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The Diabetes Prevention ProgramThe Diabetes Prevention Program
A Randomized Clinical TrialA Randomized Clinical Trial to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes
in Persons at High Risk in Persons at High Risk
The DPP Research GroupThe DPP Research Group
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Institutions and InvestigatorsInstitutions and Investigators
Abbas KitabchiAbbas KitabchiU. of TennesseeU. of Tennessee
Steven KahnSteven KahnU. of WashingtonU. of Washington
Edward HortonEdward HortonJoslin Diabetes CenterJoslin Diabetes Center
Richard HammanRichard HammanU. of Colorado Health Sciences CenterU. of Colorado Health Sciences Center
Steven HaffnerSteven HaffnerU. of Texas Health Science CenterU. of Texas Health Science Center
Ronald GoldbergRonald GoldbergU. of Miami School of MedicineU. of Miami School of Medicine
Pamela WatsonPamela WatsonThomas Jefferson U.Thomas Jefferson U.
David EhrmannDavid EhrmannU. of Chicago HospitalsU. of Chicago Hospitals
George BrayGeorge BrayPennington Biomedical Research CenterPennington Biomedical Research Center
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Institutions and InvestigatorsInstitutions and Investigators
Boyd MetzgerBoyd MetzgerNorthwestern U. Med. SchoolNorthwestern U. Med. School
David NathanDavid NathanMassachusetts General HospitalMassachusetts General Hospital
Jerrold OlefskyJerrold OlefskyU. of California, San DiegoU. of California, San Diego
Xavier Pi-SunyerXavier Pi-SunyerSt. Luke’s-Roosevelt HospitalSt. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital
David MarreroDavid MarreroIndiana U. School of MedicineIndiana U. School of Medicine
David SchadeDavid SchadeU. of New Mexico School of MedicineU. of New Mexico School of Medicine
Christopher SaudekChristopher SaudekJohns Hopkins UJohns Hopkins U
Neil WhiteNeil WhiteWashington U. School of MedicineWashington U. School of Medicine
Robert RatnerRobert RatnerMedstar Clinical Research CenterMedstar Clinical Research Center
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Institutions and InvestigatorsInstitutions and Investigators
Mohammed SaadMohammed SaadU. of California Los AngelesU. of California Los Angeles
Sarah FowlerSarah FowlerGeorge Washington University George Washington University (Coordinating Center)(Coordinating Center)
Harry ShamoonHarry ShamoonAlbert Einstein College of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine
Rena WingRena WingU. of Pittsburgh Medical CenterU. of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Richard ArakakiRichard ArakakiU. of HawaiiU. of Hawaii
William KnowlerWilliam KnowlerSouthwest American Indian Center Southwest American Indian Center for Diabetes Preventionfor Diabetes Prevention
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Central ResourcesCentral ResourcesLifestyle coreLifestyle core Univ. PittsburghUniv. Pittsburgh
Medication resource groupMedication resource group Albert Einstein Albert Einstein
Central biochemistry labCentral biochemistry lab Univ. WashingtonUniv. Washington
ECG reading centerECG reading center Wake Forest Univ. Wake Forest Univ.
Carotid US reading centerCarotid US reading center New England Medical CenterNew England Medical Center
CT scan reading centerCT scan reading center Univ. of Colorado Health Univ. of Colorado Health Sciences CenterSciences Center
Nutrition coding centerNutrition coding center Univ. South CarolinaUniv. South Carolina
Quality of well being centerQuality of well being center Univ. California San Diego Univ. California San Diego
Drug distribution centerDrug distribution center McKesson BiosciencesMcKesson Biosciences
Community outreach/media Community outreach/media Matthews Media GroupMatthews Media Group
Clinical monitoring groupClinical monitoring group ACRNACRN
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SponsorsSponsors
• National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases
• Other NIH Institutes, OfficesOther NIH Institutes, OfficesNational Center on Minority Health and Health DisparitiesNational Center on Minority Health and Health DisparitiesNational Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institute on AgingNational Institute on AgingNational Center for Research Resources, GCRC ProgramNational Center for Research Resources, GCRC ProgramOffice of Research on Women’s HealthOffice of Research on Women’s Health
• Other Federal AgenciesOther Federal Agencies Indian Health Service Indian Health Service Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCenters for Disease Control and Prevention
• American Diabetes Association American Diabetes Association
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SponsorsSponsors
• Industrial grant supportIndustrial grant supportBristol-Myers SquibbBristol-Myers SquibbWarner-LambertWarner-Lambert..
