ce domnia sa acldit n edificiul nvrii i mpmntenirii limbii engleze la noi, ct i pentru ceicare se bucur de motenirea lsat, fr s-l fi cunoscut, Leon Levichi varmne un redutabil patriarh al diseminrii i cimentrii nvrii limbii englezepentru toi romnii. Profesorul Levichi a lsat colii romneti de anglistic oimpresionat motenire: ca profesor i pedagog druit, prolific autor de cri degramatic, lexicologie, de manuale de nvare i perfecionare a limbii engleze,cu o larg gam de studii de specialitate, ca traductor din literatura britanic iromn (printre altele, poeziile lui Mihai Eminescu) dar mai ales, probabil, cafiind cel mai reputat cercettor i traductor al operelor lui William Shakespeare nRomnia (traducerea i publicarea unei ediii n 11 volume!).Totui, pentru profesorul Levichi, zona excepiei este marcat de o alt vajnicndeletnicire, cumva vecin cu ceea ce s-ar putea numi un act de sihstrie imisionarism profesional: orchestrarea i scrierea, pe parcursul unei ntregi viei, aprimelor dicionare de anvergur, englez-romn i romn-englez. Unic autor i,ulterior, alturi de profesorul Andrei Banta, Leon Levichi a dat romnilor primeledicionare engleze de anvergur (70.000-120.000 de cuvinte). Fr acestenceputuri, pe eafodajul crora s-a continuat i adugat pn astzi, multe dintrecele scrise n Romnia n zona anglisticii inclusiv lucrarea de fa ar fi fostaproape imposibile. Este oarecum ciudat i ct se poate de nefericit, darexplicabil, faptul c pn trziu n anii 70, niciuna dintre instituiile romne deeducaie, tiin i cultur nu au declanat o astfel de imperios necesar

8ntreprindere, avndu-se n vedere impactul deja serios al limbii engleze pe planmondial.Este bine cunoscut faptul c, n lume, scrierea oricrui dicionar de anvergur (maiales dac acesta este deschiztor de drum n domeniu) este, n fapt, ncununareaunui considerabil efort instituional i colectiv referindu-ne, aici, la numrul departicipani, la culegerea i selectarea datelor, verificarea corpusului, corectur,editare etc.Credem c rareori n lume se poate vorbi de o asemenea dedicare i, mai ales,curaj singular, precum cel dovedit de profesorul Levichi. O astfel de realizarepare cu att mai neverosimil pentru perioada anilor grei ai dictaturii comuniste,cnd accesul la cartea strin, schimburile de relaii internaionale n planprofesional, mijloacele de documentare i suportul tehnic n ansamblu (computer,internet, baze de date automatizate, mijloace de editare i multiplicare etc.) eraufie inexistente, fie strict monitorizate, sever cenzurate i drastic sancionate deputere. Erau acele vremuri cnd fericitul posesor al unei maini de scris eraobligat s se prezinte, lunar, la secia de miliie de care aparinea i sdactilografieze un anume test de control al caracterelor respectivei maini.Psihoza posibiliei multiplicri i diseminri a unor manifeste, a propagandei anti-regim i a bibliilor sau a textelor religioase atinsese culmi ale absurdului. Oriceaparat sau utilaj de multiplicare existent n orice instituie era, de asemenea, strictcontrolat de organele de securitate.Bibliotecile i bazele de date existente i aflate la dispoziia publicului eraugrijuliu compartimentate pe zone de accesibilitate. Mai trist, ns, era faptul cacestea erau meninute ntr-o malign, pe ct de malefic ncremenire a evoluieiprogresului, nnoirii i actualizrii. Orice element de noutate era privit cuscepticism fie din inerie, fric sau lips de interes dar, mai ales, din pricinanivelului precar de cultur i profesionalism existent i meninut prin normativespecifice n toate instituiile statului comunist.Orice act de cultur prea vecin cu un joc de noroc, un act de regie i disimularen duelul permanent cu omniprezenta i imprevizibila cenzur. Teatrul, filmul,literatura, instrucia, educaia n genere toate aveau nevoie de adevrai maetri

9ai pledoariei avoceti pentru a putea strecura, printre rnduri, elemente desubstan care trebuiau astfel construite nct s fie intraductibile pentru uncenzor care, att prin arhitectura sa intelectual, ct i prin cea a misiei, se situamult mai prejos dect inta interveniei.Dar s revenim la profesorul Leon Levichi. Cu domnia sa (dup o ntreag epopeede labirinturi i furci caudine instituionale) am avut ansa de a-mi da doctoratuln filologie. Ca orice nvcel, evident insuficient copt pentru o asemeneantreprindere, mi amintesc c exigenele ndrumtorului Leon Levichi mi s-auprut deseori exagerate i chiar pe lng subiect. Dei am ales o tem legat dereceptarea n literatura romn a unui motiv de anvergur internaional(robinsonada), la nceput nu am neles de ce profesorul Levichi, n diverse etape,mi-a cerut s parcurg, s aprofundez i s aplic practic elemente de exegez pecare, personal, le vedeam oarecum marginale i fr tangen imediat cu un actde receptare a unui motiv din literatura universal. Aadar, deseori scrnind dindini, am nvat aproape pe de rost un dicionar al figurilor de stil, teorie legatde actul traducerii, tehnici de analiz pe diverse tipuri de text, mult gramatic istilistic, tehnica de a contempla i a te apleca asupra unei scriituri cu abilitateaunui cartograf, plcerea de a te cufunda n nebnuitele resurse ale valenelorcombinatorii ale cuvintelor i multe, multe altele. Abia ceva mai trziu, cnd mi-am dat seama c, pe negndite, sesizam stngcii i disonane n actul detraducere i note false ce distorsionau muzicalitatea textului, mi-am dat seama cceea ce, i n cazul meu, profesorul Leon Levichi fcuse prin actul su dendrumare a unei teze de doctorat era nendoios similar cu maniera n care oricedirijor de marc trebuie s-i pregteasc orchestra cu care va concerta.Ceva mai sus, referindu-m la scrierea dicionarelor de ctre profesorul Levichi,am folosit sintagma: orchestrarea dicionarelor sale. Nu este o formulare preioasi nici aleas la ntmplare. Din vizitele pe care i le-am fcut acas, n vremeacnd mi era ndrumtor de tez, mi amintesc imaginea domnului profesor lalucru. ntr-o sufragerie nu foarte ncptoare se afla un pian cu coad, un birou imulte rafturi nesate de cri. Mai trziu mi-am dat seama c n acea ncpere seaflau, n primul rnd, dicionare dac nu m nel, peste 300 de dicionare dinvarii domenii o performan de mare excepie pentru acele vremuri. Ceea ce,

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ns, mi-a rmas ntiprit n mintea de pe atunci tnr nvcel n ale limbiiengleze a fost maniera n care profesorul lucra. Domnia sa nu se dovedea a fi unsimplu utilizator de dicionare; relaia domniei sale cu acest tip de carte era aceeaa omului-orchestr. Pe pianul amintit i n jurul acestuia se aflau cteva stativepentru partituri muzicale, toate ocupate cu dicionare, care l nconjuraupermanent i la care apela precum un utilizator de software sau de un program detip Windows din zilele noastre!Anglist de referin, pionier i precursor n tehnici de lucru ce vor fi urmat pestemuli ani, crturar druit i tenace, titan al detaliului i acurateei, o minte ascuiti un spirit alert aa mi va rmne n memorie imaginea printelui dicionarelorcare i-au apropiat pe toi cei interesai de studiul limbii engleze, la noi n ar inu numai.

Sorin Baciu

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CUVNT NAINTECorpusul de cuvinte problem (confundabile i/sau eronat utilizate)

selecionate i explicate n volumul de fa se dorete a veni att n ajutorulelevilor i studenilor care studiaz limba englez dar, nu mai puin, i n aloricror specialiti care folosesc limba englez, indiferent de scop, domeniu deactivitate sau orientare profesional. Prin cuvintele alese i explicaiile ce lensoesc am intenionat ca acest dicionar s fie un instrument ct mai accesibil ieficient pentru o gam larg de utilizatori interesai i nu doar pentru cei deformaie filologic.

Este bine cunoscut faptul c n procesul de nvare i de aprofundare aoricrei limbi (inclusiv cea matern), o larg i variat gam de cuvinte suntdeseori folosite n mod eronat sau sunt confundate. Gradul de inciden icomplexitate ale unor astfel de greeli este evident mai ridicat n cazul limbilorfonologice, unde scrierea este diferit de pronunie, dect n cel al limbilorfonetice unde, cu rare excepii, cele dou zone se suprapun; de aici i necesitateaapariiei i utilizrii transcrierilor fonetice, ca element indispensabil unui numrconsiderabil de dicionare.

Cunoscut este i faptul c dificultile apar mult mai frecvent i reclam maimulte zone de explicaie atunci cnd intr n discuie actul de traducere,retroversiune sau cel de interpretare. Acest lucru afecteaz corectitudineaaciunilor menionate, n special cnd intr n discuie limbi care difer princaracteristicile intrinseci amintite: foneticul i fonologicul. Mai mult, este denecontestat faptul c numrul erorilor i al confuziilor crete substanial atuncicnd cele dou zone se combin i cu scrierea.

Desigur, incidena i complexitatea erorilor (deseori eufemistic etichetatedrept scpri scuzabile) sunt dictate i justificate de stadiile de nvare i

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cunoatere ale oricrei limbi. Ambele sunt explicabile, mai nti, prin vrstabiologic a actului de nvare i, apoi, prin consistena aprofundrii iperfecionrii aceluiai act de cunoatere i de folosire a limbii sau limbilor. Caatare, zonele crora utilizatorul oricrei limbi trebuie s le acorde atenie cuprecdere sunt: ortografia, pronunia (ortoepia), categoria gramatical dar, nu maipuin, lexicul i semantica sensurile cuvintelor, n general. Dup cum practica odovedete, fie la nivelul aceleiai limbi, dar mai ales n traducere i interpretare,alturi de gramatic, lexicul i semantica i revendic dreptul la o utilizarecorect a limbii.

O alt periculoas i regretabil tendin ctre confuzii i erori se datoreazi inevitabilei influene a limbii materne (limba romn, n cazul nostru), faptconcretizat prin folosirea vocabularului (i nu numai) din considerente ntemeiatepe raionamente superficiale i false. Aici se poate vorbi despre similitudini saucalchieri de cuvinte sau structuri, fapt care conduce la decizii (n vorbire, scriere,sau traducere) luate dup ureche sau prin motivaii de tipul mi se pare corectpentru c mi sun bine. n fapt, astfel de maniere de utilizare a limbii engleze dectre vorbitorii nativi de limb romn au dus la apariia unui fenomen, pe ct dehilar i impardonabil, pe att de nociv: ROMGLEZA! Formele de manifestare aacestei neglijene n folosirea limbilor n discuie sunt prezente att n zonapronuniei, ct i n cea a vocabularului i a structurilor gramaticale. Este ct sepoate de limpede c tratamentul unei astfel de maladii nu se poate regsi dectntr-un judicios proces de nvare i cunoatere a faptului de limb corect i nu aunuia superficial, aproximat n virtutea unor criterii false.

Vorbind despre aceeai zon a utilizrii, dar mai ales de cea a traducerilor,s-ar impune i o mai judicioas disciplinare i administrare a mprumuturilor dei, n virtutea caracterului istoric i social al limbilor, mprumuturile sunt unfenomen inevitabil, considerabil accelerat de dinamica dezvoltrii tiinei itehnologiei. Pentru a nu intra n zona ridicolului, administrarea acestora se cereferm i atent monitorizat de forurile competente n materie: Academia Romn,institute de cercetare de specialitate, instituii de nvmnt, centre deperfecionare profesional, canale media etc.

