The Determination of Selenium.
Transcript of The Determination of Selenium.
Louisiana State UniversityLSU Digital Commons
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School
1969
The Determination of Selenium.Robert Lewis OsburnLouisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
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This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 70-9081
OSBURN, Robert Lewis, 1936- THE DETERMINATION OF SELENIUM.
The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, PhJD., 1969
Chemistry, analytical
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, M ichigan
THE DETERMINATION OF SELENIUM
A Dissertation
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and
Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
in
The Department of Chemistry
byRobert Lewis Osburn
B.S., George Peabody College, 1962 August, I969
TO LINDA
who understands.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to express his gratitude to Professor
Philip W. West, who, through his penetrating insight, calm for
bearance, and timely encouragement, contributed so much to the
attainment of this goal.
He also wishes to thank the United States Public Health
Service for providing the funds during the entirety of this work
through U. S. Public Health Research Grant No. AP 0072^, National
Center for Air Pollution Control, Bureau of Disease Prevention
and Environmental Control. The author gratefully acknowledges
the financial assistance received from the "Dr. Charles E. Coates
Memorial Fund of the L. S. U. Foundation donated by George H.
Coates" for the preparation of this dissertation.
iii
Patience is bitter,
but its fruit is sweet.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
DEDICATION.................. ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................... iii
QUOTATION............................................. iv
LIST OF TABLES....................................... viii
ABSTRACT ............................................. x
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION .................................. 1
II. CONVENTIONAL METHODS FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF SELENIUM...................... 12
A. Titrimetric Methods....................... 12
B. Gravimetric Methods....................... 13
C. Neutron-Activation Analysis............... 15
D. Polarographic Methods..................... 16
E. Photometric Methods....................... 17
1. Spectrophotometry.................... 17
a. Particles in Suspension........... 17
b. Equivalent in Liberated
Iodine.......................... 17
c. Pyrrole Color Complex............. 18
d. Diaminobenzidine Complex ......... 18
e. Miscellaneous.................... 19
PAGE
CHAPTER
2. Fluor imetry........... 20
5 . Emission Spectroscopy............... 21
X-Ray Fluorescence
Spectroscopy ...................... 21
F. Ring Oven Method ................ 21
G. Catalytic Methods...................... 22
III. THE DETERMINATION OF SELENIUM BY
THE HYDROXYLAMINE OXIDATION METHOD ........... 2k
A. Introduction.......................... 2k
B. Preparation of Reagents and
Solutions.............................. 27
1. Standard Selenium Solution . . . . . . 27
2. Hydrochloric Acid................... 27
3 . Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride
Solution.......................... 27
I4-. Sulfanilamide Solution............. 27
5. N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine
Dihydrochloride Solution ........... 28
6 . Interference Solutions ............. 28
C. Apparatus.......... 28
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...................... 30
A. Preliminary Experiments................. 30
B. The Oxidation-Diazotization
Reaction.............................. 37
vi
PAGECHAPTER
C. The Coupling Reaction..................... k6
D. Concentration Studies.....................
1. Sulfanilamide (p-aminobenzene-
sulfonamide) ........................ 52
2. N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine
Dihydrochloride...................... 55
5 . Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride........... 58
E. The Standard Recommended
Procedure................................ 58
F. Interference Studies ..................... 61
G. Statistical Evaluation ................... 71
H. Conclusion.............................. 71
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY................................. ik
VITA................ 92
vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
I. Effect of Acid Concentration During theOxidation-Diazotization Reaction ........... 35
II. Time Study for the Oxidation-DiazotizationReaction at Room Temperature............... 38
III. Temperature Study for the Oxidation-Diazotization Reaction.............. 4l
IV. Time Study for the Oxidation-DiazotizationReaction at 60 Degrees Centigrade........... 44
V. Time Study for the Coupling Reaction at60 Degrees Centigrade...................... 47
VI. Volume Study for the Coupling Reaction .......... $0
VII. Concentration Study; Sulfanilamide, (p-amino-benzenesulfonamide)........................ 53
VIII. Concentration Study; N-(1-Naphthyl)ethyl-enediamine Dihydrochloride ................. 56
IX. Concentration Study; HydroxylamineHydrochloride.......................... . 59
X. Variation of Absorbance with Concentrationof Selenium(lV) for the Adopted Method . . . . 62
XI. Interference Studies of Diverse Ions ............ 64
XII. Statistical Analysis of Absorbance at VariousLevels of Selenium(lV) .................... 72
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1. Absorption Spectra of VariousConcentrations of the Coupled Product....... 33
2. Variation of Absorbance with Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid During the Oxidation- Diazotization Reaction.................... 3 6
3 . Variation of Absorbance with Time Duringthe Oxidation-Diazotization Reaction ....... 39
4. Variation of Absorbance with Temperature During the Oxidation-DiazotizationReaction................................. 42
5. The Effect of Temperature During the Oxidation-Diazotization Reaction on Standard Curves for the System...................... 43
6 . Variation of Absorbance with Time During the Oxidation-Diazotization Reaction at60 Degrees Centigrade...................... 45
7. Variation of Absorbance with Time During the Coupling Reaction at 60 DegreesCentigrade.......................... 48
8 . Variation of Absorbance with Time During the Coupling Reaction at 60 DegreesCentigrade................................ $1
9 . Variation of Absorbance with Concentrationof Sulfanilamide (p-aminobenzenesulfonamide) . 5^
10. Variation of Absorbance with Concentration of N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamineDihydrochloride............................ 57
11. Variation of Absorbance with Concentrationof Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride ............. 60
12. The Standard Curve for the AdoptedMethod................................... 63
ix
ABSTRACT
Selenium dioxide has been used extensively as an oxidizing
agent in organic chemistry, particularly for the oxidation of alde
hydes, ketones and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It is well known that
selenium dioxide can be used to oxidize hydroxylamine hydrochloride
to nitrous acid under acidic conditions. A new spectrophotometric
method for the determination of submicrogram quantities of selenium
dioxide has been developed based upon this reaction.