• Additional SupportAdditional Support LifeScan, IncLifeScan, Inc Merck & Co.Merck & Co. Health O MeterHealth O Meter Nike Sports Marketing Nike Sports Marketing Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc.Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. Slim Fast Foods Co. Slim Fast Foods Co. Merck-Medco Managed Merck-Medco Managed Quaker Oats Co. Quaker Oats Co. Care, IncCare, Inc
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• There is a long period of glucose intolerance that There is a long period of glucose intolerance that precedes the development of diabetesprecedes the development of diabetes
• Screening tests can identify persons at high risk Screening tests can identify persons at high risk
• There are safe, potentially effective There are safe, potentially effective interventions that can address modifiable risk interventions that can address modifiable risk factorsfactors
Feasibility of Preventing Feasibility of Preventing Type 2 DiabetesType 2 Diabetes
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Modifiable Risk Factors for Modifiable Risk Factors for Type 2 DiabetesType 2 Diabetes
• ObesityObesity
• Body fat distributionBody fat distribution
• Physical inactivityPhysical inactivity
• ElevatedElevated fasting and 2 hr glucose levelsfasting and 2 hr glucose levels
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To prevent or delay the development To prevent or delay the development
of type 2 diabetes in persons with of type 2 diabetes in persons with
impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
DPP Primary GoalDPP Primary Goal
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DPP Secondary GoalsDPP Secondary Goals
• Reduce cardiovascular disease Reduce cardiovascular disease
(CVD) events(CVD) events
• Reduce CVD risk factorsReduce CVD risk factors
• Reduce atherosclerosisReduce atherosclerosis
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Study DesignStudy Design
• 3-group randomized clinical trial3-group randomized clinical trial• 27 clinical sites27 clinical sites• Standardized across clinics:Standardized across clinics:
–Common protocol and procedures manualCommon protocol and procedures manual–Staff training Staff training –Data quality control programData quality control program
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Diabetes Prevention Program ClinicsDiabetes Prevention Program Clinics
..
.
..
.
.
. ..
. .
. ..
.
.... ..
.. ..
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• Age Age >> 25 years 25 years
• Plasma glucosePlasma glucose
– 2 hour glucose 140-199 mg/dl (7.8- <11.1 mmol/L)2 hour glucose 140-199 mg/dl (7.8- <11.1 mmol/L)
andand
– Fasting glucose 95-125 mg/dl (5.3- <7.0 mmol/L) Fasting glucose 95-125 mg/dl (5.3- <7.0 mmol/L)
• Body mass index Body mass index >> 24 kg/m24 kg/m22
• All ethnic groupsAll ethnic groups
goal of up to 50% from high risk populationsgoal of up to 50% from high risk populations
Eligibility CriteriaEligibility Criteria
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Screening and RecruitmentScreening and Recruitment
Step 1 Step 1 screeningscreening
Step 2 Step 2 OGTTOGTT
Step 3 Step 3 start run-instart run-in
Step 4 Step 4 randomizationrandomization
Number of participantsNumber of participants
158,177158,177
30,98530,985
4,7194,719
4,0804,080
3,819*3,819*
Step 3 Step 3 end run-inend run-in
**3,234 in 3 arm study3,234 in 3 arm study(585 in troglitazone arm)(585 in troglitazone arm)
The DPP Research Group, Controlled Clin Trials (in press)
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Study InterventionsStudy InterventionsEligible participantsEligible participants
RandomizedRandomized
Standard lifestyle recommendationsStandard lifestyle recommendations