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n ceea ce privete limba englez, numrul mare al confuziilor i eroriloreste n primul rnd cauzat de asemnrile de pronunie i/sau scriere (omofonie,omografie), fie ele totale sau pariale i, apoi, de cele datorate schimbriicategoriei gramaticale (substantiv, adjectiv, verb) prin modificarea accentului (ncazul cuvintelor plurisilabice). Desigur, probleme considerabile sunt ridicate i depolisemie faptul c acelai cuvnt (cuib de dicionar) reclam, uneori, listesubstaniale de sensuri. n prezenta lucrare nu am avut n vedere acest aspect inici pe cel al verbelor complexe (phrasal verbs cele cu particul sau prepoziieobligatorie).

Atunci cnd intr n discuie actul de traducere/interpretare, n aceeaiordine de idei au fost cuprinse i acele cuvinte care pot crea confuzii printraducerea acestora n limba romn a da cu mprumut = to lend i a lua cumprumut = to borrow; plin de aversiune, ovitor, ncpnat, refractar, dificil =reluctant i rezervat, tcut, reticent = reticent; a-i aminti/aduce aminte = toremember i a aduce (cuiva) aminte = to remind; aroma = arom (miros plcut),odour = miros urt, miasm, renume/reputaie proast i flavour = gust plcut,buchet (al vinului), miros, parfum, mirodenie/condiment etc.

Utilizarea dicionaruluiDin considerente de accesibilitate i expeditivitate, nregistrarea

articolelor/cuiburilor de dicionar s-a fcut alfabetic ntr-un tabel cu doucoloane, indiferent de tipul de eroare sau confuzie care ar putea surveni. Listareaalfabetic este valabil numai pentru coloana din stnga iar explicaiile suntprecedate de semnul (=).

Avndu-se n vedere evoluia istorico-social a limbii, pentru o acoperirect mai ampl a sensurilor s-au utilizat, cu precdere, dou dicionare englez-romn, listate n bibliografia oferit: ediiile din 1974, 2008 i 2013.

Referitor la explicaii, acestea sunt date cu precdere n limba romn is-au dorit a fi ct mai succinte i sugestive. Avndu-se n vedere acest fapt, aufost enumerate doar sensuri de baz, fr a fi nsoite de exemple de utilizare

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(colocaii/regim combinatoriu) sau de expresiile din care respectivele cuvinte potface parte sau le pot genera. Ca atare, cei interesai de amnunte punctuale saude multitudinea de expresii i valori combinatorii ale fiecrui cuvnt vor trebui sconsulte i alte dicionare explicative sau pe cele axate pe domenii de specialitate.

Bine cunoscut este faptul c, n funcie de specific, dicionarele nu listeazacelai numr de cuvinte i nu ofer explicaii identice i/sau game de utilizareextins a fiecrui cuvnt. Din acest motiv, n alctuirea corpusului selectat amapelat la o gam variat de dicionare, generale sau specializate (specificate nlista de referine). Pentru cei interesai, consultarea ulterioar a altor dicionareeste util pentru elucidarea variatelor sensuri ale aceluiai cuvnt, a valorilorcombinatorii, dar i pentru a descoperi multitudinea de expresii crora acestea lepot da natere. Cu titlu de sugestie, informaii de larg cuprindere n acest sensse regsesc n dicionarele complexe de tip Websters International.

Dup cum am menionat, n dicionar nu au fost incluse acele cuvinte cumai multe sensuri polisemantice. Cazurile de polisemie sunt listate numai ncazul acelor cuvinte care se pot confunda, n special (dar nu numai) datoritscrierii, pronuniei sau accenturii diferite.

Marcate prin prescurtri cuprinse ntre paranteze sunt i cazurile deconversiune gramatical, cele unde schimbarea categoriei gramaticale survinedatorit modificrii poziiei accentului, fapt care aduce dup sine i modificri alepronuniei. n aceste situaii, pentru explicaii s-au utilizat ambele coloane. Acolounde pronunia/accentuarea rmne identic i nu exist nici diferene majore desens, categoria gramatical i sensurile sunt menionate numai n coloana dinstnga. Categoria gramatical i zonele de utilizare sunt specificate prinprescurtri indicate n lista oferit n introducere.

Referitor la explicaiile furnizate, acolo unde exist asemnri de zon desens, pentru separarea cuvintelor sau expresiilor am folosit, n funcie de gradulde apropiere: diagonala (/) i virgula (,). n situaiile n care sensurile aceluiaicuvnt acoper zone diferite, pentru separare am folosit punctul i virgula (;).

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Din raiuni de economie, dar i pentru a se evita repetarea, acolo unde, ncoloanele din dreapta, spaiul este gol se va urmri trimiterea marcat prin: > vezi>, ctre cuvntul sau grupajul de cuvinte unde se ofer traducerea i, dup caz,explicaii.

La nceputul volumului, pentru a uura efortul de cutare, am inclus ctevaelemente-suport. Astfel, pentru transcrierea fonetic am selectat (din surseautorizate, precum dicionare de uz general) simbolurile clasice, de tip european,utilizate pentru engleza britanic. Acestea, cu minore adugiri i schimbri, i auoriginea n clasicul dicionar de pronunie conceput nc din 1917 de renumitullingvist i fonetician britanic, profesorul Daniel Jones i permanent actualizat, prinediii succesive: Everymans English Pronouncing Dictionary. Pentru o mai bunnelegere, utilizatorului i s-a oferit i alfabetul limbii engleze, cu transcriereafonetic a fiecrei litere.

Pronunia care nsoete fiecare cuvnt este, de asemenea, cea britanic.Pentru cei interesai de pronunia american se poate apela la orice dicionar detip Webster, cu meniunea c aici simbolurile fonetice sunt diferite de celeeuropene. Pentru ambele pronunii se pot consulta acele dicionare nsoite i deun CD-Rom (vezi: Macmillan, Cambridge English-American etc.).

Pronuniile reprezint accentul britanic standard - cel vorbit n sudul Anglieii de regul numit: Received Pronunciation, sau RP. Simbolurile fonetice listatesunt cele folosite n: Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, NewEdition (second edition, 2007). [ ] >> transcrierea fonetic este dat ntre paranteze ptrate : >> folosit pentru a indica lungirea unei vocale

' >> marcajul pentru accent; ntotdeauna plasat naintea silabei accentuate.n cuvintele plurisilabice, semnul pentru accent ['], plasat deasupra, este folositpentru a indica faptul c silaba care urmeaz este accentuat; ex: /kbal/. Acelaisimbol plasat naintea unei silabe accentuate dar dedesubtul ei indic existenaunui accent secundar, ex: /kalbri s/.

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Simbolurile fonetice folositeSimbol ExempluCONSOANE get; give; gapt chip; chest jar; jam; gymx loch ring; sing; speaking thin; thing; thought this; that; therefore she; ship; shore; sheet decision; pleasure; measurej yes; you; united; universel long; little; lecturez zebra; xylophoneb bag; big; bettert time; tall; tilld dig; day; dollk cat; catch; callf fast; fill; featherv vote; venture; villainp pen; powder; pests si; same; sellh hot; hell; honeym mat; mill; mothern knife; never; nightw wet; weatherr ring; ruler; redVOCALEvocale scurte bed

ago; about

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sit; bit; knit; lift

i cosy; crazy; prettye bed; said; lend; spend hot; spot; clog run; done; butter cat; bat; dash put; book; tookvocale lungi arm; calm her; fur; blur; birdi see; bee; tea saw; caught; naughtyu too; boot; room; toolDIFTONGIai buy; cry; mya how; now; mousee chair; hair; teare day; clay; spray no; so; toe near; sphere; clear; hear boy; toy; noisy poor; cure; moorTRIFTONGIa firea sour

() nainte de /l/, /m/, sau /n/ indic faptul c silaba se poate forma cu l, m, saun silabic (fr intercalarea unei vocale) mai degrab dect cu o vocal i oconsoan: /bt()n/ spre deosebire de /btn/.(r) indic faptul c un sunet r poate fi cnd urmeaz o vocal; ex: drawer, cha-chaing.(sursa: http://oxforddictionaries.com/).

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Alfabetul limbii engleze moderne

n ncheiere, privitor la corpusul de cuvinte selectate i explicate n volumdrept capcane sau confuzii, acesta este departe de a se dori exhaustiv.Zonele/sursele de confuzii pot varia n funcie de abordri i utilizri ale limbiiengleze pentru diverse arii sau interese profesionale, n ambele limbi. Ca atare, elpoate oricnd fi extins i mbuntit, fapt justificat i chiar impus de nsistructura dinamic a oricrei limbi, ca fenomen istorico-social.

Urmrind scopurile enumerate, considerm i sperm ca acest dicionar sse dovedeasc util ca instrument de semnalare i sugerare a posibilelor greeli denelegere i utilizare a celor dou limbi i, mai ales, pentru a se prentmpinainadvertene care pot surveni n actul de nvare, cel de comunicare i, mai ales,n traducere, retroversiune sau interpretare.

Sorin Baciu

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IS ENGLISH A MOST VERSATILELANGUAGE?

Is English one of the most versatile languages? Is it true that its mostdiverse and flexible potential of communication and of rendering reality can beany of the following: funny, hillarious, explicit or awkward, ambiguous, abusedand/or misused?

Below are examples of caveats that invite any learner and/or user of Englishto be aware, careful and to get knowledgeable enough to be able to take the rightdecisions!

Only the English could have invented this language!!

Lets start with a box, and the plural is boxes, but the plural of ox be-comes oxen, not oxes!

You may find a lone mouse or a nest full of mice, yet the plural of house ishouses, not hice!

If the plural of man is always called men, then shouldn't the plural of panbe called pen, or that of dam, dem? ... or if we have one goose, 2 geese;can we also have one moose, 2 meese, or one index, 2 indices?

If I speak of my foot and show you my feet, if I give you a boot, would apair be called beet?

If one is a tooth and a whole set are teeth, why shouldn't the plural ofbooth be called beeth? ... and if the plural of tooth is teeth, why isn't theplural of booth, beeth?

Then one may be that, and three would be those, yet hat in the pluralwould never be hose, and the plural of cat is cats ands not cose!

We speak of a brother and also of brethren, but though we say motther,we never say methren; then, if a father could be a pop, how come that amother isnt a mop?!

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The masculine pronouns are he, his and him, but imagine the feminine:she, shis and shim!

There is no egg in eggplant, nor ham in hamburger; neither apple norpine in pineapple.

Mind you: English muffins weren't invented in England or French fries inFrance.

Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads (which aren't sweet) are meat. Why, when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out,

they are invisible. Is not true that in English your house can burn up as it burns down, that...

you fill in a form by filling it out and that an alarm goes off by going on? We take English for granted, but if we explore its paradoxes, we find that

quicksand can work slowly, boxing rings are square and a guinea pig isneither from Guinea nor is it a pig.

Why is it that writers write but fingers don't fing, grocers don't groce andhammers don't ham?

Is it not strange that in English people recite at a play and play at a recital?... and does it seem normal to be able to make amends but not oneamend?

the English ship by truck, but send cargo by ship! They also have nosesthat run and feet that smell and they park in a driveway and drive in aparkway!!

If teachers taught, why don't preachers praught? If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? If we have a bunch of odds and ends, and get rid of all but one of them,

what do you call it? Why for the English a house can burn up as it burns down? an alarm goes

off by going on?... and why do they fill in a form by filling it out?! If people from Poland are called Poles, then people from Holland should

be called Holes and the Germans, Germs?! How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same, while a wise man

and a wise guy are opposites? English was invented by people, not computers, and it reflects

the creativity of the human race, which, of course, is not a race at all. Thatis why, when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights areout, they are invisible andwhy doesn't 'Buick' rhyme with 'quick'?