In a strongly acidic medium, (6 .8N hydrochloric acid), even
trace amounts of selenium dioxide (as selenious acid) oxidize hydro
xylamine hydrochloride to nitrous acid when heated at 60 degrees
centigrade for a period of 90 minutes. When sulfanilamide is present
in the system, diazotization of the amine takes place as the oxida
tion reaction proceeds. The diazonium salt thus formed is stable
under the reaction conditions employed. Subsequent to the oxida-
tion-diazotization step N-(l-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochlo
ride is added and heating at 60 degrees centigrade is continued for
30 minutes, resulting in the formation of a highly-colored coupling
product which has a maximum absorbance at 5^ millimicrons.
This approach to the determination of selenium takes advan
tage of the extreme sensitivity which is inherently present in anal
ogous procedures for the determination of nitrites. The method
therefore provides a means for the spectrophotometric determination
of selenium in the 0 .0 1 to 0 .2 parts per million range.
The method is sensitive, reproducible and accurate and
should be especially useful in air pollution surveys where a
knowledge of the absolute concentration of selenium oxides in
the atmosphere is most important.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Selenium was identified as an element in 1817 by the
Swedish chemist, Berzelius, in a residue from the production of
sulfuric acid. It was named from the Greek word, selene, meaning
the moon, because of its resemblance to tellurium, which had been
discovered earlier and was named from the Latin word, tellus,
meaning the earth.
The chemistry of sulfur, selenium, and tellurium are
similar, but their abundance in the earth's crust varies. Sulfur
occurs freely in abundant quantities, while selenium and tellurium
are rare with an estimated percentage of 10”4 and 10"9, respective
ly. Intensive explorations in the United States have not been suc
cessful in finding large deposits of selenium. At the present
time, selenium is chiefly obtained commercially as a by-product
from the electrolytic refining of copper.
The element selenium can be traced in an orderly way from
its origin in the earth's crust to specific geological formations,
to its distribution in specific genera and groups of plants which
require the element for their growth, to its accumulation in veg
etation, and to its subsequent toxicity to birds or mammals that
consume the seleniferous foods.
The disease syndrome produced by selenium is an age-old
disease and has been observed in numerous areas throughout the
world. The type of chronic selenium poisoning known as alkali
disease is characterized by loss of hair and deformation and
sloughing of the hoofs in cattle, hogs, and horses that have con
sumed moderately seleniferous grains and forage grasses over a
period of several weeks or months. The term alkali disease came
into usage among the early settlers of the Western United States,
who erroneously believed the ailment to be due to alkali or mineral
salts in water or soil. Around 1295 Marco Polo was, perhaps, re
ferring to alkali disease when he described a poisonous plant grow
ing in Western China which, when eaten by his beasts of burden, had
the effect of causing the hoofs of the animal to drop off (91)*
In the Western hemisphere, chronic selenosis resembling
alkali disease in livestock, causing malformations in chicks and
children and loss of hair and nails of the people, was first re
corded by Father Pedro Simon of Colombia in I56O (104).
The earliest record of the poisoning known as alkali
disease in the United States was reported in 1857 by Dr. T. C.
Madison, an Army surgeon, who described the symptoms of a fatal
disease which afflicted the cavalry horses at Fort Randall in the
territory of Nebraska (76).
In fifteen of the western states, acute and chronic poison
ing of unknown origin, often attributed to poisonous forage plants,
have been fatal to large numbers of cattle and sheep on the grazing
ranges. More than 15,000 sheep died in a region north of Medicine
Bow, Wyoming during the summers of I907 and 1908. The deaths were
attributed to grazing in an area where woody aster and Gray's vetch
abundantly grew (126).
3
In 1932> some native species of Astragalus were used for
studies of the chemical properties and physiological effects of
these plants (lj). Animals that survived the extended feeding
period showed lesions which suggested the action of an irritant
poison, presumed to be of mineral origin. It became evident that
certain native milk vetches growing on restricted soils could have
been responsible for many acute and chronic poisonings of live
stock. Later studies by Beath, Eppson, and Gilbert (8 ) showed
that a number of species of plants have the ability to convert
selenium from soils to an available form. These plants are called
selenium indicator plants or "Beath's selenium indicators," be
cause of their ability to accumulate several thousand parts per
million of selenium.
The administration of selenium compounds to livestock or
laboratory animals causes toxic symptoms in the animals, but
typical alkali disease or blind staggers is not produced. The
syndrome alkali disease is produced by seleniferous indicator
plants. The selenium compounds in the plants that can cause vari
ous disease syndromes in livestock are not known. Only a limited
amount of data are available on the compounds which are present
in indicator plants and those present in grains and grasses.
In 1938; experimental evidence was presented (113) showing
that selenium is required for the growth and development of sele
nium indicator plants. It has been suggested that selenium may
be an essential element for these groups of plants. Evidence is
4
now accumulating that selenium is not only an essential element
for indicator plants but has a significant dietary function in
mammals as well as birds (101, 100, 89, 82).
The elements selenium and sulfur are closely related
both crystallochemically and in certain aspects of their distri
bution in minerals and rocks. Some sulfide ores or impure sulfurs
are enriched with selenium. Selenium forms selenides and sulfo-
selenides of silver, copper, lead, and mercury, and selenites with
copper, cobalt, and lead. Selenium frequently occurs as impure
selenides and as an impurity in most sulfides. The sulfides of
copper, iron, mercury, and silver often contain high concentrations
of selenium. Tiemannite from Utah contains about 24 percent se
lenium (8 3). A sample of naumannite from Silver City, Idaho, con
tained 23 percent selenium (102). Davidson (25) has reported that
common epithermal silver-gold and antimony deposits are highly se-
leniferous but that less common gold-silver and mercury deposits
rarely contain high concentrations of selenium. Analysis of 98
samples of pyrite and sulfide ores from Utah, Nevada, Idaho and
Oregon has been reported by Lakin and Byers (69). One sample of
ore from Park City, Utah, contained 540 ppm selenium. The sub
stitution of selenium for sulfur in numerous sulfide minerals has
been suggested by a number of workers (17, 18, 24, 122). This
substitution has been proposed on the basis of the similarity of
the chemical and physical properties of selenium and sulfur. The
radii of S2“ (1.74A) and of Se2- (I.92A) are so close that selenium
can and does substitute in the lattices of sulfides.