Intensive Metformin PlaceboIntensive Metformin PlaceboLifestyleLifestyle(n = 1079) (n = 1073) (n = 1082)(n = 1079) (n = 1073) (n = 1082)
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Primary Outcome: DiabetesPrimary Outcome: Diabetes
• Annual fasting plasma glucose (FPG) Annual fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 75 gm Oral Glucose Tolerance Testand 75 gm Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
– FPG FPG >> 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or– 2-hr 2-hr >> 200 mg/dL (11.0 mmol/L), 200 mg/dL (11.0 mmol/L), – Either confirmed with repeat testEither confirmed with repeat test
• Semi-annual FPGSemi-annual FPG
– >> 126 mg/dL, confirmed 126 mg/dL, confirmed
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Lifestyle InterventionLifestyle Intervention
An intensive program with the An intensive program with the following specific goals:following specific goals:
• >> 7% loss of body weight and maintenance of 7% loss of body weight and maintenance of weight lossweight loss
– Dietary fat goal -- <25% of calories from fatDietary fat goal -- <25% of calories from fat
– Calorie intake goal -- 1200-1800 kcal/dayCalorie intake goal -- 1200-1800 kcal/day
• >> 150 minutes per week of physical activity 150 minutes per week of physical activity
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Lifestyle Intervention StructureLifestyle Intervention Structure
• 16 session core curriculum (over 24 weeks) 16 session core curriculum (over 24 weeks)
• Long-term maintenance programLong-term maintenance program
• Supervised by a case managerSupervised by a case manager
• Access to lifestyle support staffAccess to lifestyle support staff
– DietitianDietitian
– Behavior counselorBehavior counselor
– Exercise specialistExercise specialist
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The Core CurriculumThe Core Curriculum• 16 session course conducted over 24 weeks16 session course conducted over 24 weeks
• Education and training in diet and exercise methods and Education and training in diet and exercise methods and behavior modification skills behavior modification skills
• Emphasis on:Emphasis on:– Self monitoring techniquesSelf monitoring techniques– Problem solvingProblem solving– Individualizing programs Individualizing programs – Self esteem, empowerment, and social supportSelf esteem, empowerment, and social support– Frequent contact with case manager and DPP support Frequent contact with case manager and DPP support
staffstaff
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Post Core ProgramPost Core Program
• Self-monitoring and other behavioral strategies Self-monitoring and other behavioral strategies
• Monthly visitsMonthly visits
– Must be seen in person at least every two monthsMust be seen in person at least every two months
• Supervised exercise sessions offeredSupervised exercise sessions offered
• Periodic group classes and motivational campaigns Periodic group classes and motivational campaigns
• Tool box strategies Tool box strategies
– Provide exercise videotapes, pedometersProvide exercise videotapes, pedometers
– Enroll in health club or cooking classEnroll in health club or cooking class
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DPP Study Interventions:DPP Study Interventions:
Criteria for Drug TreatmentCriteria for Drug Treatment
• EfficacyEfficacy
• SafetySafety
• Tolerability - minimal side effectsTolerability - minimal side effects
• Acceptability - dose frequencyAcceptability - dose frequency
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Metformin- 850 mg per day escalating after Metformin- 850 mg per day escalating after
4 weeks to 850 mg twice per day4 weeks to 850 mg twice per day