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So, do you think that English is easy?! Just read the following all the wayto the end ... and, then, decide for yourselves!

1) The bandage was wound around the wound.2) The farm was used to produce produce .3) The dump was so full that it had to refuse more refuse .4) We must polish the Polish furniture.5) He could lead if he would get the lead out.6) The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert..7) Since there is no time like the present , he thought it was time to pre-sent the present .8) A bass was painted on the head of the bass drum.9) When shot at, the dove dove into the bushes.10) I did not object to the object.11) The insurance was invalid for the invalid.12) There was a row among the oarsmen about how to row .13) They were too close to the door to close it.14) The buck does funny things when the does are present.15) A seamstress and a sewer fell down into a sewer line.16) To help with planting, the farmer taught his sow to sow.17) The wind was too strong for me to wind the sail.18) I shed a tear. upon seeing the tear in the painting19) I had to subject the subject to a series of tests.20) How can I intimate this to my most intimate friend?

Now, here is a two-letter word that perhaps has more meaningsthan any other two-letter word; this is 'UP':

It's easy to understand UP, meaning toward the sky or at the top of the list,but when we awaken in the morning, why do we wake UP?

At a meeting, why does a topic come UP? Why do we speak UP and why are the officers UP for election and why is it

UP to the secretary to write UP a report? We call UP our friends and we use it to brighten UP a room, polish UP the

silver; we warm UP the leftovers and clean UP the kitchen. We lock UP the house and some guys fix UP the old car.

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At other times, the little word has real special meaning. People stir UP trou-ble, line UP for tickets, work UP an appetite, and think UP excuses.

To be dressed is one thing, but to be dressed UP is special. A drain must be opened UP because it is stopped UP. We open UP a store in the morning but we close it UP at night. We seem to

be pretty mixed UP about UP! To be knowledgeable about the proper uses of UP, look UP the word UP in

the dictionary. In a desk-sized dictionary, it takes UP almost a quarter ofthe page and can add UP to about thirty definitions. If you are UP to it, youmight try building UP a list of the many ways UP is used. It will take UP a lotof your time, but if you don't give UP, you may wind UP with a hundred ormore.

When it threatens to rain, we say it is clouding UP. When the sun comes outwe say it is clearing UP. When it rains, it wets the earth and often messesthings UP. When it doesn't rain for awhile, things dry UP. One could go onand on, but I'll wrap it UP, for now my time is UP so

It is time to shut UP! //

English pronunciation!

Dearest creature in creation,Study English pronunciation.I will teach you in my verseSounds like corpse, corps, horse, and worse.I will keep you, Suzy, busy,Make your head with heat grow dizzy.Tear in eye, your dress will tear.So shall I! Oh hear my prayer.Just compare heart, beard, and heard,Dies and diet, lord and word,Sword and sward, retain and Britain.(Mind the latter, how its written.)Now I surely will not plague youWith such words as plaque and ague.But be careful how you speak:

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Say break and steak, but bleak and streak;Cloven, oven, how and low,Script, receipt, show, poem, and toe.Hear me say, devoid of trickery,Daughter, laughter, and Terpsichore,Typhoid, measles, topsails, aisles,Exiles, similes, and reviles;Scholar, vicar, and cigar,Solar, mica, war and far;One, anemone, Balmoral,Kitchen, lichen, laundry, laurel;Gertrude, German, wind and mind,Scene, Melpomene, mankind.Billet does not rhyme with ballet,Bouquet, wallet, mallet, chalet.Blood and flood are not like food,Nor is mould like should and would.Viscous, viscount, load and broad,Toward, to forward, to reward.And your pronunciations OKWhen you correctly say croquet,Rounded, wounded, grieve and sieve,Friend and fiend, alive and live.Ivy, privy, famous; clamourAnd enamour rhyme with hammer.River, rival, tomb, bomb, comb,Doll and roll and some and home.Stranger does not rhyme with anger,Neither does devour with clangour.Souls but foul, haunt but aunt,Font, front, wont, want, grand, and grant,Shoes, goes, does. Now first say finger,And then singer, ginger, linger,Real, zeal, mauve, gauze, gouge and gauge,Marriage, foliage, mirage, and age.Query does not rhyme with very,Nor does fury sound like bury.

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Dost, lost, post and doth, cloth, loth.Job, nob, bosom, transom, oath.Though the differences seem little,We say actual but victual.Refer does not rhyme with deafer.Fe0ffer does, and zephyr, heifer.Mint, pint, senate and sedate;Dull, bull, and George ate late.Scenic, Arabic, Pacific,Science, conscience, scientific.Liberty, library, heave and heaven,Rachel, ache, moustache, eleven.We say hallowed, but allowed,People, leopard, towed, but vowed.Mark the differences, moreover,Between mover, cover, clover;Leeches, breeches, wise, precise,Chalice, but police and lice;Camel, constable, unstable,Principle, disciple, label.Petal, panel, and canal,Wait, surprise, plait, promise, pal.Worm and storm, chaise, chaos, chair,Senator, spectator, mayor.Tour, but our and succour, four.Gas, alas, and Arkansas.Sea, idea, Korea, area,Psalm, Maria, but malaria.Youth, south, southern, cleanse and clean.Doctrine, turpentine, marine.Compare alien with Italian,Dandelion and battalion.Sally with ally, yea, ye,Eye, I, ay, aye, whey, and key.Say aver, but ever, fever,Neither, leisure, skein, deceiver.Heron, granary, canary.

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Crevice and device and aerie.Face, but preface, not efface.Phlegm, phlegmatic, ass, glass, bass.Large, but target, gin, give, verging,Ought, out, joust and scour, scourging.Ear, but earn and wear and tearDo not rhyme with here but ere.Seven is right, but so is even,Hyphen, roughen, nephew Stephen,Monkey, donkey, Turk and jerk,Ask, grasp, wasp, and cork and work.Pronunciation (think of Psyche!)Is a paling stout and spikey?Wont it make you lose your wits,Writing groats and saying grits?Its a dark abyss or tunnel:Strewn with stones, stowed, solace, gunwale,Islington and Isle of Wight,Housewife, verdict and indict.Finally, which rhymes with enough,Though, through, plough, or dough, or cough?Hiccough has the sound of cup.My advice is to giveup!!!

(English Pronunciation by G. Nolst Trenit)

//

The relevance of the context in translationTime flies like wind.

1. time = noun; flies = verb; like = conj. >> Timpul zboar ca/precum vntul.2. time = verb; flies = noun; like = conj. >> Cronometreaz mutele precum

(cronometrezi) vntul.

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3. time = adj.; flies = noun; like = verb >> Mutelor timpului (dac aa cevaexist!) le place vntul.

//

Here is a sample of a real situation. For the users of English it shout read as a ca-veat and a warning as it may create hilarious yet most unpleasant cases of WORDSCONFUSED, ABUSED AND MISUSED.

Chinese Hotel Hospitality Example of a welcome letter/advertisment, in a Chinesehotel:

GETTING THEREOur representative will make you wait at the airport.The hotel bus runs along the lake and you will feel pleasure in passing water.You will know the hotel is near, because you will go round the bend. As you comeinto the hotel, our beautiful manager will offer welcome drinks and then have in-tercourse with all new guests.

THE HOTELThis is a family hotel, so adultery and children are welcome.Nurses are available in the evenings to put down your children.Guests are invited to mate in the bar and expose themselves to others.It is good to have intercourse with others and become fast friends.But, please note that ladies are not allowed to have their babies in the bar.With our help, they can be delivered in the baby center.We organize social games so, no guest is ever left alone to play with himself.

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YOUR ROOMEvery room has excellent facilities for your private parts.In winter, every room is on heat.Each room has a balcony offering views of outstanding obscenity.All your needs are from room service. Please feel free to ring for the chambermaidand take advantage of her.

HOSPITALITYWhen you leave us at the end of your holiday, you will struggle to forget it.

//

The English dictionary has never been able to clearly define the difference be-tween the words "COMPLETE" and "FINISHED." However, in a recent linguistic con-test held in London, England, and attended by some of the best linguists in theworld, a gentleman named Samsundar Balgobin, a Guyanese, was the clear win-ner. His final challenge was to explain the difference between COMPLETE and FIN-ISHED in a way that is easy to understand. His answer was received with a stand-ing ovation lasting over 5 minutes and it entitled him to receive an invitation todine with the Queen. For his answer, he also won a trip to travel around the worldin style and a case of 25 year old Eldorado rumHis astute answer was:

"When you marry the right woman, you are "COMPLETE", but, when you marry thewrong woman, you are "FINISHED" And if the right one catches you with thewrong one, you are "COMPLETELY FINISHED"!

Are you a LEXOPHILE ?(lexophile is a term used to describe those that study and are interested in wordsand/or word puns, mainly for the sake of making people aware of possible confu-sions and misunderstandings).Here are some such awareness raising examples:

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You can tune a piano, but you can't tuna fish! (tune a fish). To write with a broken pencil is pointless! (without a point; with no pur-

pose). When the smog lifts in Los Angeles, U.C.L.A.! (spelling). Isnt it obvious that the best day to go to the beach is Sunday?! (sun day). Whenever I get my phone bill, I realize that talk is not cheap! If you want to work overtime, do you put the clock under your desk?! You know for sure that a drink is good, only when a little swallow tells you!

(the bird; gulp/sip). If we breathe oxygen in the daytime, do we breathe nitrogen at night?!

(night nitrogen) Is a person a cannibal if he/she is fed up with people?! (full of; having

enough of/no more bearing/standing...). Do you think that a leopard can change its spots if it moves to another

place?! (spot; place). Can astronauts land on the moon when it is full?! (full moon; no more

room). Isnt it true that Egyptian children are surely the best in the world, because

they highly respect their mummies?! (embalmed corpse; she parent). Is it true that, of all creatures, a horse is the only one that always goes to

bed with his/its shoes on?! (the bony lower extremity of a horse leg; humanarticle of dress).

Do you think that rulers are those objects that have things in common withkings or emperors?! (measurement instrument; the act of ruling/governing).

Why do saws or combs have teeth but no mouths?! Is it true that you can never believe a person in bed, just because he/she is

lying? Are nightmares horses that keep late hours?! (mare; night). Could the wheels of a car be the laziest parts, because they are always tyred

... and are all tyres retired when they get old?! (tired; tyre) Do we keep a ruler on a book, while reading, just because we want to get

the story straight?! If you want to have a dry look do you put your head in the dryer?! No one can jump higher than a house, just because a house cannot jump! Scientists always look for things twice, just because they research every-

thing! (research; re-search/surch many times)

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Is it true that all books must always have the same colour only when theyare read?! (to read; red)

For ants/aunts, the best place to go for a meal is, undoubtedly, a restau-rant!

Are accountants ants/aunts that can count ... and is an ignorant a stupidant/aunt ...or a foreign ant/aunt, important?!

Is there any resemblance between an engaged girl and a telephone, just be-cause they both have rings?

Is the shortest month of the year May, because it has only three letters...orcan a gladiola be the happiest flower of all ... or Friday the hottest day ofthe week?! (glad; happy; fry).