Ill spite of the fact that selenium and sulfur are closely
related crystallochemically and geochemically, there is a vast
difference in their actions physiologically. Sulfur can be pre
sent in living cells in comparatively high concentrations while
selenium is toxic in low levels. The toxicity of selenium is com
parable to that of arsenic. Selenium is one of the few elements
known to be absorbed by food and forage plants in sufficient amounts
to create a toxicity hazard to animals. Acute selenium poisoning
results from the ingestion, usually in a single feeding, of a
sufficient quantity of highly seleniferous plants which produces
very severe symptoms. In many cases death follows within a few
hours. Selenium is carried by the circulatory system to all
organs of the body. In the case of acute poisoning the highest
concentrations are found in the liver, blood, kidney, spleen, and
brain. The muscles, hide, hair, and bones usually contain only
trace amounts. Dudley (31) reported 4-25 PPm in the liver, kidney,
and spleen, and 7-27 ppm in blood. On the average, the blood con
tains 5_ 15 PPny liver 22 ppm; kidney 10 ppm; spleen 8 ppm; and
heart 4 ppm. In horses and mules the selenium content of the
stomach, kidney, and liver was higher than that of the other tis
sues analyzed (81).
It is generally believed that dietary, chemical and physical
factors may interfere with reproduction of embryonic development.
The significance of selenium in reproduction, decreased fertility
and malformation has been reported by numerous investigators in
different species of animals. The economic loss caused by the
effects of selenium on reproduction in livestock is not presently
known. Toxic and subtoxic amounts of selenium can interfere with
fertility and reproduction in experimental animals. The inhibition
due to selenium on reproduction can be either primary or secondary.
The primary effect may be due to interference of selenium with
the critical oxygen requirements, fertility and reproduction
could be reduced even in low-grade chronic selenosis. The secondary
effect of chronic selenosis is emaciation. Conception cannot take
place in emaciated animals (125, 40).
The selenium problem is especially important because of
the possibility of human injury from' the consumption of grains,
vegetables, eggs, dairy products, and meats from affected areas.
Extensive investigations of the poisoning of animals have been
made, but the research required on human phases of the problem has
hardly been touched. Investigations into the sources of selenium
to which man is exposed in seleniferous regions have shown wide
occurrence of the element in foods of animal origin. It is be
lieved that a concentration of 5 PPm in most foods or one tenth
this concentration in milk or water is potentially dangerous.
Smith and Westfall (105) found that eggs, meat, and milk contain
significant amounts of selenium in seleniferous regions. Selenium
in wheat and grain is of special interest because of the wide
spread use of wheat in bread and breakfast foods. The per capita
consumption of wheat products is about 160 pounds per year.
The selenium content of drinking water is rarely high
enough to produce toxic effects in man. However, a recent report
(7) indicates that well water obtained from the Wasatch geological
formation from a depth of about 1^0 feet contained 9 ppm selenium
and produced chronic selenosis in humans. This is the first in
cident where the selenium concentration in water was high enough
to produce chronic symptoms in humans similar to alkali disease in
livestock.
Few attempts have been made to determine the existence,
outside the known seleniferous areas, of public health hazards
caused by selenium. This problem is not confined to the United
States since grain is exported from the United States to various
parts of the world. Although toxic wheat is diluted with nontoxic
grain during storing and milling processes, and in well-balanced
diets, the consumption of bread and cereals per day is limited,
possible harmful effects could occur in individuals who consume
more than normal amounts of cereal products or who may have chronic
diseases involving the kidney and liver. Selenium, therefore,
could play an important role either directly or indirectly in the
health of the general public.
A survey of the selenium content of urine samples was
made on industrial workers in Rochester, New York (106). There
is no selenium in the soil in that area or within 1,000 miles of
the region. The workers included in the survey had had no recent
exposure to selenium. However, when random urine samples were
collected from 60 men, 'JO percent of the samples contained selenium.
8
The selenium content varied from a trace to 0.025 PPm °f selenium.
Another series of studies included repeated daily collection for
four consecutive days. The urinary excretion of selenium per day
was from 0.02 to 0.1 ppm. The rate of excretion was constant in
the subjects included in this study. Further investigation (106)
to determine the possible sources of selenium in this survey showed
that bleached flour and bread contained from 0.26 to 0.53 PPm
selenium; rye bread and cracked wheat bread 0.39 an<i 0.37 PPm
respectively.
The increasing use of selenium in manufacturing processes
poses an important industrial health hazard. Two types of indus
tries are involved: those that extract, mine, treat, or process
selenium-bearing minerals and those that utilize selenium in man
ufacture of pigments, in the chemical industry, in the manufacture
of rubber as a vulcanizing agent, and in rectifiers and photocells.
Selenium and its compounds used in industry are an ever present po
tential health hazard (30, 56).
The extent of this hazard depends primarily upon the types
of processes being carried on. Selenium-bearing dusts, fumes,
vapors, or liquids can present definite hazards, the scope and
degree of which are dependent upon the processes involved and the
protective devices used to dissipate the noxious materials. Dust,
such as that of elemental selenium, may be of such composition
that on inhalation no soluble selenium compound is liberated.
But soluble dusts, such as selenium dioxide, selenium trioxide,
and certain halogen compounds, can prove toxic due to the ease
9
with which they are absorbed by the tissues of the lung, the ali
mentary canal, and perhaps the skin. The most toxic vapors include
hydrogen selenide and certain organic compounds such as methyl sel-
enide, ethyl selenide, and various aromatic selenides. In industries
where selenium dioxide, selenium trioxide, sodium selenate, and so
dium selenite are used, the atmospheric concentration should be be
low 1 .0 milligram per cubic meter of air (90).
When guinea pigs were exposed to hydrogen selenide (0.001-
0.004 milligram per liter) 50 percent of the animals were killed
within 30 days. The accidental exposure of men to hydrogen sel
enide has an immediate and drastic effect. The odor, similar to
hydrogen sulfide, produces olfactory fatigue rapidly so that toxic
concentrations may not be detected after exposure to the gas for
several minutes. The gas usually produces a copious flow of tears
and nasal mucus (32). Other exposures to hydrogen selenide have
been reported by various investigators (12, 86, 111). The thresh
old limit given by the American Conference of Government Industrial
Hygienists for hydrogen selenide is 0.05 ppm selenium or 0.2 milli
gram per cubic meter of air.