Placebo- Metformin placebo adjusted in Placebo- Metformin placebo adjusted in
parallel with active drugsparallel with active drugs
Interventions:Interventions:MedicationsMedications
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DPP PopulationDPP Population
CaucasianCaucasian 1768 (55%)1768 (55%)
AfricanAfricanAmericanAmerican645 (20%)645 (20%)
HispanicHispanicAmericanAmerican508 (16%)508 (16%)
Asian/Pacific IslanderAsian/Pacific Islander 142 (4%)142 (4%)
American IndianAmerican Indian 171 (5%)171 (5%)
The DPP Research Group, Diabetes Care 23:1619-29, 2000
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DPP PopulationDPP Population
Sex DistributionSex Distribution Age DistributionAge Distribution
25-44 31%
> 60 20%
45-59 49%
Men32%
Women68%
The DPP Research Group, Diabetes Care 23:1619-29, 2000
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Retention and ParticipationRetention and Participation
• 99.6% of the study cohort alive at study end99.6% of the study cohort alive at study end
• 93% completed study93% completed study
• 93% of annual visits completed93% of annual visits completed
• Average follow-up 2.8 years (range 1.8 - 4.6)Average follow-up 2.8 years (range 1.8 - 4.6)
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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Lifestyle Intervention:Lifestyle Intervention: Physical Activity Results Physical Activity Results
• 74% of volunteers assigned to 74% of volunteers assigned to
intensive lifestyle achieved the intensive lifestyle achieved the
study goal of study goal of >> 150 minutes of 150 minutes of
activity per week at 24 weeksactivity per week at 24 weeks
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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Mean Change in Leisure Physical ActivityMean Change in Leisure Physical Activity
0
2
4
6
8
0 1 2 3 4
Years from Randomization
MET
-hou
rs/w
eek
PlaceboMetformin
Lifestyle
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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-8
-6
-4
-2
0
0 1 2 3 4
Years from Randomization
Wei
ght C
hang
e (k
g)
Placebo
Metformin
Lifestyle
Mean Weight ChangeMean Weight Change
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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Percent Taking Percent Taking >> 80% of Prescribed 80% of Prescribed Dose of Coded MedicationDose of Coded Medication
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4
Years from Randomization
% o
f P
art
icip
an
ts
Metformin
Placebo
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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0 1 2 3 4
0
10
20
30
40Placebo (n=1082)Metformin (n=1073, p<0.001 vs. Plac)Lifestyle (n=1079, p<0.001 vs. Met , p<0.001 vs. Plac )
Percent developing diabetes
All participants
All participants
Years from randomization
Cu
mu
lativ
e in
cid
en
ce (
%)
Placebo (n=1082)
Metformin (n=1073, p<0.001 vs. Placebo)
Lifestyle (n=1079, p<0.001 vs. Metformin , p<0.001 vs. Placebo)
Incidence of Diabetes Incidence of Diabetes
Risk reductionRisk reduction31% by metformin31% by metformin58% by lifestyle58% by lifestyle
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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Effect of Treatment on Incidence of DiabetesEffect of Treatment on Incidence of Diabetes
PlaceboPlacebo MetforminMetformin LifestyleLifestyle
IncidenceIncidence of diabetes 11.0% 7.8% of diabetes 11.0% 7.8% 4.8% 4.8%
(percent per year)(percent per year)
ReductionReduction in incidence in incidence -------- 31% 58% 31% 58%
compared with placebocompared with placebo
Number needed to treatNumber needed to treat -------- 13.9 13.9 6.9 6.9
to prevent 1 case in 3 yearsto prevent 1 case in 3 years