If an icicle falls on a mans head it surely knocks him cold! If you want a month off do you tear the calendar?! Is a cuckoo clock a crazy one?! (to go cuckoo). Its very likely for a bucket not to be well when it is a little pale! (pale; pail). If you help an old lemon cross the street is it a lemonade?! (lemon; to

ade/help). Do we make a cigarette lighter by taking out the tobacco?! (lighter; gr.comp.

of light). Is Columbus the kind of bus that discovered America?! Is Mimi the perfect name for a selfish woman?! (me). Is the starfish the most famous of all?! Is it true that your breath is the hardest to catch, the faster you run?! Is a poor friend always better that a rich one, just because a friend in need

is a friend indeed?! Can you tell the difference between two trees if you listen to their barks?!

(bark; to bark). Do people hate to go to dentists because they are boring?! (boring; to bore). Is it safe to sit on a safety pin?! Does a clock/watch get nervous when it is wound up?! If you are a chess fun, keep away from squirrels, because they eat chest-

nuts! (chess nut). Could you call the life story of a car an autobiography?! Could the wife of a hippie be called Mississippi?! When they meet, is it OK for two blind persons to say to one another: Nice

to see you? Is the parachute school the one you have to drop out, in order to graduate?

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If a person had a great fall does it mean that the person wanted to make upfor a bad summer?!

Are lunar ticks insects that live on the moon?! (tics; lunatics). Are blood vessels boats that vampires take when they want to cross the

ocean?! Is the infantry that branch of the army that babies join?! (infant). Would a nightingale be a knight caught in a windstorm?! (gale; night;

knight). If you want to mail a circular do you need a round envelope?! When the wind makes trees rock, do they become petrified?! Because both have pages, are books like kings?! Can we say that the longest word in English is miles, just because between

the first and the last letter there is a mile?! Are libraries the biggest buildings in the world, just because they have the

most stories?! (story; storey). Are people smarter mainly during daytime, as everything is brighter when

the sun shines?! If you want to sleep like a log, do you put the bed into the fireplace ... and if

you want to catch up your sleep do you run around the bed?! Do bankers look at the sky because they want to see if there are changes in

the weather?! When the butcher grabbed the pig by its tail, was the pig right to say:

thats the end of me?! Were The Dark Ages very dark, just because they had more knights?!

(night; knight). Is the leek the most dangerous vegetable to have on board of a ship?! (leek;

leak). If all the people in a country bought a pink car, would they have a pink car-

nation?! (car; nation; carnation). Do windows squeak when they are opened, because they have panes... and

do mice need oiling because they squeak?! (pane; pain). All horses have six legs, just because they have forelegs in front and two

behind! (fore legs; four legs). Are playing cards like wolves because both belong to a pack?! If there are 99 people on a boat and it turns over, is it true that only 66 of

them remain?!

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If you are an adult, the difference between a coat and a baby is that theformer you wear and the latter you were! (to wear; were).

Is a bride always unlucky on her wedding day, because she does not marrythe best man?

Can we say that Atlas was the biggest thief in the history of mankind, justbecause he held up the whole world?!

The best time to buy a thermometer is winter because, then, it is lower! Because he wanted to have a hot time, he put the clock into the oven! The batteries were given out free of charge! A will is a dead giveaway! A man who wanted to get rich kept his moth shut, as he knew that silence is

golden! A dentist and a manicurist got married. They fought tooth and nail! With her marriage, she got a new name and a dress! (a dress; address). A boiled egg is hard to beat! When you've seen one Shopping Center you've seen a mall! (youve seen

them all, in fluent speech). He had a photographic memory, which was never developed! When she saw her first strands of grey hair, she thought she'd dye! (to dye;

to die). Are dumb bells, bells that ring?! Because they are all beaten, can loosing teams resemble scrambled eggs or

whipped cream? Because its hard to make both ends meet is it also hard for some animals

to catch their tails?!

(selected and adapted from: The Dragon Riddle Books by Joseph Rosenbloom)

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ABREVIERI(ac.) = cazul acuzativ(acron.) = acronim(adj.) = adjectiv(adv.) = adverb(agr.) = agricultur(Am.) = engleza american(anat.) = anatomie(arh.) = arhaic(arheol.) = arheologie(arhit.) = arhitectur(art. hot.) = articol hotrt(art. nehot.) = articol nehotrt(astron.) = astronomie(Austr.) = (n) Australia(aut.) = automatic(auto.) = automobilism(aux.) = auxiliar(av.) = aviaie(bibl.) = termen biblic(biol.) = biologie(bis.) = termen bisericesc(bot.) = botanic(Brit.) = engleza britanic(Can.) = engleza canadian(chim.) = chimie(cib.) = cibernetic(cin.) = cinematografie(cineg.) = cinegetic

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(com.) = comer/care ine de comer(cond.) = modul condiional(conj.) = conjuncie(constr.) = construcii(cont.) = contabilitate(d.) = despre(dat.) = cazul dativ(det.) = determinant(dial.) = dialectal(dim.) = diminutiv(ec.) = economie(el.) = electricitate(elev.) = form elevat(entom.) = entomologie(ex.) = de exemplu(exp.) = expresie(fam.) = familiar(farm.) = farmacologie(ferov.) = feroviar(fig.) = figurativ(filoz.) = filozofie(fin.) = finane(fiz.) = fizic(fiziol.) = fiziologie(fon.) = fonetic(foto) = fotografie; tehnica foto(Fr.) = francez/termen francez(gastr.) = gastronomie(gen.) = cazul genitiv(geod.) = geodezie(geog.) = geografie(geol.) = geologie(geom.) = geometrie

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(Ger.) = termen german(gr. comp.) = gradul comparativ (al adjectivelor/adverbelor)(gr. sup.) = gradul superlativ (al adjectivelor/adverbelor)(gram.) = gramatic(hidr.) = hidraulic; hidrotehnic(iht.) = ihtiologie(imp.) = imperativ(impers.) = impersonal(ind.) = industrie(inf.) = infinitiv(interj.) = interjecie(interog.) =interogativ(Irl.) = termen irlandez(ist.) = istoric; care ine de domeniul istoriei(IT) = informatic(nv.) = nvechit(jur.) = juridic(lingv.) = lingvistic(log.) = logic(mar.) = maritim(mat.) = matematic(mec.) = mecanic(med.) = medicin(met.) = metalurgie(meteor.) = meteorologie(metr.) = metrologie(mil.) = domeniul militar(min.) = minerit(mit.) = mitologie(muz.) = muzic(nav.) = navigaie(neg.) = negativ(num.) = numeral

35

(od.) = odinioar(opt.) = optic(orn.) = ornitologie(ort.) = ortografie(p.p.) = participiu trecut (forma a-3-a a verbelor neregulate)(p.t.) = past tense/preterit/timpul trecut i forma a 2-a a verbelor neregulate(peior.) = peiorativ(pis.) = piscicultur(pl.) = plural(poet.) = poetic(pol.) = politic/(poligr.) = poligrafie(pop.) = form popular(post.) = pot(pred.) = predicativ(pref.) = prefix(prep.) = prepoziie(presc.) = prescurtare/abreviere/forma scurt(prez.) = timpul prezent(pron.) = pronume/pronominal(psih.) = psihologie(rar) = rareori utilizat(reg.) = regionalism(rel.) = religie(s.) = substantiv(Scot.) = termen scoian(sg.) = singular(silv.) = silvicultur(sl.) = slang(sport) = sport(suf.) = sufix(teh.) = termen/domeniu tehnic(tel.) = telecomunicaii; telefonie

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(tex.) = textile(transp.) = transporturi(univ.) = universitar(v.) = verb(v.mod.) = verb modal(v.n.) = verb neregulat(vet.) = domeniul veterinar(vulg.) = vulgar(zool.) = zoologie(zooteh.) = zootehnie

37

Aa [ei] = litera A/a a [ / ei] (art. nehot.) = un/oa lot > vezi > allota part > vezi > aparta while [wail] = o scurt perioad/un scurt interval de vreme (nu se scriempreunat)

awile >> form greit!while (conj.) = pe cnd, n timp ce,ct timp; i; pe ct vreme; dar, ns;dei, cu toate c;

abdicate [bdket] (v.) = a abdica, arenuna la, a se lepda de

arrogate [ruget] (v.) = a-iaroga/atribui ceva cuimpertinen/ngmfare; a atribui penedrept;

abrogate[bruge t] (v.) = a abrogaablative [bltv] (s.) = cazul ablativn limba latin;(adj.) = referitor la cazul ablativ

ablative [bleitv] (adj.; med.) =susceptibil deextirpare/ndeprtare/amputare;(teh.) = detaabil, care poate fiseparat/detaat de;(fig.) = zpcitor, alienant

abrogate > vezi > abdicateabsence [bs()ns] (s.) = absen,neparticipare; absen, zpceal,lips de atenie

absents [bs()nts ] (s.) = pl. absent(vezi absent)

absents [bsents] (v.) = pers. III sg.prez. to absent (vezi absent)

absent [bs()nt ] (adj.) = absent,lips; distrat, absent;(v.) [bsent] = a absenta de la ceva(to absent oneself from)

absentee [bs()nti:] (s.) = absent,persoan care absenteaz

absentee > vezi > absentabsents > vezi > absence

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absolvent [bslvnt] (s.) = persoancare iart/scutete

graduate [ grdjuit] (s.) = absolvental unui institut de nvmntsuperior;(adj.) = liceniat, titrat, diplomat; deliceniat, de calificare superioar;

graduate [grdjuet] (v.) = apromova, a absolvi un institut denvmnt superior; a promova, aacorda diplom de absolvire;(metr.) = a grada; a diviza, a doza, ampri

abstinence [bstnns] (s.) =abstinen; cumptare, moderaie

abstinents [bstnnts] (s.) = pl.abstinent = abstinent, persoanmoderat/cumptat

abstinents > vezi > abstinenceabstract [bstrkt] (s.) = rezumat,sumar, prospect, compendiu;(adj.) = abstract, abscons, dificil

abstract [bstrkt] (v.) = a separa, adespri de; a extrage din; a face unrezumat; a abstractiza; a nstrina, afura

abstracts [bstrkts] (s.) = pl.abstract (vezi abstract)

abstracts [bstrkts] (v.) = pers. IIIsg. prez. to abstract (vezi abstract)

abstruse [bstrus] (adj.) = confuz,abscons, abstrus

obtuse [btjus] (adj.) = obtuz, carepricepe greu; mrginit, redus

abuse [bjus] (s.) = abuz, exces;ultragiu; maltratare; insult, invectiv,vorb de ocar, batjocur; tratamentimpropriu

abuse [bjuz] (v.) = a abuza, a faceabuz de, a folosi n mod abuziv; abatjocori; a ultragia; a maltrata; aprofera injurii la adresa cuiva; a aplicaun tratament impropriu

abuses [bjusiz] (s.) = pl. abuse(vezi abuse)

abuses [bjuziz] (v.) = pers. III sg.prez. to abuse (vezi abuse)

accede [ksid] (v.) = a consimi, aaccepta; a ajunge la/a ocupa o poziie

exceed [ksid] (v.) = a depi, antrece;

axseed [ksid] (s.); (bot.) =mzriche

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accent [ks()nt] (s.) = accent,subliniere, scoatere n eviden

accent [ksent] (v.) = a accentua, asublinia, a scoate n eviden

accents [ks()nts] (s.) = pl. accent(vezi accent)

accents [ksents] (v.) = pers. III sg.prez. to accent (vezi accent)

accept [ksept] (v.) = a accepta, aadmite, a fi de acord; a lua asupra sa;a recunoate, a primi, a-i asumarspunderea pentru

except [ksept] (v.) = a excepta;(loc. prep.) = cu excepia

accepter [ksept:] (s.) = persoancare accept ceva

acceptor [ksept:] (s.); (chim.; el.) =acceptor, element/substan care sepoate combina cu o alta sau cu oparticul;(teh.) = circuit care combininductan i capacitan ntr-oanumit serie, astfel nct s fie nrezonan cu o anumit frecven;(fin.) = persoan care accept ocambie