Selenium dioxide and sodium selenite readily form seleni-
ous acid which is among the more toxic and irritating compounds of
selenium. It penetrates the skin readily and produces local irrita
tion and inflammation. The exposure to Se02 dust produces severe
dermatitis (93)> painful inflammation of nail beds due to penetration
of the dioxide under the nails (^7)> burning of the eye with intense
pain, lacrimation, and congestion of the conjunctiva (80), and
10
allergic reactions in the eyes (U7). The toxic effects of Se02
dust may be due to its rapid conversion to selenious acid when the
dust comes in contact with moist surfaces of the tissues. Cutaneous
disorders in workers handling Se02 have shown that the selenite ion
is responsible for its toxic action. Skin lesions produced by Se02
resembling hematomas in a state of resorption have been described
The possible long-term effect is believed to be renal and
liver damage. Fibrosis in the lung may develop due to continued
exposure to dust and gases in the air. Disposal of industrial
waste containing selenium is a serious problem. Burning cannot be
carried out in residential areas because the smoke has an obnoxi
ous odor as well as toxic fumes. If the material is dumped and
allowed to drain into rivers, there is the danger of creating a
toxic contamination of streams and surrounding soil. It has been
suggested (3 ) that the selenium be reclaimed for further use, but
it is not likely that this approach can be used under industrial
conditions.
The seriousness of the selenium problem has been further
emphasized by the report of West (15), who found selenium to be
present in cigarette papers as well as in other paper. The pres
ence of selenium in cigarette papers must be considered signifi
cant because this is the first known toxic material found to be
universally present in cigarette papers. Because of the known
toxicity of selenium and because of the carcinogenicity of ingest
ed selenium, the findings were considered significant in terms
11
of lung cancer and emphysema among cigarette smokers. Another
far-reaching implication of this report is the hazard of air
pollution which arises due to the burning of paper refuse materi
al of all kinds in areas which have open-air city dumps or in
adequate incinerator systems for waste disposal.
The most frequently used methods for the determination
of selenium are time consuming, use reagent solutions which are
generally unstable and must be prepared daily, and require a
careful control of pH. The present study was undertaken in order
to develop a method for the determination of submicrogram quanti
ties of selenium with the sensitivity and accuracy needed for
trace analysis and at the same time rapid and reliable enough to
be of utility in laboratories where selenium analyses are routine
ly made.
CHAPTER II
CONVENTIONAL METHODS FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF SELENIUM
A. TITRIMETRIC METHODS
By far, the most sensitive and accurate of all of the
titrimetric methods for the determination of selenium are the
iodometric procedures. It is usually necessary, however, that
a quantitative separation from the other elements be made if
the full potential of these methods is to be realized.
The iodometric method as proposed by Klein (6 7) is based
upon the distillation of selenium as SeBr4, precipitation of se
lenium and titration with thiosulfate. This method is widely
used for the determination of quantities of selenium of more
than 0 .0 1 milligram in plants, plant extracts, water, animal
tissue, urine, soil and rocks.
After digestion of the sample in H2S04-HN03, selenium is
separated from all other elements except arsenic, tin, germanium,
small amounts of antimony, and partially from tellurium by dis
tillation with HBr and Br2 from acid solution:
H2Se03 + IfflBr -» SeBr4 + 3H20
The distillate contains selenium as selenious acid:
SeBr4 + 3H20 -* H2Se03 + ^HBr
12
13
Selenium is precipitated from the distillate by reduction to the
element with sulfur dioxide and hydroxylamine hydrochloride.
H2Se03 + 2H2S03 -* Se + 2H2S04 + H20
H2Se03 + 2NH20H • HC1 -» Se + N20 + 4H20 + 2HC1
After standing overnight, the precipitate is dissolved in
dilute HBr-Br2:
Se + 2Br2 + 5H20 -* H2Se03 + taBr
The titration is carried out by the addition of excess
standard thiosulfate and 5 drops of starch. After 30 seconds the excess thiosulfate is back titrated with standard iodine
solution;
H2Se03 + ll-HBr + *)-Na2S203 -* Na2S4Se06 + Na2S4Os + Ij-NaBr + 3H20
2Na2S203 I2 Na2S406 2NaI
Other less widely used titrimetric methods are permangan
ate titrations in either acid (U8) or alkaline (60) solution,
argentometric titration (55).? a method similar to the Volhard
method for the determination of chloride, and the back titration
of excess standard thiourea solution with standard eerie sulfate
after reduction and precipitation of selenium by thiourea (27)*B. GRAVIMETRIC METHODS
Sulfur dioxide is most often used for the reduction of
selenium metal which is collected by filtration and subsequently
Ik
weighed. In the procedure of Goto and Kahita (50) the sample
is treated with 5 milliliters of perchloric acid, and nitric acid
if necessary to dissolve the sample. It is then fumed gently to
remove the nitric acid, cooled and diluted to 100 milliliters with
9N hydrochloric acid. Sulfur dioxide is added for about 15 minutes
after the precipitation of selenium begins. The solution is filtered
through a fritted-glass crucible and washed with 9N hydrochloric
acid and hot water.
Boto and Ogawa (51) have reported that selenium may be pre
cipitated quantitatively from solutions that contain 5 milliliters of
concentrated sulfuric acid per 100 milliliters of Ij-N to 9^ hydrochlo
ric acid.
A combination of sulfur dioxide and hydroxylamine hydrochlo
ride to reduce selenium, which may be in the form of selenious or
selenic acid, has been used by deSalas (26) for the gravimetric
determination of selenium. In this procedure, 30 milliliters of
concentrated hydrochloric acid saturated with sulfur dioxide is
added to 50 milliliters of solution followed by 1 milliliter of
20 percent hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The solution is allowed
to stand for several hours to complete the precipitation before
filtration. In all of these procedures, the red selenium on the
filter should be washed thoroughly first with 9^ hydrochloric acid
and then with water at room temperature before being converted to
the black form with hot water, since it is not possible to wash the
black form free of impurities. The sample is dried at IO5 degrees
centigrade for 1 hour, or to constant weight.
15
Sulfur dioxide has the advantage over many of the stronger
reducing agents in that it does not reduce copper to the metal. If
the concentration of selenite ion is not too low, i.e. greater than
1 milligram of selenium per 100 milliliters of solution, sulfur di
oxide is very efficient in reducing selenious acid to elemental se
lenium.