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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Mean Change in Fasting Plasma GlucoseMean Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose
100
105
110
115
0 1 2 3 4
Years from Randomization
FPG
(mg/
dl)
Placebo
MetforminLifestyle
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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Mean Change in HbAMean Change in HbA1c1c
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.1
0 1 2 3 4
Years from Randomization
HbA
1c (%
)
Placebo
MetforminLifestyle
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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0
4
8
12
Male (n=1043) Female (n=2191)
Ca
se
s/1
00
pe
rso
n-y
r
Lifestyle
Metformin
Placebo
Diabetes Incidence Rates by SexDiabetes Incidence Rates by Sex
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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0
4
8
12
25-44 (n=1000) 45-59 (n=1586) > 60 (n=648)
Ca
se
s/1
00
pe
rso
n-y
r
Lifestyle Metformin Placebo
Diabetes Incidence Rates by AgeDiabetes Incidence Rates by Age
Age (years)
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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Diabetes Incidence Rates by EthnicityDiabetes Incidence Rates by Ethnicity
0
4
8
12
Caucasian(n=1768)
AfricanAmerican(n=645)
Hispanic(n=508)
AmericanIndian
(n=171)
Asian(n=142)
Cases/1
00 p
ers
on
-yr
Lifestyle Metformin Placebo
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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0
4
8
12
16
24 - < 30 30 - < 35 > 35
Ca
se
s/1
00
pe
rso
n-y
r Lifestyle Metformin Placebo
(n=1045) (n=995) (n=1194)
Diabetes Incidence Rates by BMIDiabetes Incidence Rates by BMI
Body Mass Index (kg/m2)
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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0
5
10
15
20
95-109 (5.3- 6.0)(n=2174)
110-125 (6.1-6.9)(n=1060)
Ca
se
s/1
00
pe
rso
n-y
r
Lifestyle
Metformin
Placebo
Diabetes Incidence Rates by Fasting GlucoseDiabetes Incidence Rates by Fasting Glucose
Fasting Plasma Glucose: mg/dl (mmol/l)
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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0
4
8
12
16
140-153(n=1049)
154-172(n=1103)
173-199(n=1082)
Ca
se
s/1
00
pe
rso
n-y
r Lifestyle Metformin Placebo
Diabetes Incidence Rates by 2-hr GlucoseDiabetes Incidence Rates by 2-hr Glucose
2-Hour Plasma Glucose (mg/dl)
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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Consistency of Treatment EffectsConsistency of Treatment Effects
• Lifestyle intervention was beneficial Lifestyle intervention was beneficial regardless of ethnicity, age, BMI, or sexregardless of ethnicity, age, BMI, or sex
• The efficacy of lifestyle relative to metformin The efficacy of lifestyle relative to metformin was greater in older persons and in those with was greater in older persons and in those with lower BMI lower BMI
• The efficacy of metformin relative to placebo The efficacy of metformin relative to placebo was greater in those with higher baseline was greater in those with higher baseline fasting glucose and BMI fasting glucose and BMI
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0
20
40
60
80
1 2 3 4
Years from Randomization
%Lifestyle Metformin Placebo
Normal Fasting Glucose at Annual VisitsNormal Fasting Glucose at Annual Visits
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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0
20
40
60
1 2 3 4
Years from Randomization
%Lifestyle Metformin Placebo
Normal 2-hr Glucose at Annual VisitsNormal 2-hr Glucose at Annual Visits