acceptor > vezi > accepteraccess [kses] (s.) = acces, intrare;permisiune

access [kses] (v.) = a accesa, a aveaacces la;

axis [ksis] (s.) = ax; ax;(teh.) = osie

excess [ikses] (s.) = exces; abuz;surplus, prisos;

assess [ses] (v.) = a aprecia, aevalua, a estima;

outburst [ at b(r)st] (s.) = acces,izbucnire, ieire emoional

40

accesses [ksesiz] (s.) = pl. access(vezi access)

accesses [ksesiz] (v.) = pers. III sg.prez. to access (vezi access);

assesses [sesiz] (v.) = pers. III sg.prez. to assess (vezi access/assess);

excesses [iksesiz] (s.) = pl. excess(vezi access/ excess)

accidence [ksd()ns] (s.) =elemente de baz; rudimente;(gram.) = flexiune n morfologie

accidents [ksd()nts] (s.) =accidente; ntmplri

accidents > vezi > accidenceacclamation [klme()n] (s.) =aclamaii, ovaii, aplauze

acclimation [klme()n] (s.) =aclimatizare; adaptare

acclimation > vezi > acclamationactually [ktuli] (adv.) = de fapt, cuadevrat, realmente; de-a binelea

presently [ prez()ntli] (adv.) = acum,chiar acum, imediat, ndat

ad [d] (s.) = anun publicitar,reclam; (presc.) advertisement (veziannouncement)

add [d] (v.) = a aduga, a aduna

adapt [dpt] (v.) = a (se) adapta adept [dept] (adj.) = priceput;expert, specialist;

adept [dept] (s.) = adept, partizan,susintor al unei idei etc.;

adopt [dpt] (v.) = a adoptaadd > vezi > adaddict [dkt] (s.) = vicios, rob alunei patimi, ptima

addict [dikt] (v.) = a se dedica, a seconsacra, a se nchina; a se deda unuiviciu, a cdea n patima (+ cazulgenitiv)

addicts [d kts] (s. pl.) = vicioi,ptimai

addicts [dikts] (v.) = pers III sg.prez. to addict (vezi addict)

addition [d()n] (s.) = operaie deadunare/nsumare/adugare; adaos

edition [ed()n] (s.) = ediie;editare; tiraj

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address [dres / dres] (s.) = adres address [dres] (v.) = a (se) adresa; aaborda o problem/tem/subiect etc.

ade [ed] (s.) = un gen de butur dincitrice, asemntor cu limonada

aide [ed] (s.) = aghiotant, adjutant,personal ajuttor;

aid [ed] (s.) = ajutor, sprijin, suport;(v.) = a ajuta, a sprijini

adept > vezi > adaptadherence [dhrns] (s.) =adeziune, alipire, aderare

adherents [dhrnts] (s.) = pl.adherent = aderent, adept, suporteral unei cauze/idei etc.;

adhesion [dhi()n] (s.) = aderen;adeziune; consimmnt; loialitate

adherents > vezi > adherenceadhesion > vezi > adherenceadolescence [dles()ns] (s.) =adolescen

adolescents [dles()nts] (s.) = pl.adolescent = adolescent

adolescents > vezi > adolescenceadopt > vezi > adaptadulteress [dlt()ris] (s.) = femeieadulter

adulterous [dlt()rs] (adj.) =referitor la/legat de/avnd caracterde adulter; extraconjugal

adulterous > vezi > adulteressadventurous [dvent()rs] (adj.) =aventuros, cuteztor, ndrzne;riscant, primejdios

adventurers [dvent()r(r)z] (s.) =pl. adventurer = aventurier

adverse [dv(r)s] (adj.) = contrar;defavorabil; neplcut; duntor;negativ

averse (to) [v(r)s] (adj.) = potrivnic,opus, refractar la/fa de

advert [dv(r)t] (s.) = reclam,anun n ziar etc.

to advert [dv(r)t] (v.) = a-indrepta atenia spre; a aminti, ameniona, a vorbi despre; a facealuzie la

advertisement > vezi >announcement

42

adverts [dv(r)ts] (s.) = pl. advert(vezi advert)

adverts [dv(r)ts] (v.) = pers. III sg.prez. to advert (vezi advert)

advice [dvas] (s.) = sfat/sfaturi,pova/povee;

advise [dvaz] (v.) = a sftui, apovui, a consilia

advise > vezi > adviceadvocate [dvkt / dvkit] (s.) =sprijinitor, susintor, adept, aprtoral unei cauze/idei etc.

to advocate [dvkeit ] (v.) = a pledan favoarea, a susine, a sprijini; arecomanda

aerial > vezi > aerieaerie [ri] (s.) = cuib de vulturi;psri de prad; pui de psri deprad;locuin construit pe o stncinaccesibil

airy [ri] (adj.) = aerisit; spaios;(Am.) = dezinvolt;

eyry [ri] (s.); (arh.) = aerie;

eyrie [ri / airi] (s.); (Am.) = aerie;

Eire [r] (s.) = Republica Irlanda(the Republic of Ireland);

aery [ri] (adj.) = aerian, eteric;

aerial [rl] (s.) = anten radio;(adj.) = atmosferic, aerian; suspendat,suprateran;(fig.) = eteric, diafan; suav, delicat;uor, vaporos;(av.) = aerian, din avion

aery > vezi > aerieaes [eiz] (s.) = monede de cupru saubronz din Roma antic

ayes [aiz] (s.) = voturi pentru/nfavoarea;

eyes [aiz] (s. pl.) = ochi

43

aesthetic [i setk] (adj.) = estetic;(s.) = esteticul

aesthetics [i set ks] (s.) = esteticaca tiin;

ascetic [setk] (s.) = ascet;(adj.) = ascetic

affect [fekt] (s.) = afect;(v.) = a afecta, a influena n sensnegativ; a duna; a afecta, a micaemoional;a simula, a se preface c

effect [ifekt] (s.) = efect, urmare,repercusiune; impresie;(v.) = a cauza, a provoca, adetermina; a efectua, a executa, andeplini

affix [fks ] (s.) =adugire/adugare, anexare, adaos;(gram.) = afix

affix [fks] (v.) = a afixa, a ataa, alipi/alipi, a prinde; a aduga; a uni, alega;(d. pecete, tampil, semntur) = apune, a aplica

affixes [fksiz] (s. pl.) = adugiri,anexri;(gram.) = afixe

affixes [fksiz] (v.) = pers III sg.prez. to affix (vezi affix)

agape [ep] (adj.) = cu guracscat; larg cscat

Agape [pi:] (s.) = dragostecretineasc fr implicaii erotice;mas comunitar pentrucomemorarea Cinei celei de Tain,nsoit de o celebrare amprtaniei/Euharistiei

aggravate [rvet] (v.) = a agrava;a exaspera, a enerva

mitigate [mitiget] (v.) = a mblnzi, aatenua, a nmuia; a diminua; amicora;

militate [militet] (v.) = a activa, amilita, a lupta pentru o cauz etc.

ahead [hed] (adv.); (spaial) = nfa/n faa, nainte/naintea; nfrunte/n fruntea;(temporal) = nainte, n avans;(ex. ahead = > >)

in front [infrnt] (exp.); (spaial) = nfa; din fa; n faa

(ex. in front of = > vezi > adeaide > vezi > ade

44

ail [eil] (v.) = a tulbura; a necji; achinui; a suferi, a fi bolnav, a nu sesimi bine; a tnji, a lncezi; a afecta

ale [eil] (s.) = bere de mal

ails [eilz] (v.) = pers. III sg. prez. to ail(vezi ail)

ales [eilz] (s. pl.) = beri, feluri de bere

air [(r)] (s.) = aer (ca nfiare);(v.) = a aerisi, a vntura; a lua aer

ere [(r)] (prep.; arh.; poet.) = before= naintea, nainte de;(conj.) = nainte ca/de a;(adv.) = mai nainte, mai demult;

Ayr [r] (s.; adj.) = referitor laAyrshire, un comitat n Scoia;

ayre [] (s.); (arh.) = air;

heir [] (s.) = motenitor, urma,succesor

airless [les] (adj.) = fr/lipsit deaer

heirless [les] (adj.) = frmotenitori;

hairless [hles] (adj.) = chel, pleuv,fr pr

airs [(r)z] (s. pl.); (fig.) = aere,fumuri, comportament de snob

heirs [(r)z] (s.) = pl. heir (veziair/heir)

airy > vezi > aerieaisle [ail] (s.) = interval, culoar, pasaj;interval ntre dou rnduri de scaune

isle [ail] (s.); (poet.; lit.) = insul;insuli;(arh.) = insul de case;(v.) = a locui pe o insul;(poet.) = a izola;

Ill [ail] = (presc.) I shall/I willait [eit] (s.) = ostrov eight [eit] (num.) = opt;

ate [(Am.) eit / (Brit.) et] (v.) = p.t. toeat [i:t]; ; eaten [i:t()n] = a mnca

aitch > vezi > h

45

ale > vezi > ailales > vezi > ailsall ready [lredi] (exp.) = toi/toatesunt gata; totul este gata/pregtit

already [lredi] (adv.) = deja

all right [lrait] (adj.) = bun,acceptabil, satisfctor, mulumitor;sntos, teafr; perfect;(adv.) = cum trebuie, (foarte) bine;categoric, sigur, desigur, fr ndoial

alright (adj.; adv.) = fam. all right

all together [lte(r)] (exp.) = cutoii/toatele; toi/toate/totul la un loc

altogether [ lte(r)] (adv.) = cutotul; n total/totalitate, complet; de-a binelea, cu desvrire

all ways [lweiz] (exp.) = toatecile/drumurile/posibilitile

always [lweiz] (adv.) = ntotdeauna,mereu, n permanen

allies [la z] (s.) = pl. ally (vezi ally) allies [laz] (v.) = pers. III sg. prez.to ally (vezi ally)

allot [lt] = (v.) a aloca, a destina, arepartiza, a distribui, a ncredina osarcin etc.

a lot [lt] (exp.); (det.) = mult/mul-t/muli/multe; o mulime/multitu-dine, o grmad de

allowed [lad] (v.) = p.t. & p.p. toallow = permis, admis, acceptat,autorizat

aloud [lad] (adv.) = cu voce tare

alloy [l] (s.); (met.) = aliaj,amestec

alloy [li] (v.); (met.) = a alia;(fig.) = a strica, a umbri, a ntunecafericirea/ viitorul etc.); a stricavaloarea

alloys [lz] (s.) = pl. alloy (vezialloy)

alloys [liz] (v.) = pers. III sg. prez.to alloy (vezi alloy)

allude [lud] (v.) = a face aluzie la, ase referi la; a avea n vedere; a aminti(de)

elude [lud] (v.) = a eluda, a nltura;a (se) sustrage, a (se) eschiva de la; aocoli; a se feri de; a scpa de; a faces nu; a nltura cu dibcie

