The development and refinement of nursing diagnoses.
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Transcript of The development and refinement of nursing diagnoses.
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The development and refinement
of nursing diagnoses
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NANDA International
Develops terminology (Nursing Diagnoses)
to describe clinical judgments made by nurses as they provide care for individuals, families, groups and communities.
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The Diagnoses• 206 NANDA-approved nursing diagnoses as of
2008• Level of Evidence (LOE) Criteria Established
for All New and Revised Diagnoses– Entry into the Taxonomy requires various levels of
clinical evidence
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Diagnosis Development Committee• Responded to concerns from the membership that the
concept analysis requirement for acceptance of a diagnosis into the taxonomy may be a barrier to submissions
• The DDC developed rules for evaluating submissions• DDC reviewed and revised the Level of Evidence
Requirements
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Level of Evidence Criteria• 2.1 Label, Definition, Defining Characteristics or Risk
Factors (for risk diagnoses), Related Factors (for actual diagnoses) and References– At 2.1, references are cited for the definition, each defining
characteristic or risk factor, and each related factor. In addition, it is recommended that the submitter provide examples of nursing interventions (NIC or other nursing intervention) and nursing outcomes (NOC or other nursing outcome).
– Acceptance at this level is required for entrance into the taxonomy.
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Level of Evidence Criteria• 2.2 Concept Analysis
– The criteria in 2.1 are met. In addition, a narrative review of relevant literature, culminating in a written concept analysis, is required to demonstrate the existence of a substantive body of knowledge underlying the diagnosis.
– The literature review/concept analysis supports the label and definition, and includes discussion and support of the defining characteristics or risk factors (for risk diagnoses) and related factors (for actual diagnoses).
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Level of Evidence Criteria• 2.3 Consensus Studies Related to Diagnosis
Using Experts – The criteria in 2.2 are met. Studies include those
soliciting expert opinion, Delphi, and similar studies of diagnostic components in which nurses are subjects.
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Level of Evidence Criteria• 3.1 Literature Synthesis
– The criteria in 2.2 are met. The synthesis is in the form of an integrated review of the literature. Search terms/MESH terms used in the review are provided to assist future researchers.
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Level of Evidence Criteria• 3.2 Clinical Studies Related to Diagnosis, But Not
Generalizable to the Population– The criteria in 2.2 are met. The narrative includes a description
of studies related to the diagnosis, which includes defining characteristics or risk factors, and related factors.
– Studies may be qualitative in nature, or quantitative studies using nonrandom samples in which patients are subjects.
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Level of Evidence Criteria• 3.3 Well-Designed Clinical Studies with Small
Sample Sizes– The criteria in 2.2 are met. The narrative includes a
description of studies related to the diagnosis, which includes defining characteristics or risk factors.
– Random sampling is used in these studies, but the sample size is limited.
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Level of Evidence Criteria• 3.4 Well-Designed Clinical Studies with Random
Samples of Sufficient Size to Allow for Generalizability to the Overall Population– The criteria in 2.2 are met. The narrative includes a description
of studies related to the diagnosis, which includes defining characteristics or risk factors, and related factors.
– Random sampling is used in these studies and the sample size is sufficient to allow for generalizability of results to the overall population.
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Defining Characteristics (DCs)• Reflect assessment data, including subjective and
objective data:– Client verbalizations– Provider observations– Patient, family or community perceptions, behaviors and attributes– Client report– Physical and/or behavioral data
• Outcome indicators are the obverse of DCs• Nursing Diagnoses and related factors are inferred
from DCs
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Risk Factors• Increase the vulnerability of the individual,
family or community to an unhealthful event:– Environmental factors– Physiological elements– Psychological elements– Genetic elements– Chemical elements
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Related Factors• The part of the diagnostic statement that
guides the specific nursing intervention– The etiology (cause) of the diagnosis (problem to be
treated)– Factors that are typically associated with the
diagnosis– The focus for interventions
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Coding of Nursing Diagnostic Language• Barriers to the Coding of Nursing Diagnostic Language
have been identified– Multiple concepts within a single defining characteristic, risk
factor or related factor• Self-Care Deficit: Bathing/Hygiene
– “Inability to wash body or body parts, obtain or get to water source, regulate temperature or flow of bath water, get bath supplies, dry body, get in and out of bathroom”
• Delayed Growth and Development– “Listlessness, decreased response time”– “Inability to perform self-care or self-control activities
appropriate for age”
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Coding of Nursing Diagnostic Language
• Diagnoses which include “specify”– Health-Seeking Behaviors (specify)– Deficient Knowledge (specify)– Readiness for Enhanced Knowledge (specify)
• Labels with primary concept as descriptor rather than as a noun– Self Care Deficit
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What do we need?• Emphasis on development, testing and
validation of new diagnostic concepts• Revision of current diagnoses that lack sufficient
evidence-based defining characteristics, risk factors or related factors– Any of the diagnoses in the book that do not show a
LOE need to be reviewed and evidence provided
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Concept Analysis• Identification and exploration of phenomena of
concern to nursing remains critical today in order to fill in the gaps in our taxonomy
"I use the word nursing for want of a better... I believe...that the very elements of nursing
are all but unknown." (Nightingale, 1860)
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Concept Analysis• Distinguish between the defining characteristics
of a concept & its irrelevant attributes– Refine ambiguous concepts
• Examine published sources• Compare literature to experience/practice• Examine consistencies between literature and
experience/practice
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Development• Where do you start?