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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0
10
20
30
40
50
1 2 3 4
Years from Randomization
%Lifestyle Metformin Placebo
Normal Fasting & 2-hr Glucose at Annual VisitsNormal Fasting & 2-hr Glucose at Annual Visits
The DPP Research Group, NEJM 346:393-403, 2002
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0
10
20
30
40
50
1 2 3 4%
0
20
40
60
80
1 2 3 4
%Normal Glucose at Annual VisitsNormal Glucose at Annual Visits
Years from RandomizationYears from Randomization
0
20
40
60
1 2 3 4
%
Years from RandomizationYears from Randomization
Years from RandomizationYears from Randomization
Normal Fasting GlucoseNormal Fasting Glucose
Normal Fasting & 2-hr GlucoseNormal Fasting & 2-hr Glucose
Normal 2-hr GlucoseNormal 2-hr Glucose
LifestyleLifestyle
MetforminMetformin
PlaceboPlacebo
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Adverse Events Adverse Events (rates per 100 person years)(rates per 100 person years)
DeathDeath 0.160.16 0.200.20 0.100.10
HospitalizationHospitalization 7.97.9 8.48.4 8.08.0
GI SymptomsGI Symptoms 30.730.7 77.877.8 12.912.9
MusculoskeletalMusculoskeletal 21.121.1 20.020.0 24.124.1 SymptomsSymptoms
* * significantly different from placebosignificantly different from placebo
PlaceboPlacebo MetforminMetformin LifestyleLifestyle
* *
*
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Summary-1Summary-1
• Both interventions were well accepted Both interventions were well accepted and safeand safe
• Intensive lifestyle resulted in weight Intensive lifestyle resulted in weight
loss and increased activity level for the loss and increased activity level for the duration of the studyduration of the study
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Summary-2Summary-2
• Both interventions were effective in Both interventions were effective in men and women and all ethnic groupsmen and women and all ethnic groups
• Intensive lifestyle intervention was Intensive lifestyle intervention was effective in all age groups, including effective in all age groups, including
those those >> 60 years of age 60 years of age
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Summary-3Summary-3
• Intensive lifestyle intervention reduced Intensive lifestyle intervention reduced the development of diabetes by 58%the development of diabetes by 58%
• Metformin reduced the development of Metformin reduced the development of diabetes by 31%diabetes by 31%
• Lifestyle was more effective than Lifestyle was more effective than metforminmetformin
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THANK YOU
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Diabetes Prevention Program
Baseline Characteristics
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Participant Characteristics by Participant Characteristics by Treatment Group Assignment (1)Treatment Group Assignment (1)
Overall ILS Metformin Placebo
n 3,234 1,079 1,073 1,082
Age (years)* 50.6 ± 10.7 50.6 ± 11.3 50.9 ± 10.3 50.3 ± 10.4
Sex**
Male 1043 (32%) 345 (32%) 363 (34%) 335 (31%)
Female 2191 (68%) 734 (68%) 710 (66%) 747 (69%)
Ethnicity
Caucasian 1768 (55%) 580 (54%) 602 (56%) 586 (54%)
African-American 645 (20%) 204 (19%) 221 (21%) 220 (20%)
Hispanic 508 (16%) 178 (17%) 162 (15%) 168 (16%)
American Indian 171 (5%) 60 (6%) 52 (5%) 59 (6%)
Asian-American 142 (4%) 57 (5%) 36 (3%) 49 (4%)
*Mean ± SD; ** n, (%)The DPP Research Group, Diabetes Care 23:1619-29, 2000
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Participant Characteristics by Participant Characteristics by Treatment Group Assignment (2)Treatment Group Assignment (2)
*Mean ± SD
n
FPG (mmol/L) * 5.9 ± 0.5 5.9 ± 0.4 5.9 ± 0.5 5.9 ± 0.5
BMI (kg/m2 ) 34.0 ± 6.7 33.9 ± 6.8 33.9 ± 6.6 34.2 ± 6.8
BP (mm Hg)