46

allusion [lu()n] (s.) = aluzie,insinuare, menionare, trimitere,amintire

illusion [i lu()n] (s.) = iluzie, prereneltoare, nlucire, himer,amgire; concepie greit,halucinaie;

elusion [ilu()n] (s.) = eludare,ocolire, eschivare; chichi, tertip

allusive [lusv] (adj.) = plin dealuzii la adresa, aluziv; plin deconotaii, alegoric, simbolic

elusive [lusv] (adj.) = pe care nu tepoi bizui, de nencredere; insesizabil,evaziv, cu ocoliuri;(d. memorie) = slab;

illusive [lusv] (adj.) = iluzoriu,ireal; amgitor, neltor; mincinos

ally [la ] (s.) = aliat, amic, prieten latoart/la cataram;[l] = bil de marmur pentru jocuride copii

ally [la] (v.) = a (se) alia, a (se)nrudi cu; a (se) lega de, a fi strnslegat de, a avea trsturi comune cu

almost > vezi > mostaloud > vezi > allowedalready > vezi > all readyaltar [lt(r)] (s.) = altar alter [lt(r)] (v.) = a (se) modificaaltars [lt(r)z] (s.) = pl. altar (vezialtar)

alters [lt(r)z] (v.) = pers. III sg.prez. to alter (vezi altar/alter)

alter > vezi > altaralternate [lt(r)nt] (adj.) =alternativ, alternant; schimbtor;intermitent;(Am.) = schimbtor; de rezerv, deschimb; adiional, suplimentar;(s.) = substitut, nlocuitor

to alternate [lt(r)net / lt(r)net](v.) = a alterna, a face s alterneze; a(se) succeda unul dup altul; a seschimba unul cu altul

alternately [l t(r)ntli] (adv.) = pernd, cnd unul cnd cellalt,alternantiv, succesiv

alternatively [lt(r)ntvli] (adv.) = caalternativ

altogether > vezi > all togetheralways > vezi > all ways

47

ambiguous [mbjus] (adj.) =neclar, ambiguu, echivoc, ndoielnic,cu dou nelesuri

ambivalent [mbvlnt] (adj.);(chim.) = bivalent;(psih.) = ambivalent

ambivalent > vezi > ambiguousamend [mend] (v.) = a mbunti, aperfeciona

emend [emend] / emendate[emendeit] (v.) = a corecta, ambunti

amiable [emib()l] (adj.) = amabil,binevoitor, cald, prietenos, plcut

amicable [mkb()l] (adj.) =amical, prietenos; panic

amicable > vezi > amiableamong [m] (prep.) = ntre; printre(mai multe entiti/elemente)

between [btwin] (prep.) = ntre;printre (dou entiti/elemente)

amoral [emrl] (adj.) = amoral immoral [mrl] (adj.) = imoral,stricat; ticlos, desfrnat

amused [mjuzd] (adj.) = amuzat,distrat

bemused [bimjuzd] (adj.) = uluit,nucit, zpcit

anal > vezi > annualanalyst [nl st] (s.) = analist,specialist n analize;(Am.) = psihanalist

annalist [nl st] (s.) = analist; autorde anale, cronicar

angle [g()l] (s.); (geom.; teh.) =unghi;(fig.) = aspect, perspectiv, latur;punct de vedere;(pis.) = undi;(constr.) = col;(v.) = a pescui cu undia; a (se)nclina; a (se) apleca; a (se) balansa; adenatura, a prezenta ntr-o luminfals

ankle [k()l] (s.); (anat;) = glezn

animate [nmt] (adj.) = animat,vioi, nsufleit

animate [nmet] (v.) = a anima, ansuflei

ankle > vezi > angleannalist > vezi > analystannex [neks] (s.) = anex, adaos,completare, apendice, supliment;dependin, anex

annex [neks] (v.) = a anexa, a alipi,a altura, a aduga;(sl.) = a terpeli, a fura

48

annexes [neksiz ] (s.) = pl. annex(vezi annex)

annexes [neksiz] (v.) = pers. III sg.prez. to annex (vezi annex)

announcement [nansmnt ] (s.) =anun, aviz, ntiinare, comunicare;proclamaie

advertisment [dv(r)tsmnt ] (s.) =reclam, publicitate

annual [njul] (adj.) = anual annul [nl] (v.) = a anula, a desfiin-a; a nimici;

anal [einl] (adj.); (anat.) = anal;(presc.) = analogous;(s.); (presc.) = analogy;(s.); (presc.) = analysis

annul > vezi > annualant [nt] (s.) = furnic aunt [a:nt] (s.) = mtuante [nti] (pref.) = ante, naintede/precednd ceva; n avans, n faa(s.) = miz (ex. la poker, jocuri denoroc etc.); sum de banipltit/depus n avans ntr-o afacere

anti [nti / ntai] (s.) = o pozantcontinuu, crtitor; Ghi contra;(adj.) = opus, contra, mpotriv;(pref.) = anti-

auntie/aunty [ nti / (Am.) nti] (s.);(dim.) = mtuic, tanti

anti > vezi > anteany one [eniwn] (exp.) = indiferentcare, oricare; frdeosebire/discriminare

anyone [ eniwn] (pron.) = oricine,orice, oricare, cineva; un oarecare

anyone > vezi > any oneapart [pt] (adv.; adj.) = separat;deosebit; independent; izolat; frlegtur

a part [pt] (s.) = o parte/poriune/bucat, un fragment

apatite [pta t] (s.); (min.) = apatit(mineral din seria fosfailor de calciu)

appetite [pta t] (s.) = poft, nesa

49

appendix [pendks] (s.) = apendice,supliment, adaos;

appendixes, appendices [pendsiz](s. pl.); (anat.) = apendice

index [indeks] (s.) = index,aranjament n ordine alfabetic;indice, indiciu, semn;(anat.) = degetul arttor, index;(ec.; fin.) = indice de pre/de burs;(v.) = a indexa, a pune indice la; apune la indice

appetite > vezi > apatiteappose [pz] (v.) = a pune/aplicao semntur/sigiliu/pecete; a strngelaolalt, a pune alturi; a ntruni; ajuxtapune

oppose [pz / poz] (v.) = a (se)opune, a nu fi de acord; a luptampotriva/contra, a opune rezisten;a pune un obstacol; a contrasta cu, apune n antitez/contrast cu

appraise [prez] (v.) = a stabili(valoarea/calitatea/condiia); aestima, a evalua, a aprecia

apprise [praz] (v.) = ancunotiina, a ntiina, a informa

appreciable > vezi > appreciativeappreciative [pritv] (adj.) =apreciativ, laudativ; recunosctor,nelegtor

appreciable [prib()l] (adj.) =apreciabil, care poate fiestimat/apreciat/evaluat

apprise > vezi > appraiseappropriate [proprit / prprit](adj.) = potrivit, adecvat, nimerit

appropriate [proprieit] (v.) = adestina, a aloca; a-i nsui, a lua; afura;

suitable [ s(j)utb()l] (adj.) =favorabil, potrivit, corespunztor

apse [ps] (s.); (arhit.) = absid apsis [psis] (s.); (arhit.) = absid;(astron.) = una din extremitile uneiorbite excentrice;(d. soare) = afeliu; periheliu;(d. lun) = apogeu; perigeu

apsis > vezi > apsear / are [(r)] (s. agr.) = ar (suprafaagricol de 100 m2)

are [(r)] (v.) = pers. II sg./pl. to be(vezi b);

R/r [(r)] = litera R/r

50

arc [(r)k] (s.); (teh.; el.; geom.) =arc; arc electric;(v.) = a se arcui; a produce scntei/unarc electric

ark [(r)k] (s.) = arca lui Noe; corabiemare, arc;

Ark. = (presc.) Arkansas [kns] =stat n SUA

arcane [(r)ken] (adj.) = misterios,secret, tainic, ascuns

archaic [(r)kek] (adj.) = arhaic,strvechi; nvechit

archaic > vezi > arcaneares [(r)z] (s.) = pl. ar / are (vezi ar/ are)

Ares [riz] (s.) = Ares, zeulrzboiului n mitologia greac

ark > vezi > arcArk. > vezi > arcarmour / (Am.) armor [(r)m(r)] (s.)= armur, plato

armourer / (Am.) armorer [(r)mr:](s.) = armurier

armourer > vezi > armouraroma [rm] (s.) = arom, mirosputernic (dar plcut)

odour / (Am.) odor [ d(r)] (s.) =miros neptor, (de obicei) neplcut;

flavour / (Am.) flavor [fleiv(r)] (s.) =gust/ miros/parfum plcut (specificalimentelor sau condimentelor);(d. vinuri) = buchet

arouse > vezi > risearrant [rnt] (adj.) = curat, pur;notoriu, renumit, vestit; nrit; infam;(nv.) = rtcitor, vagabond

arrogate > vezi > abdicatearse (s.); (sl.) = dos, fund, ezut;(fig.) = om prost i plictisitor

arsis (s.); (muz.) = accent tonic

arses (s.) = pl. arse (vezi arse) arses (s.) = pl. arsis (vezi arse)articulate [(r)tkjlt] (adj.) =articulat, clar pronunat;(anat.) = cu articulaii

articulate [(r)tkjlet] (v.) = aarticula, a rosti; a uni, a mbina prinarticulaii

51

as [z / z] (adv.) = la fel de, tot attde;(conj.) = ca i, precum, la fel ca,(expresie: as... as... = la fel de...cai...); pe cnd, n timp/vreme ce;fiindc, deoarece;(prep.) = ca, n calitate de

as [s] (s.) = moned din perioadaRepublicii Romane i a ImperiuluiRoman (assarius)

ass [s] (s.); (zool.) = catr;(fig.; peior.) = bou, mgar, dobitoc,ntru, idiot;(vulg.) = fund, ezut, dos

ascend [send] (v.) = a (se) urca, aevolua, a avansa

ascent [sent] (s.) = ascensiune,urcare, urcu; evoluie;

assent [sent] (s.) = consimmnt,acord, nvoire ncuviinare;(v.) = a ncuviina, a se nvoi, a-i daconsimmntul

ascent > vezi > ascendascetic > vezi > aestheticascribe [skrab] (v.) = a atribui, apune pe seama

describe [dskrab] (v.) = a descrie, aprezenta, a zugrvi, a nfia

aspersion [sp(r)()n] (s.) =defimare, remarc rutcioas,denigrare, calomniere; stropire cu ap(n special n ceremonii religioase)

dispersion [dsp(r)()n] (s.) =dispersare, mprtiere

ass > vezi > asassent > vezi > ascendasses (s.) = pl. as i ass (vezi as)assess > vezi > accessassistance [sstns] (s.) = asisten,sprijin, concurs, ajutor

assistants [sstnts] (s.) = pl.assistant (vezi assistant)

assistant [sst()nt] (s.) = asistent,adjunct; ajutor; secund; participant lao ceremonie

attendant [tendnt] (s.) = nsoitor;slujitor, ngrijitor; persoan prezent;accesoriu;(adj.) = concomitent, ntovritor

assistants > vezi > assistance

52

associate [ssit / sit] (s.) =asociat, partener; membru (al uneiasociaii);(adj.) = legat, unit, conjugat

to associate [ssiet / si et](v.) = a (se) asocia, a (se) uni cu; aavea de a face cu; a stabili o legtur

assume [sjum] (v.) = a presupune,a crede c; a deduce; a nelege; a luan primire (un post/funcie); a-iasuma, a lua asupra sa; a pretinde, asimula; a-i da aere

presume [przjum] (v.) = apresupune, a crede, a admite c; amerge prea departe, a-i lua preamulte liberti; a fi ngmfat

assure [] (v.) = a (se) asigura de;a asigura/ncredina pe cineva deceva/c

insure [n] (v.) = a asigura, ancheia o asigurare;

ensure [n] (v.) = a se asigura (c),a lua msuri (mpotriva); a garanta(c)

at last [tla:st] (exp.) = n cele dinurm, n final, n ncheiere

at least [t li:st] (exp.) = cel puin,mcar

at least > vezi > at lastate > vezi > aitattach (v.) = a ataa, a anexa, aaduga, a uni, a prinde de; a acorda,a atribui, a da (importan etc.); abroa, a capsa foile unei brouri;(jur.) = a popri, a punepoprire/sechestru pe; a pune substare de arest, a aresta