Other less widely used methods for the gravimetric deter
mination of selenium are the mercuric nitrate precipitation of se
lenious acid as HgSe03 (28), percipitation as selenium sulfide by
hydrogen sulfide (84), and the thiourea reduction of selenious
acid (27)•
C. NEUTRON-ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Neutron-activation analysis is a useful and highly
sensitive method for determining trace elements. For the deter
mination of selenium, most workers have used the selenium-75
radionuclide(99;71 6 8). This nuclide has two convenient gamma-
rays for counting purposes at 0.27 an<i 0.14 MeV, and its half-life
of 120 days is more than adequate to allow complete chemical se
paration from other activities. The main disadvantage of using the
selenium- 75 radionuclide for analytical purposes is the long acti
vation time needed. Usually samples are activated for 7 to 14 days
which gives only 5 to 10 percent of the specific activity that is
obtainable when an activation of one half-life is used. This
results in an equivalent loss of sensitivity, which is undesirable
for trace analysis.
16
The selenium-77m radionuclide has also been used for the
determination of selenium (85, k-, 6), in spite of the fact that it
is exceedingly short-lived, with a half-life of 17*5 seconds. In
order to determine the element, an activation period of a few
seconds and a multichannel analyzer focused on the 0.16-MeV
gamma-ray peak must be used. This method can be quite satisfactory
provided the half-life of the peak if measured, since many other
short-lived nuclides have a gamma-ray of approximately the same
energy.
Other selenium isotopes which have been used for the
determination of selenium by neutron-activation analysis are
3 .9-minute selenium-79m (75? 7Mj> 57-minute selenium-8lm (127)>
and 18-minute selenium-81 (10). These procedures usually require
a combination of rapid chemical separation and gamma-ray spectro
metry and are not as widely used.
D. P0LAR0GRAFHIC METHODS
A polarographic method for the determination of selenium
in water in the 5 to 100 milligrams per liter range has been used
(1 ). In this procedure, the selenium is first separated from
other elements by reduction to the element and then dissolved in
a mixture of hydrogen bromide and bromine. After the bromine lias
been swept out with carbon dioxide, the solution is polarographed
at 400 to 65O millivolts with a tungsten-saturated calomel elec
trode. Increased sensitivity can be achieved by using a solution
2N with hydrochloric acid in a range of 300 to 65O millivolts.
17
Dolezal and Cadek reported that the height of the wave is
proportional to concentration of selenium in the range of 5 x 10"6
to 2 .5 x 10” 3 moles of selenium in the analysis of pyrite samples
(29). After dissolution of the sample, SeBr4 distillation, and
reduction to the metal, the selenium is dissolved in nitric acid,
which is fumed off with sulfuric acid. Subsequently the solution
is neutralized to pH 8 and polarographed. At this pH the half-wave
potential of selenium is -l.Ml-V vs. a standard calomel electrode.
A polarographic method has been developed by Hahn and
Kleinworth (5 -) which depends upon trie precipitation of Tl2Se from
a standard solution of TINO3 followed by the determination of ex
cess thallium. In an ammonical solution and under the proper con
ditions, Tl2Se is precipitated quantitatively by hydrazine sulfate.
E. PHOTOMETRIC METHODS
1. Spectrophotometry
a. Particles in Suspension
The sol methods, which have an analytical range of
50 to 5^000 micrograms of selenium per gram of sample, differ from
one another principally according to the reductant used. The two
most common reductants are hydrazine and stannous chloride (116,
131). Sols formed by stannous chloride contain substantial amounts
of coprecipitated tin oxides while the hydrazine-reduced selenium
sols are presumably sols of the pure element.
b . Equivalent in Liberated Iodine
A greater coloration than that achieved with the
formation of the selenium hydrosol alone can be obtained by
18
using potassium iodide as a reducing agent for selenious acid due
to the liberated iodine (79)* A further gain in sensitivity can
be realized by the addition of a soluble starch solution (129.,
These procedures have an analytical range of 0.5 to 20 micrograms
per milliliter and have been utilized for the determination of se
lenium in natural waters (70).
c. Pyrrole Color Complex
Selenious acid may be detected by pyrrole in the
presence of selenic, tellurous, and telluric acids (57) • The re
action depends upon the oxidation of pyrrole to "pyrrole blue" by
selenious acid; the selenious acid being reduced to the element.
A quantitative procedure has been developed based on this reaction
(108), but it has not been widely used for the determination of
selenious acid.
d. Diaminobenzidine Complex
Since Hoste first proposed 3,3'-diaminobenzidine
(3*3'*^*^,-Tetraaminobiphenyl) as a sensitive reagent for the
qualitative determination of selenium in 19 8 (59)* numerous spec-
trophotometric methods for the quantitative determination of sele
nium using this reagent have been reported. These are by far the
most widely used procedures for determining small amounts of se
lenium in various kinds of samples including stainless steels and
copper (16, kj), biological materials (109, 9, 58, 63, 22, 21),
sulfuric acid (23, 6 1), air (107), ores (35, 66, 130,95)* water
(77* 9 6), lead (73)* sulfur (117)* dietary cystine (128), human
teeth and hair (53* HO), meteorites (3 3)* tellurium (11 ), and
telluric acid (115). The yellow diphenylpiazselenol which forms
when 3> 3'-diaminobenzidine is added to a solution containing se
lenious acid has an absorption maximum at 420 millimicrons.
H2N nh2
h2n- NH2 + 2H2Se03 -»
S e = N N = S e
N ■N + 6h2o
These procedures, in general, have a lower detection limit of
0 .2 5 to 5 micrograms per milliliter depending on the type of sample
being analyzed. In spite of the widespread use of this reagent for
the spectrophotometric determination of selenium, there are several
serious limitations. The control of pH during formation of the
complex and subsequent extraction is extremely critical, and all
strong oxidizing and reducing agents must be absent.
gents which might be substituted for 3,3 '-diaminobenzidine for
the determination of selenium. One is 4-dimethylamino-l, 2-phenyl-
enediamine, which reacts with selenious acid to produce a bright
red color in IN hydrochloric acid. The other is 4-methylthio-
1,2-phenylenediamine, which also reacts with selenious acid to
e. Miscellaneous
S.awicki (98) has reported two new sensitive rea-
20
give a purple-blue color in 50 percent sulfuric acid. Both of
these colored products are piazselenols similar to the complex
formed by 3>3 '-diaminobenzidine. Other reagents have been eval
uated as possible reagents for the determination of selenium in
cluding o-phenylenediamine (5)? and if—substituted ^-phenylene-
diamines (112), but they are not as sensitive as 3>3 ’-diamino
benzidine.