Systolic 124 ± 15 124 ± 15 124 ± 15 124 ± 14
Diastolic 78 ± 9 79 ± 9 78 ± 10 78 ± 9
3,234 1,079 1,073 1,082
Overall ILS Metformin Placebo
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Demographic and Socioeconomic Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics by Sex (1)Characteristics by Sex (1)
* n, (%)
nAge (years) * 25 to <40 505 (16%) 113 (11%) 392 (18%) 40 to <50 1137 (35%) 286 (27%) 851 (39%) 50 to <60 945 (29%) 325 (31%) 620 (28%) ≥60 647 (20%) 319 (31%) 328 (15%)
Race/Ethnicity Caucasian 1768 (55%) 608 (58%) 1160 (53%) African-American 645 (20%) 165 (16%) 480 (22%) Hispanic 508 (16%) 167 (16%) 341 (16%) American Indian 171 (5%) 20 (2%) 151 (7%) Asian American 142 (4%) 83 (8%) 59 (3%)
Female
2,191
Overall
3,234
Male
1,043
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Demographic and Socioeconomic Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics by Sex (2)Characteristics by Sex (2)
* n, (%)
n
Employment Status *
Employed 2401 (74.2%) 771 (73.9%) 1630 (74.4%)
Retired 420 (13.0%) 217 (20.8%) 203 (9.3%)
Homemaker 204 (6.3%) 1 (0.1%) 203 (9.3%)
Not employed 121 (3.7%) 33 (3.2%) 88 (4.0%)
Seasonally employed 25 (0.8%) 8 (0.8%) 17 (0.8%)
Student 21 (0.6%) 2 (0.2%) 19 (0.9%)
Other 37 (1.1%) 11 (1.1%) 26 (1.2%)
Never worked 5 (0.2%) 0 (0.0%) 5 (0.2%)
Male
1,043
Female
2,191
Overall
3,234
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Demographic and Socioeconomic Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics by Sex (3)Characteristics by Sex (3)
* n, (%)
n
Education in years *
<13 834 (26%) 221 (21%) 613 (28%)
13 to 16 1556 (48%) 488 (47%) 1068 (49%)
17 or more 844 (26%) 334 (32%) 510 (23%)
Annual family income
< $20,000 446 (14%) 110 (11%) 336 (15%)
$20,000 to <$35,000 561 (17%) 146 (14%) 415 (19%)
$35,000 to <$50,000 641 (20%) 207 (20%) 434 (20%)
$50,000 to <$75,000 646 (20%) 218 (21%) 428 (20%)
> $75,000 682 (21%) 281 (27%) 401 (18%)
Refused 257 (8%) 81 (8%) 176 (8%)
Female
2,191
Overall
3,234
Male
1,043
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Demographic and Socioeconomic Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics by Sex (4)Characteristics by Sex (4)
* n, (%)
n
Marital status *
Married 1999 (62%) 765 (73%) 1234 (56%)
Divorced 448 (14%) 75 (7%) 373 (17%)
Never married 420 (13%) 115 (11%) 305 (14%)
Widowed 151 (5%) 31 (3%) 120 (6%)
Living together 125 (4%) 31 (3%) 94 (4%)
Separated 91 (3%) 26 (3%) 65 (3%)
Smoking
Never 1897 (59%) 497 (48%) 1400 (64%) Former 1111 (34%) 471 (45%) 640 (29%) Current 226 (7%) 75 (7%) 151 (7%)
Female2,191
Overall3,234
Male1,043
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Self-reported Characteristics by Sex and EthnicitySelf-reported Characteristics by Sex and Ethnicity
* n, (%)
No. of MEN
Fam hx type 2 diabetes * 690 (66%) 390 (64%) 117 (71%) 112 (67%) 13 (65%) 58 (70%)
Hx of high cholesterol 389 (37%) 234 (39%) 65 (39%) 53 (32%) 3 (15%) 34 (41%)
Hx of hypertension 302 (29%) 171 (28%) 58 (35%) 49 (29%) 5 (25%) 19 (23%)
No. of WOMEN
Fam hx type 2 diabetes 1553 (71%) 799 (69%) 360 (75%) 243 (71%) 116 (77%) 35 (60%)
Hx of gest. diabetes 353 (16%) 191 (17%) 63 (13%) 55 (16%) 36 (24%) 8 (14%)
Hx of high cholesterol 730 (33%) 429 (37%) 147 (31%) 114 (33%) 22 (15%) 17 (29%)
Hx of hypertension 569 (26%) 303 (26%) 144 (30%) 68 (20%) 40 (27%) 15 (26%)
African American
165
Overall
1,043
Caucasian
608
HispanicAmerican
Indian
2,191 1,160 480 341
Asian American
167 20 83
151 59
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Body Mass Index by Sex and EthnicityBody Mass Index by Sex and Ethnicity
*Mean ± SD; **n, (%)
No. of MEN
BMI (kg/m2) * 32.0 ± 5.7 32.5 ± 5.8 32.5 ± 6.0 31.7 ± 5.0 31.2 ± 4.1 28.3 ± 3.7
range 22.7 - 70.9 24.0 - 70.9 24.4 - 64.9 24.4 - 54.4 24.3 - 40.1 22.7 - 44.0