attach [te] (s.; pol.) = ataatdiplomatic;(adj.) = diplomatic, de ataat (ex.attach case = geant/servietdiplomat)

attaches (v.) = pers. III sg. prez. toattach (vezi attach)

attachs [tez] (s.) = pl. attach(vezi attach)

attend [tend] (v.) = a frecventa/a fiprezent; a nsoi; a ngriji, a avea grijde

frequent [frkwent] (v.) = a frecventa,a se duce des la;(adj.) [frkwnt] = frecvent, des,repetat, uzual

attendance [tendns] (s.) = frecven-, prezen; public, auditoriu; grij,ngrijire

attendants [tendnts] (s.) = pl.attendant (vezi assistant)

attendant > vezi > assistantattendants > vezi > attendance

53

attire > vezi > costumeattribute [trbjut] (s.) = atribut,calitate, nsuire;(fig.) = atribut, simbol;(gram.) = atribut

attribute [trbjut] (v.) = a atribui, apune pe seama

attributes [trbjuts] (s.) = pl.attribute (vezi attribute)

attributes [trbjuts] (v.) = pers. IIIsg. prez. to attribute (vezi attribute)

audience [dins] (s.) = auditoriu,asisten, public, spectatori;(jur.) = audien

spectators [spektet(r)z] (s.) =spectator = spectator, martor ocular,privitor

auger [(r)] (s.); (teh.) = sfredel,burghiu spiral

augur [ (r)] (v.) = a fi de bun/ruaugur;

ogre [(r)] (s.); (n basme) =cpcun, uria

aught [t] (prep.); (poet.) = ceva;orice;(exp.) for aught I know dup cte tiu

ought to [ t] (v. mod.) = trebuie/secuvine/se cade s; este cazul s

augur > vezi > augeraugust [ st] (adj.) = august,mre, slvit, preamrit, impuntor,maiestuos etc.

August [st] (s.) = luna august

aunt > vezi > antauntie > vezi > anteaunty > vezi > anteaural [rl] (adj.) = auditiv, acustic oral [rl] (adj.) = oral, verbal;

(anat.) = bucalaureole [ril] (s.) = aureol, nimb;halou;(min.) = zon de contact

oriole [ril] (s.); (orn.) = grangur,oriol

auricle [ rik()l] (s.); (anat.) = auricul,atriu; auricul; pavilionul urechii

oracle [rk()l] (s.) = oracol,prezicere, profeie;(fig.) = prezictor, profet

averse > vezi > adverseaway [we] (adv.) = departe, ncolo;away la deprtare de, cu timp nurm

aweigh [we] (adj.); (d. ancor,scripete, crlig etc.) = ridicat, atrnat,suspendat

54

aweigh > vezi > awayawful [f()l / :ful] (adj.) = grozav;crncen; stranic, teribil,nemaipomenit de;(d. vreme, atitudine, aspect etc.) =mizerabil, ngrozitor

offal [f()l] (s.) = mruntaie;potroace; rmie de carne; peteieftin, plevuc; strv, le

ax [ks] > vezi > xaxe [ks] > vezi > xaxel [ks()l] (s.); (n patinaj) = axel axil [ks()l] (s.); (anat.) = axil;

axle [ks()l] (s.); (teh.) = osie,arbore

axes (s.) = pl. ax, axe (vezi x); i axis(vezi access)axil > vezi > axelaxis > vezi > accessaxle > vezi > axelaxseed > vezi > accedeay > vezi > Iaye; aye-aye > vezi > eyeayes > vezi > aesAyr > vezi > airayre > vezi > air

55

Bb [bi:] = litera B/b be [bi:] (v.n./aux.); to ; was/were;

been = a fi;

bee [bi:] (s.) = albin;(fig.) = om harnic

babble [bb()l] (v.) = a se blbi; agnguri, a bolborosi, a ngima; asusura, a murmura; a da de gol, adivulga; a flecri, a trncni;(s.); (d. voce) = bolboroseal,blbial; plvrgeal;(d. ap) = susur plcut

babel [ beib()l] (s.) = babilonie, z-pceal, harababur;

Babel [beib()l] (s.) = Turnul Babel;

bubble [bb()l] (s.) = bic, bul;balon;(fig.) = balon de spun, himer;(fam.) = ampanie;(v.) = a bolborosi, a face bule/bici;(fig.) = a fierbe, a clocoti; a agita, aamesteca

babel > vezi > babble

Babel > vezi > babblebad [bd] (adj.) = ru, prost, urt,neplcut; stricat, imoral, vicios, necu-viincios; prost, greit, incorect; nefa-vorabil, nereuit, nesatisfctor;duntor, vtmtor

bade [bd / bed ] (v.n.) = p.t. to bid(vezi bid)

bade > vezi > bad

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bail [bel] (s.) = cheza, garant; caui-une, garanie, zlog, chezie; mner,toart;ispol, lingur, cu; drug de separarea arcurilor de animale; jug;fortificaie, zidul exterior al unuicastel feudal;(v.) = a lua pe garanie, a elibera pecauiune; a face un salt cu parauta

bale [bel] (s.) = balot, pachet mare,colet; teanc;(v.) = a balota, a mpacheta, a ambala

bailee [beli] (s.); (jur.) = garant, de-pozitar, persoan creia i se ncredin-ez temporar anumite bunuri n sis-temul acreditiv

bailey [beli] (s.) = fia de pmntdintre zidurile interioare i cele exte-rioare ale unui castel; zidul/ zidurileexterioare ale unui castel medieval;

bailie [beli] (s.); (arh.) = inspector,supraveghetor (funie echivalent cucea a unui erif); magistrat ef al unuidomeniu n posesia unui baronet sco-ian (funcie similar cu cea a avoca-tului poporului)

bailer [ beil:] (s.) = persoan carebaloteaz; main de balotat

bailor [beil:] (s.); (jur.) = persoancare livreaz bunuri unui garant/de-pozitar

bailey > vezi > baileebailie > vezi > baileebailor > vezi > bailer

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bait [beit] (s.) = momeal, nad,ispit, tentaie; o mic gustare luatntr-o cltorie; nutre;(v.) = a pune momeal, a prinde cuundia cu momeal; amomi/ademeni/ispiti; a hitui cucinii; a poposi, a face o halt; a lua ogustare, a mbuca ceva (ntr-ocltorie);(fig.) = a nu da pace cuiva, a icana, azdr

bate [beit] (s.); (n tbcrie) =lichid/zeam coroziv; (sl.) = furie,mnie, turbare;(v.); (d. vulturi) = a bate din aripi, aflfi, a-i agita aripile;(presc). to abate = a modera, amicora, a slbi, a reduce, a toci; ascdea din ritm/intensitate; ascdea/reduce din taxe/pli/datorii;a fremta, a fi n freamt;(jur.) = a abroga; a desfiina/anulataxe

baize [bez] (s.) = postav (de obiceide culoare verde) cu care se acopermesele de joc

bays [bez] (s. pl.) = nie, firide;locuri de parcare; specii de dafin/laur;ltrturi de cine, hien etc.;

beys [bez] (s.) = pl. bey (vezibay/bey)

bald [bld] (adj.) = chel, fr pr;pleuv, gola, fr pene; srccios,srac, fr podoabe;(d. animale) = intat, cu stea n frunte

balled [bld] (v.) = p.t. & p.p. to ball(vezi ball);

bawled [bld] (v.) = p.t. & p.p. tobawl (vezi ball/bawl)

bale > vezi > bailbaler > vezi > bailorball [bl] (s.) = minge; glonte; alic;bil, sfer, glob, balon; ghem; chiftea;bal/petrecere cu dans;(v.) = a da form desfer/ghem/bulgre

bawl [bl] (s.) = ipt, strigt,zbieret;(v.) = a ipa, a zbiera, a striga

ban (s.) = afurisenie, anatem,blestem; condamnare public,oprobriu; exilare, surghiun;interdicie, interzicere;(v.) = a afurisi, a blestema; a osndi;a pune n afara legii; a interzice

bun (s.); (gastr.) = chifl;(d. pr) = coc;(presc). bunny = iepuril, urechil;(sl.) = petrecere, orgie, chef, but;fes, buc, fund

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band [bnd] (s.) = legtur; band,banderol, fie; cordon, centur,sfoar, nur; ceat, band, leaht,clic; grup, plc;(fig.) = legtur moral, obligaie,ndatorire; convenie ntre persoane;raport/relaie;(teh.; radio) = band de frecven;(mil.) = detaament, companie, trupde soldai;(muz.) = formaie muzical, fanfar,orchestr, taraf;(teh.) = curea de transmisie, bandrulant;(v.) = a lega, a ncinge; a se uni, a secoaliza, a se nhita

banned [bnd] (v.) = p.t. & p.p. toban (vezi ban)

bank [bnk] (s.); (fin.) = banc; banc(joc de cri); rm (de ap curg-toare); zgaz, terasament; aluviune,troian, nmete;(av.) = viraj/nclinaie;(min.) = abataj

to bank [bnk] (v.); (fin.) = a faceoperaii bancare, a depune bani; andigui/zgzui; a marca un drum cuborduri;(av.) = a vira, a se nclina

banned > vezi > bandbar [b(r)] (s.) = bar, tejghea, bufet;bar, drug, brn; bucat, lingou,calup; zbrele/gratii; barier, piedic,obstacol; (muz.) = bar, msur, tact;(fig.) = judecat, critic;(jur.) = bar, banca acuzailor, curte,tribunal, judecat;(fiz.) = bar (msur de presiune);(v.) = a bara, a mpiedica, a bloca, azvor, a nchide; a interzice, a opri; avrga, a dunga

barre [b(r)] (s.) = bar transversalde susinere, n antrenamentulbalerinilor/dansatorilor;

barr [b rei] (s.); (text.) = bar,defect transversal de esere/imprimerie la o estur n dungi;(muz.) = (chitar) accord cu barre

bard [bd] (s.) = bard, rapsod, poet;bucat/felie de slnin

barred [bd] (v.) = p.t. & p.p. to bar(vezi bar)

59

bare [be(r)] (adj.) = gol, despuiat;sterp, srac, neroditor; neacoperit,dezbrcat; pustiu, deert;(teh.; el.) = neizolat;(adv.) = numai, doar, simplu, nimicmai mult;(v.) = a dezgoli/despuia/dezbrca; adezvlui, a da n vileag

bear [be(r)] (s.); (zool.) = urs; crppentru ters podele, mop;(peior.) = om ursuz;(fin.) = speculator la scdereacursului;(v.n.); to ; bore; born = a purta, acra, a duce; a nate, a da natere; arodi, a da rod;a suporta, a se bucura de, a suporta/rbda; a exercita (un drept etc.)

bark [bk] (s.) = scoar/coaj decopac; ltrat, hmit;(fig.) = strigte, rcnete;(v.) = a ltra, a hmi

barque [bk] (s.); (nav.) = barc, veliercu trei arbori/catarge i velaturptrat

baron [ brn] (s.) = baron (titlunobiliar);(fig.) = magnat, baron local

barren [brn] (adj.) = sterp, arid,pustiu, steril, neroditor; srccios,searbd, fr coninut;