2. Fluorimetry
The diphenylpiazselenol which is formed in the reaction
of selenious acid with 3>3’-diaminobenzidine has been used for the
fluorimetric determination of selenium by several workers. This
complex is excited at 425 millimicrons and fluoresces with maximum
intensity at about 565 millimicrons. The sensitivity of this pro
cedure is 0.02 micrograms of selenium per gram of sample, and it
has been used for the analysis of various biological materials
(19, 121, 34) and arsenic (88). For the fluorimetric work of high
sensitivity, this reagent suffers the disadvantage of having a
fluorescence sensitivity which is comparatively low.
Another reagent which can determine selenium down to
0.002 micrograms per gram of sample, was introduced by Parker and
Harvey (87) in 1962. The reagent, 2,3-diaminonaphthalene, reacts
with selenious acid to form the 4, 5-Benzopiazselenol, which fluo
resces strongly at ^kO millimicrons, and has been used for the
analysis of copper, zinc, aluminum, and sulfuric acid (72), various
biological materials (1, 120) and in conjunction with isotopic di
lution for the determination of selenium in cereal grains (2 0).
21
3* Emission Spectroscopy
Due to the low spectral sensitivity of selenium,
little work has been done in developing practical methods for its
spectrographic determination. However, using photographic plates
which are sensitive to short wave length ultraviolet radiation a
procedure has been developed to determine selenium in the con
centration range of 0 .0015 to 2 percent in pyrites and sulfide
ores of copper (118). Using similar plates, a method also has
been reported for detecting selenium in dried salts to 0.001
percent (9*0 *4. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
The intensities of the few x-ray emission lines of
selenium are very low and are of little analytical value except
in samples in which the concentration is greater than 10 ppm.
Selenium has a peak at a wave length of 1.106A. and this emission
peak has been used for the determination of selenium in plant mate
rial (11, 57)* Matrix effects are extremely important in the analysis
of plant materials due to the differences in background emission
obtained from different samples types. For this reason, it is
imperative to apply a correction procedure in order to obtain
consistent results.
F. RING OVEN METHOD
The ring oven is a simple apparatus which has been demon
strated to be useful for the detection and determination of vari
ous elements by chemical methods where only very small quantities
22
of test material are available. Not only can the ring oven be
used to concentrate the material being tested into a ring of very
small area, but it also enables one to apply separation techniques
such as solvent extraction and precipitation to quantities of test
material in the nanogram to microgram range. West and Cimerman
(125) have developed a method for the identification and quanti
tative estimation of air borne selenium particulates based upon
the reaction between selenious acid and 3j3 l_diaminobenzidine.
The average relative error for the procedure is 5 percent when
applied in the range of 0 .1 to 0 .5 micrograms of selenium.
G. CATALYTIC METHODS
The use of catalyzed and induced reactions in microchemi
cal and trace analysis is increasing in importance. These methods
can be very sensitive and highly selective or even specific when
appropriate conditioning procedures are employed. Since the
feasibility of automation of catalytic determinations has recently
been demonstrated (52 ) quantitative kinetic methods are becoming
more widely appreciated.
Recently, Kawashima and Tanaka (6 2) have proposed a pro
cedure for the determination of selenium based on the catalytic
reduction of 1, K} 6, 11-tetraazanaphthacene. The method is very
sensitive but it is subject to interference from several ions in
cluding tellurium. Feigl and West (39) developed a highly sensi
tive spot test for selenium based on the catalytic effect of ele
mental selenium on the reduction of methylene blue by sodium sul
fide. Goto, Hirayama, and Ikeda ( 9) have reported a procedure
23
for the determination of selenium based on this reaction. Their
method, however, is neither sensitive nor selective. More recently,
West and Ramakrishna (12 ) have developed a method for the deter
mination of traces of selenium in air, water and biological mater
ial. By using EDTA as a general masking agent, the procedure is
quite specific, and by taking advantage of the inducing effect of
Fe(lll), as little as 0.1 microgram of selenium in 10 milliliters,
can be measured.
CHAPTER III
THE DETERMINATION OF SELENIUM BY
THE HYDROXYLAMINE OXIDATION METHOD
A. INTRODUCTION
Selenium dioxide has been used extensively by organic
chemists as an oxidizing agent for unsaturated hydrocarbons, alde
hydes, ketones, heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, terpenes, sterols,
fatty oils, and other natural products. This topic has been the
subject of a review by Watkins and Clark (II9).
Several analytical methods which are based on the use of
selenium dioxide as an oxidizing agent have been discussed in the
previous chapter. These procedures lack sensitivity and hence can
not be used for the determination of trace amounts of selenium.
Postowsky, Lugowkin, and Mandryk (92) investigated the
oxidation of arylhydrazines by selenious acid. They found that
the arylhydrazines were oxidized to diazonium salts, which could
be coupled with aromatic amines to produce intensely colored azo
dyestuffs. Feigl and Demant (3 8) employed this reaction for the
detection of small amounts of arylhydrazines.
Yoe and Kirkbright (65) have reported a spectrophotometric
method for the determination of selenium based on the spot test
developed by Feigl. They used selenious acid to oxidize phenyl-
hydrazine p-sulfonic acid to the corresponding diazonium salt in
strongly acidic medium. After the addition of 1-naphthylamine,
the pH of the system must be adjusted to between 1.8 and 2.2 by
2k
25
by the addition of sodium acetate to achieve the maximum yield
of the coupled azo dyestuff. The useful analytical range of the
procedure is 2 to itO micrograms in a maximum sample volume of 2
milliliters.
Feigl (36) has mentioned that hydroxylamine hydrochloride
is oxidized to nitrous acid by selenious acid under strongly acid
ic conditions. It is commonly known that nitrites react with pri
mary aromatic amines in acidic solutions with the formation of
diazonium salts which will couple with certain compounds to form
intensely colored azo dyes. Because of the extreme sensitivity
of the diazotization-coupling reaction sequence with which nitrite
determinations are routinely made in the parts per billion range.,
this reaction offers a unique and attractive approach for the
determination of submicrogram quantities of selenium.