<30 ** 453 (43%) 246 (41%) 66 (40%) 72 (43%) 8 (40%) 61 (74%)
30 to <40 505 (48%) 305 (50%) 84 (51%) 84 (50%) 11 (55%) 21 (25%)
≥40 85 (8%) 57 (9%) 15 (9%) 11 (7%) 1 (5%) 1 (1%)
No. of WOMEN
BMI (kg/m2) 34.9 ± 7.0 35.0 ± 7.1 36.3 ± 7.1 34.0 ± 6.0 33.9 ± 6.3 30.7 ± 6.5
range 22.1 - 71.5 23.9 - 71.5 24.1 - 65.1 22.6 - 64.9 24.0 - 55.4 22.1 - 50.4
<30 593 (27%) 325 (28%) 101 (21%) 94 (28%) 38 (25%) 35 (59%)
30 to <40 1134 (52%) 585 (50%) 248 (52%) 194 (57%) 90 (60%) 16 (29%)
≥40 464 (21%) 250 (22%) 131 (27%) 53 (16%) 23 (15%) 7 (12%)
151 59
Asian American
167 20 83
HispanicAmerican
Indian
2,191 1,160 480 341
African American
165
Overall
1,043
Caucasian
608
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Glycemia by Sex and EthnicityGlycemia by Sex and Ethnicity
*Mean ± SD; **n, (%)
No. of MEN
FPG (mmol/L) * 6.0 ± 0.5 6.0 ± 0.5 6.0 ± 0.4 6.0 ± 0.5 5.8 ± 0.4 6.0 ± 0.4range 5.2 - 7.7 5.3 - 7.7 5.3 - 7.3 5.3 - 7.7 5.2 - 6.6 5.3 - 7.5
2-hr PG (mmol/L) 9.1 ± 0.9 9.2 ± 0.9 9.1 ± 1.0 9.1 ± 1.0 9.1 ± 0.9 9.1 ± 0.9range 7.8 - 11.0 7.8 - 11.0 7.8 - 11.0 7.8 - 11.0 7.9 - 10.5 7.8 - 11.0
HbA1c (%) 5.9 ± 0.5 5.8 ± 0.4 6.2 ± 0.7 5.9 ± 0.5 5.8 ± 0.5 6.0 ± 0.4range 4.0 - 7.7 4.0 - 7.2 4.2 - 7.7 4.4 - 7.2 4.5 - 6.7 4.8 - 6.8
> 6.1% ** 316 (30%) 133 (22%) 105 (64%) 47 (28%) 5 (25%) 26 (31%)
No. of WOMEN
FPG (mmol/L) 5.9 ± 0.4 5.9 ± 0.4 6.0 ± 0.5 5.8 ± 0.4 5.5 ± 0.5 5.9 ± 0.4range 4.2 - 7.7 5.3 - 7.7 5.3 - 7.5 5.3 - 7.3 4.2 - 6.8 5.3 - 6.8
2-hr PG (mmol/L) 9.1 ± 0.9 9.2 ± 0.9 9.1 ± 1.0 9.1 ± 0.9 9.1 ± 1.0 9.4 ± 0.9range 7.8 - 11.0 7.8 - 11.0 7.8 - 11.0 7.8 - 11.0 7.8 - 11.0 7.8 - 11.0
HbA1c (%) 5.9 ± 0.5 5.8 ± 0.4 6.2 ± 0.6 5.9 ± 0.5 6 ± 0.4 5.9 ± 0.4range 3.2 - 8.5 3.6 - 7.4 3.2 - 8.5 4.4 - 7.5 5.0 - 7.6 4.5 - 7.1
> 6.1% 616 (28%) 215 (19%) 259 (54%) 76 (22%) 52 (34%) 15 (25%)
African American
165
Overall
1,043
Caucasian
608
HispanicAmerican
Indian
2,191 1,160 480 341
Asian American
167 20 83
151 59
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Insulinemia by Sex and EthnicityInsulinemia by Sex and Ethnicity
*Mean ± SD
INSULIN (pmol/L)
No. of MEN
Fasting * 158 ± 99 157 ± 101 148 ± 74 178 ± 118 151 ± 70 155 ± 88
range 26 - 1104 27 - 684 26 - 510 43 - 1104 48 - 288 36 - 480
30-min 590 ± 423 555 ± 424 527 ± 317 711 ± 414 820 ± 760 661 ± 441
range 27 - 4854 31 - 4854 66 - 1812 27 - 2190 294 - 3480 78 - 2280
No. of WOMEN
Fasting 158 ± 86 151 ± 80 167 ± 91 168 ± 91 170 ± 89 148 ± 103
range 14 - 720 14 - 552 18 - 576 32 - 720 34 - 534 36 - 576
30-min 607 ± 368 557 ± 323 617 ± 416 681 ± 378 810 ± 444 569 ± 276
range 18 - 3600 36 - 3600 18 - 3024 52 - 2100 78 - 2436 132 - 1248
Asian American
151 59
8320
HispanicAmerican
Indian
2,191 1,160 480 341
African American
165
Overall
1,043
Caucasian
608 167
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Lipids by Sex and EthnicityLipids by Sex and Ethnicity
*Mean ± SD
Lipids (mmol/L)
No. of MEN
Total cholesterol * 5.2 ± 0.9 5.2 ± 0.9 5.2 ± 0.9 5.2 ± 0.9 4.9 ± 1.0 5.4 ± 1.0
HDL cholesterol 1.0 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.2
LDL cholesterol 3.3 ± 0.8 3.2 ± 0.8 3.4 ± 0.9 3.2 ± 0.9 2.9 ± 1.0 3.4 ± 0.8
Trigylcerides 2.0 ± 1.1 2.1 ± 1.1 1.5 ± 0.9 2.2 ± 1.2 2.1 ± 1.1 2.0 ± 1.1
No. of WOMEN
Total cholesterol 5.3 ± 1.0 5.4 ± 0.9 5.2 ± 1.0 5.2 ± 0.9 4.8 ± 1.0 5.4 ± 0.9
HDL cholesterol 1.2 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.3 1.3 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.3 1.3 ± 0.3
LDL cholesterol 3.2 ± 0.9 3.2 ± 0.8 3.3 ± 0.9 3.2 ± 0.9 2.8 ± 0.8 3.2 ± 0.9
Trigylcerides 1.7 ± 0.9 1.9 ± 1.0 1.2 ± 0.6 1.8 ± 0.9 1.7 ± 0.8 2.0 ± 1.2
Asian American
151 59
8320
HispanicAmerican
Indian
2,191 1,160 480 341
African American
165
Overall
1,043
Caucasian
608 167
The DPP Research Group, Diabetes Care 23:1619-29, 2000