Barron [brn] (s.) = nume propriubarque > vezi > barkbarre > vezi > barbarr > vezi > barbarred > vezi > bardbarrel [brl / berl] (s.) = butoi,butoia; baril (msur de capacitate,UK = 163,65 l; SUA = 119 l);(v.) = a pune n butoi;(sl.) = a se grbi, a merge cu vitezmare

beryl [ berl] (s.); (chim.) =beril/beriliu

barren > vezi > baron

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barrister [ brst(r)] (s.); (jur.) = avo-cat pledant;(Am.) = avocat

solicitor [slst(r)] (s.); (jur.) =avocat pledant numai n instaneinferioare; avocat consultant; notarpentru documente;(Am.) = consilier judectoresc; juris-consult; agent electoral etc.; comisvoiajor;

lawyer [lj(r)] (s.); (jur.) = avocat;jurist

basal [beisl] (adj.) = de baz,fundamental

basil [beisl] (s.); (bot.) = busuioc

base [beis] (adj.) = josnic, mrav,ticlos, infam, de proast calitate;(s.) = baz, temelie, fundament,esen; (sport) = start/punct de ple-care;(arhit.) = piedestal, soclu;(chim.) = baz;(lingv.) = rdcin, tulpin;(v.) = a ntemeia, a pune bazele; a (se)baza pe ceva/cineva;(mil.) = a instala trupe;(adj.) = de baz; la baz

bass [beis] (s.); (muz.) = bas;(pis.) [bs] = biban

based [bezd] (v.) = p.t. & p.p. tobase (vezi base)

baste [best] (v.) = a unge cu grsimecarnea la prjit; a nsila; a batezdravn, a burdui cu bul; a asaltacu ntrebri; a critica

basest [besst] (adj.; gr. sup. base) =cel mai josnic/ticlos etc. (vezi base)

bassist [besst] (s.) = basist; chi-tarist bas

basil > vezi > basalbask [bsk] (v.) = a se nczi, a setolni la soare

basque/Basque [bsk] (s.) = limbabasc; basc, locuitor din araBascilor;(adj.) = basc, de etnie basc

basque > vezi > baskbass > vezi > base

61

bassist > vezi > basestbaste > vezi > basedbat [bt ] (s.) = palet; bt, ciomag,b;(zool.) = liliac;(text.) = meli;(v.) = a lovi mingea cu ocros/rachet/ bt (ex. la jocul debaseball)

batt [bt] (s.) = (presc.) battalion;battery

bate > vezi > baitbatt > vezi > batbatter [ bt (r)] (s.) = aluat; argilfrmntat;(mil.) = foc puternic de artilerie;(v.) = a bate fr cruare/mil; abttori; a critica aspru; a frmntaaluat

better [ bet(r)] (adj.); (adv.) = gr.comp. good/well;(s.) = juctor la curse, parior, cel cepariaz/pune un rmag;

bettor [bet(r)] (s.) = parior, cel cepariaz (form rar utilizat pentrubetter)

baud [bd] (s.) = baud (unitate demsur a vitezei de transmitere a in-formaiei de la/ctre un computer

bawd [bd] (s.) = mijlocitoare, co-doa; patroana unei case de tole-ran

bawd > vezi > baudbawl > vezi > ballbawled > vezi > balledbay [bei] (s.) = ltrat; loc de parcare;cal roib;(mar.) = golf, baie; hal de uzin;(ferov.) = staie terminus pe o liniesecundar;(arhit.) = geamlc (bay window);travee; ni;(bot.) = laur;(mar.) = infirmerie de nav;(av.) = magazie, loc de depozitarecargo;(v.) = a ltra, a hmi

bey [bei] (s.) = bei (titlu nobiliar nImperiul Otoman)

62

bays > vezi > baizebazaar [bz(r)] (s.) = bazar, pia,iarmaroc (specific Europei Orientale)

bizarre [biz(r)] (adj.) = bizar,ciudat, grotesc

be > vezi > bbeach [bit] (s.) = plaj beech [bit] (s.); (bot.) = fag;

bitch [bit] (s.) = cea; lupoaic;(peior.) = femeie stricat, trf; ca,femeie rea de gur;(sl.) = porcrie, mizerie

bean/s [bi n/z] (s.) = fasole been [bin] (v.) = p.p. to be (vezi b);

bin [bin] (s.) = dulpior; lad; cutie;lad/ben de gunoi;(teh.) = buncr; cup;(agr.) = hambar; siloz;

bine [bain] (s.); (bot.) = mldi, ls-tar; lujer de plant trtoare

bear > vezi > barebeat [bit] (s.) = lovitur; btaie a to-bei, ceasului etc.; pulsaie a inimii, aunui aparat de msur etc.; rond,patrulare; cartier; goan, hituial;(fig.) = domeniu, competen;(muz.) = btaie/msur;(v.n.); to ; beat; beaten/beat = abate, a lovi; a ciomgi; a izbi; apedepsi; a nvinge/nfrnge; a izgoni;a tici;(muz.) = a bate msura; a bate latobe

beet [bit] (s.); (bot.) = sfecl

beau > vezi > boughbee > vezi > bbeech > vezi > beachbeen > vezi > bean/s

63

beer [b(r)] (s.) = bere bier [b(r)] (s.) = catafalc, nslie;targ

bees [biz] (s. pl.) = albine bise [bi z] (s.) = vnt nordic, rece iuscat, specific zonei Elveiei izonelor adiacente din Italia i Frana

beet > vezi > beatbeetle [bit()l] (s.) = gndac,crbu, gz

betel [ bit()l] (s.); (bot.) = betel,plant din Asia de Sud (un soi depiper)

bel [bel] (s.) = bel (fruct oriental nIndia);(adv.) = (presc.) below;

Bel [bel] (s.) = (presc.) Bel-gian/Belgium

belle [bel] (adj.) = frumoas, mndr;

bell [bel] (s.) = clopot, clopoel, ta-lang; sunet de clopot;(pl.) = zurgli;(bot.) = caliciu;(teh.) = plnie;(sport) = halter;(geol.) = dom

belay [bilei] (s.) = agare, priponire;fixare, asigurare (n alpinism/cra-re);(mar.) = ancorare, amarare, legare lachei;(v.); (mar.) = a ancora/amara/fixa lachei;(n alpinism) = a (se)asigura/fixa/priponi

belie [bi lai] (v.) = a contrazice; adezmini; a denatura; a calomnia, avorbi de ru; a nela (speranele);

belly (s.) = burt, pntec, stomac;(nav.) = cal

bell > vezi > belbelle > vezi > belbelligerence [bldrns] (s.) = starede rzboi, beligeran

belligerents [bldrnts] (s.) = pl.belligerent = beligerant, rzboinic

belligerents > vezi > belligerence

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bellow [bel / belo] (s.) = muget;rget;(fig.) = urlet, zbiert, rcnet;(v.) = a mugi; a rage;(fig.) = a urla, a zbiera, a rcni

below [bil / bilo] (adv.) =dedesubt/sub, jos; mai jos, maideparte, n cele ce urmeaz; mai nvale; la/n subsolul paginii; de (mai)jos, de dedesubt;(prep.) = dedesubtul, n josul, dincolode; inferior, sub

below > vezi > bellowbemused > vezi > amusedbenzene [benzin / benzin] (s.);(chim.) = benzen

benzine [benzin] (s.) = neofalin,benzin

berg [b(r)] (s.) = (presc.) iceberg;(n engleza sud-african) = munte

burg [b(r)] (s.) = burg, ora nstrit

berger [b(r)(r)] (s.) = pstor burger [ b(r)(r)] (s.) = hamburger(chiftea);

burgher [b(r)(r)] (s.); (od.) = ce-tean

berries [beri:z ] (s. pl.) = boabe,grune

buries [beri:z] (v.) = pers. III sg. prez.to bury (vezi berry/bury)

berry [beri] (s.) = boab, bob; fructde pdure; bac; bob de cafea

bury [beri] (v.) = a ngropa, anmormnta;(fig.) = a ascunde, a tinui; a sengropa, a se cufunda n

berth [b(r)] (s.) = cuet, cabin;compartiment; slujb, serviciu;(nav.) = dan, loc de staionare;(v.); (nav.) = a ancora

birth [b(r)] (s.) = natere, nscare;facere; origine;(fig.) = nceput, origine, obrie

beryl > vezi > barrelbeside [bsad] (prep.) = lng,aproape de, n apropiere de, nu de-parte de;(fig.) = pe lng, fa de, n afar de;dincolo de; n comparaie cu; maipresus de

besides [bsads] (adv.) = de altfel,altminteri, n plus, pe lng toateacestea, mai mult dect att;(prep.) = pe lng, n afar de, cu ex-cepia

besides > vezi > besidebetel > vezi > beetle

65

better > vezi > batterbettor > vezi > batterbetween > vezi > amongbey > vezi > baybeys > vezi > baizebi > vezi > bybiannual [banjl] (adj.) = bianual,care se ntmpl de dou ori pe an

biennial [baenil] (adj.) = bienal,care se ntmpl o dat la doi ani

bid [bid] (s.) = ofert, licitare, preoferit la licitaie; ncercare, tentativ;(Am.) = invitaie;(v.n.); to ; bade/bid; bidden/bid =a licita, a participa la o licitaie; a faceo ofert, a oferi un pre; a invita, apofti pe cineva; a strui, a implora, aruga struitor; a ura, a dori (cevacuiva); a porunci, a ordona; aproclama, a anuna oficial

bide [baid] (v.n.); to ; bode/bided;bode/bided = a fi n ateptarea, a stan ateptare, a atepta; a dinui, a sta;a slui, a locui; a nfrunta, a rezistala; a ndura, a suferi, a suporta;

bidet [ bide] (s.) = bideu (vas debaie)

bide > vezi > bidbidet > vezi > bidbiennial > vezi > biannualbier > vezi > beerbight > vezi > bitebilled > vezi > buildbin > vezi > beenbine > vezi > bean/sbird [b(r)d] (s.) = pasre;(fam.) = tip, ins, cetean, individ;(Am. pop.) = pilot, aviator

burd [b(r)d] (s.); (Scot.) = mireas;fat tnr; (Scot.) = bird;

burred [b(r)d] (v.) = p.t. & p.p. tobur = a scoate ghimpii/epii; a cicli;(adj.) = cu protuberane;(d. rostire/vorbit) = graseiat, rrit;(teh.) = care prezint bavuri duptiere/prelucrare

birth > vezi > berthbise > vezi > bees

66

bit [bit] (s.) = bucat, bucic, frag-ment mic, frimitur;(teh.) = sfredel, zbal;(cib.) = bit;(v.) = p.t. to bite

bitt [bit] (s.); (nav.) = baba (de lemn),bint de lan, bolard, suport de lansau de parm;(v.) = a lua volta la bab

bitch > vezi > beachbite [bait] (v. n.); to ; bit; bit/bitten= a muca, a apuca cu dinii; a reteza,a tia; a rni, a nepa; a arde, austura; a coroda; a calomnia, adefima, a ponegri;(teh.) = a prinde, a mbuca;(nav.); (d. ancor) = a muca;(s.) = muctur, urm de muctur;roadere, ardere, corodare;(d. alimente) = mbuctur;(fig.) = tragere pe sfoar, pcleal;(teh.) = prindere, mbucare

byte [bait] (s.); (IT) = bait (secven debii), vector primar cu opt compo-nente;

bight [bait] (s.) = golf de ru, cot deru;(teh.) = bucl;(v.) = a face o bucl (la un odgon sauo sfoar)

bitt > vezi > bitbizarre > vezi > bazaarblend [blend] (s.) = amestec, combi-naie, mbinare;(v.) = a amesteca, a combina, ambina;(d. culori) = a se asorta, a se potrivi, ase armoniza

blende [blend] (s.); (min.) = blend

blende > vezi > blendblew > vezi > blueblithe [bla] (adj.) = vesel, voios,zglobiu, fericit, lipsit de griji

lithe [la] (adj.) = suplu, mldios,sprinten, vioi; binevoitor, amabil, n-datoritor

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