Various combinations of reagents for the diazotization-
coupling reactions have been used by different workers including
sulfanilic acid and 1-aminonapht.halene (2, 6, !&), sulfanilic
acid and N, N-dimethy1-1-aminonaphthalene ( -5); sulfanilic acid
and N-(l-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydroc.hlori.de (97); anc* sul
fanilamide and N-(l-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (6b}
IO3 ). Since the last combination of reagents is somewhat more
sensitive than the others, it was chosen as the basis for the
development of a new spectrophotometric method for the determina
tion of selenium which can be represented by reactions (1), (2),
and (3 ).
(1) HSe03" + H+ + NHaOH -* Se + HN02 + 2H20
26
(2) HgNO^S—^ ^ — NH2-W02"+2H+ - HgNOgS— ^ ^ — N^+2H20
(5) h2no2S'+sN +
h2no2s NCH2CH2NH2 + H,+
The work presented here is a systematic, study of the vari
ous factors which influence these reactions. The study was carried
out in order to determine the optimum reaction conditions and thus
achieve maximum sensitivity. The method which has been developed
provides a means for the spectrophotometric determination of sele
nium in the 0.01 to 0.2 parts per million range., that is both
accurate and reproducible.
27
B. PREPARATION OF REAGENTS AND SOLUTIONS
All inorganic chemicals used in this work were analytical
reagent grade. Double distilled water was used for the prepara
tion of all aqueous solutions.
1. Standard Stock Selenium Solution
A solution containing 0.05 milligram of selenium per
milliliter was prepared by dissolving 50 milligrams of pure sele
nium metal in a few drops (minimum necessary) of concentrated
nitric acid, boiling gently to expel brown fumes and remove
excess nitric acid and making up to 100 milliliters with distilled
water. The standard stock solution was diluted as necessary for
preparing standard working solutions.
2. Hydrochloric Acid
Concentrated hydrochloric acid used was approximately
37 percent HC1, sp. gr. 1.18, from Mallinckrodt Chemical Works.
3 . Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride Solutions
Solutions of 0.1, 1, 5* 10* 12, 16, 20, JO, 40, and
50 percent (w/v) were prepared by dissolving the required amounts
of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (Mallinckrodt Chemical Works or
J. T. Baker Chemical Co.), in the appropriate volumes of dis
tilled water.
1*. Sulfanilamide (p-aminobenzenesulfonamide) Solution
Solutions of 0.05;, 0.1, 0.5;, 1 2, 3* 5* 6? anc* 7percent (w/v) were prepared by dissolving the required amounts of
sulfanilamide (Mallinckrodt Chemical Works), in the appropriate
volumes of 1:1 hydrochloric acid-distilled water (v/v). It was
28
necessary to heat the higher concentrations of this reagent on
a water bath in order to effect solution. If there is a visible
residue after all of the sulfanilamide has dissolved, the solution
should be filtered, while hot, through a fine porosity sintered
glass funnel. This solution is stable for a month if kept tightly
stoppered and in a refrigerator when not in use.
5. N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride
Solutions of O.O5, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, O.5, and 0.6
percent (w/v) were prepared by dissolving the appropriate amount
of the reagent (Fisher Scientific Co.), in a 1 percent (v/v)
hydrochloric acid solution. This solution should be kept in a
lightproof container and tightly stoppered. It is stable for IQ-
14 days if kept in a refrigerator when not in use.
6 . Interference Solutions
Various solutions of diverse ions used for the inter
ference studies were prepared by dissolving the calculated weight
of each compound in distilled water in order to give 10 milligrams
per milliliter of the respective interfering ions.
C. APPARATUS
A Beckman Model DB Spectrophotometer (Beckman Instruments,
Inc.) equipped with 1 centimeter quartz cells was used for making
absorbance measurements.
A Sargent Heater and Circulator for Thermostatic Baths,
115V, 5^-60 cycles, 110 watts (E. H. Sargent and Co.), was used
to maintain constant temperatures.
All weighings were made with a Top-Loading precision
balance (Mettler Instrument Co.), Model P120.
Other equipment used in this study was as follows: test
tubes (2.5 x 20 cm); size No. 11 cork stoppers; volumetric
flasks; volumetric and graduated pipets; beakers; and other
general glassware.
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS
In the early stages of this study, many preliminary ex
periments were carried out in order to test the feasibility of
the hydroxylamine-oxidation approach for the determination of
selenium. From the reactions shown on pages 25 and 26, it can be
seen that, by the principle of mass action, the oxidation of hy
droxylamine hydrochloride to nitrous acid should be more favorable
in acidic medium. Secondly, it can be seen that the diazotization
of sulfanilamide(p-aminobenzenesulfonamide) is also favored by high
acidity whereas the coupling reaction between the diazonium salt
intermediate and N-(l-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride
should be retarded in a highly acidic medium.
A further factor which had to be considered was the order
of addition of the reacting species. There are three reasonable
ways in which the reactants can be combined. The first of these
is to introduce the hydroxylamine hydrochloride into a solution of
selenious acid containing hydrochloric acid and allow the oxidation
reaction to proceed for a period of time, followed by the addition
of sulfanilamide and a time lapse in order for the diazotization
reaction to occur. Finally, the coupling reagent (N-(1-naphthyl)-
ethylenediamine dihydrochloride) is added with the subsequent for
mation of the coupled azo dyestuff. A second approach is to allow
the oxidation and diazotization reactions to proceed at the same
30
time by adding both hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sulfanilamide
initially to a solution of selenious and hydrochloric acids
followed by the addition of the coupling reagent after the oxidation-
diazotization reaction sequence has gone to completion. The third
choice is to combine all reactants in a common system.
All of these procedures were carried out for comparison
purposes and by visual comparison of the intensity of the highly-
colored product, it was readily seen that the second approach of
oxidation-diazotization followed by the coupling reaction was the
most promising approach to pursue.
Further preliminary investigations disclosed the necessity
of thorough mixing after the addition of each chemical in order to
obtain reliable and consistent results. These studies also revealed
that the reaction mixture, especially the diazotization product was
photochemically unstable and, therefore, the procedure should be
carried out in the dark or at least in subdued light.