– Area of interest– Area that is missing from the taxonomy– Clinical need
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Development• Obtain the most recent edition of NANDA-I’s Nursing
Diagnoses: Definitions & Classification and review related diagnoses, if these exist
• Find the Diagnosis Submission Guidelines (www.nanda.org), following the “Diagnostic Review” link
• Follow the guidelines on the web in case they have been updated since publication of the most recent Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions & Classification book
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Steps in Development• Review the literature
– Nursing discipline• If none exists, identify this in your submission
– Other disciplines• Concept analysis• Literature reviews/syntheses• Qualitative research• Quantitative research
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Literature Review Tips• Look for information on the phenomenon or outcomes
related to it, but NOT intervention studies or information on how to teach the use of standardized nursing languages
• Articles, NOT books (unless “classics”)• Research-based articles, not editorials or quality
improvement projects / unit-based implementation articles that are not based on research studies– If the research does not exist, indicate this on your submission
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Development• Review “Glossary of Terms” in the most recent
edition of the NANDA-I Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions & Classification text
• Determine whether your diagnosis is an actual, risk, wellness or health-promotion diagnosis (or whether the concept can cross multiple facets)
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Development• Develop the label for your diagnosis
• Provide a definition for the diagnosis that is supported by references– Identify those references in your submission
• Keep the language clear and concise
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Development• Identify themes that arise in your literature review
– Appearance of a particular defining characteristic / related / risk factor in one study does not mean it is a critical characteristic
– Look for consensus in the defining characteristics / related / risk factors across the majority of your literature
– Less IS more! • Assists with diagnostic accuracy if we can focus in on the major
defining characteristics / related / risk factor – Consider the continuum of care if appropriate for your concept
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Development• Defining Characteristics are required for:
– Actual diagnoses– Wellness diagnoses– Health-promotion diagnoses
• Risk Factors are required for:– Risk diagnoses
• Related Factors are required for:– Actual diagnoses
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Development• Each defining characteristic and risk / related factor
must contain a single concept rather than multiple concepts
• Tinnitus
• Hearing impairment
NOT• Tinnitus and/or
hearing impairment
• References are required for each defining characteristic and risk / related factor
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Development• Provide examples of appropriate nursing
outcomes and nursing interventions for the diagnosis– Assists DDC members in understanding the intent of
the diagnosis– May be critical in differentiating this diagnosis from
another that is already in the taxonomy
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Submission• Submit on-line via the www.nanda.org website• PLEASE use the prepared forms for diagnosis
submission when sending your work in to NANDA-I for review if you are not submitting via our on-line website
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Revision• Where do you start?
– Oldest diagnoses • 1970s – 3• 1980s – 30• 1990s - 79
– Area of interest– Area that is missing from the taxonomy– Clinical need
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Refinement• Need to compare changes to the existing
diagnosis
• All revisions must be supported by the literature
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Non-English Language Submission • IF submitting in English, but English is not your primary
language, try if possible to have another English-speaker review your translation prior to submission– IF NOT, submit it anyway!!!
• DDC will work with you to find someone to translate your work into English if you do not have a contact to do this for you– This will increase the review cycle– We want your work—we will work with you!
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Content Validation• Refinement of current diagnoses• Development of new diagnoses
– Studies involving patients who are experiencing the diagnosis are needed
• Clinical validation studies– Assess for defining characteristics as patients are
experiencing a particular nursing diagnosis– Decrease the number of defining characteristics to
improve diagnostic accuracy
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The Future• NANDA-International’s aim is to link with
organizations across the world that have as their purpose nursing language development– Increase diagnosis submission– Increase clinical testing of diagnoses– Ensure cultural sensitivity of diagnoses
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"If we cannot name it, we cannot control it, finance it, research it, teach it, or put it
into public policy."
(Lang, 1993).