In order to obtain the absorption spectra of the mixed rea
gents and different concentrations of the coupled azo product, the
following experiment was carried out:
First, 3 milliliters of standard selenium(lV) solutions
with concentrations of 2, 5* 25* and 50 milligrams per liter(10, 25,
125, and 250 |j,g of selenium(lV) respectively) were transferred to
lightproof vessels (2 .5 x 20 cm test tubes wrapped in aluminum foil
and fitted with size No. 11 cork stoppers) containing 3 milliliters of
concentrated hydrochloric acid. This was followed by the addition
of 2 milliliters of 50 percent (w/v) hydroxylamine hydrochloride
32
solution and 2 milliliters of 0.5 percent (w/v) sulfanilamide solu
tion, with particular care taken to insure thorough mixing after the
addition of each reagent. The reaction mixture was then allowed
to stand at room temperature (about 25 degrees centigrade) for ^5
minutes. After this time had elapsed, one milliliter of 0.1 percent
(w/v) N-(l-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride solution was
added and the volume was adjusted to 50 milliliters, followed by a
reaction time of 30 minutes at room temperature for the coupling
reaction. A reagent blank, which contained 5 milliliters of dis
tilled water instead of selenium, was treated in the same manner.
The absorption spectra were taken with reference to distilled
water using 1 centimeter quartz cells with a Beckman Model DB spectro
photometer between 660 and MK) millimicrons. As shown in Figure 1,
the coupled product has a maximum absorbance at millimicrons.
At this wavelength the reagents show little absorbance. However,
a reagent blank should be used in all determinations to compensate
for any change in color of the reagents due to prolonged storage.
Since the oxidation and diazotization reactions are both
influenced by the acidity of the reaction medium, it was necessary
to establish the conditions of optimum acidity for the oxidation-
diazotization reaction sequence as evidenced by the color intensity
of the coupled product. To accomplish this, 5 milliliters of a
standard selenium solution containing 5 micrograms of selenium(lV)
per milliliter was introduced into the lightproof reaction tubes
followed by the addition of 2 milliliters of 50 percent (w/v)
hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution. Varying amounts of
$ Transmittance
I. Reagent Blank II. 10 Micrograms Se(lV)
5 5 --III. 25 Micrograms Se(lV) IV. 125 Micrograms Se(lV)
IV
70--
III
II
100
Wavelength in Millimicrons
Figure 1
Absorption Spectra of Various Concentrations of the Coupled Product
concentrated hydrochloric acid were then added and the volume was
adjusted with distilled water in order to obtain the desired norm
ality, taking into account the amount of hydrochloric acid added
in the sulfanilamide solution. Two milliliters of 0.5 percent (w/v)
sulfanilamide solution was added and the reaction mixtures were
allowed to stand at room temperature for minutes. The coupling
reagent was then added, and after adjusting the volume to 50 milli
liters, the reaction was continued for an additional minutes.
Absorbance measurements were made against distilled water, at
5^4 millimicrons in a Beckman Model DB spectrophotometer using
1 centimeter quartz cells. These results are presented in TABLE I,
and Figure 2 shows a plot of blank corrected absorbance against norm-
ality of hydrochloric acid during the oxidation and diazotization
reactions. The absorbance due to the azo product is a maximum at
concentrations of hydrochloric acid above 6.1 normal. Therefore,
for all future experiments, 10 milliliters of concentrated hydro
chloric acid was added resulting in a reaction mixture which is
6.8 normal with respect to hydrochloric acid during the oxidation-
diazotization reaction.
In order to determine the most favorable reaction time for
the oxidation-diazotization reaction, 5 milliliter aliquots of a
standard selenium(lV) solution which contained 1 microgram of
selenium per milliliter were treated in the same manner as in the
preceeding experiment with the exceptions that 10 milliliters of
concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to each reaction tube and
the oxidation-diazotization reaction sequence proceeded for a
35
TABLE I
EFFECT OF ACID CONCENTRATION DURING THE OXIDATION-DIAZOTIZATION REACTION
Concentra- Amount Normality Absor- Correctedtion of of HC1 bance Absor-of Selenium during at bance
Selenium (l-tg) reaction 5Mfm|J.(mg/1)
0 .0 0 .0 0 0 .9 8 0.015 Blank
5-0 25 .00 0 .9 8 0.050 0.015
5 .0 25.00 1.95 O .057 0 .022
5-0 25.00 2 .93 O .057 0.042
5-0 25 .00 3 .9 0 0.075 0.060
5-0 25.00 5.15 0.090 0.0755-0 25 .00 5.61 0 .094 O.O79
5-0 25 .00 6 .1 c 0.096 0.081
5-0 25 .00 6 .6 8 0.096 0.081
0 .0 0 .0 0 7 .00 0.015 Blank
Corrected
Absorbance
0.10 -j,
0 .0 9
0.08 - -
0 .0 7 . .
0.06 - -
0 .05
0.0it- --
O.O3 --
0.02 • -
0.01 - -
2 3 h 5Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid (Normality)
Figure 2
Variation of Absorbance with Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid During the Oxidation-Diazotization Reaction V_Mo\
37
different length of time for each tube. After completion of the
coupling reaction, the absorbances were measured at 5 ^ millimicrons
as previously. The results are shown in TABLE II and Figure
These data show that the oxidation-diazotization reaction is not
completed even when the reaction time is 3 hours at room
temperature.
B. THE OXIDATION-DIAZOTIZATION REACTION
Since the time required for a determination to be completed
is one of the practical factors which must be considered in any
procedure to be used for routine analyses, it was considered nec
essary to carry out a detailed study of the oxidation-diazotization
reaction in order to ascertain the effect of temperature on the
rate of reaction for the system.
Investigations were made in which the temperature during
the oxidation-diazotization reaction sequence was 5, 25, ^0, 50> 60,
and 70 degrees centigrade. A refrigerator was used for the study
carried out at 5 degrees and in the others a thermostatically cont
rolled water bath which maintained the temperatures at -1 degree
centigrade was used. For each of these experiments, the following
procedure was used:
Five milliliter portions of standard selenium(iv) solutions
containing O.ij-, 1.0, 5*0 an(i 10.0 micrograms per milliliter respect
ively were transferred to four lightproof reaction tubes and
2 milliliters of 50 percent (w/v) hydroxylamine hydrochloride solu
tion was added followed by 10 milliliters of concentrated
hydrochloric acid and 2 milliliters of 0 .5 percent (w/v) sulfanil
amide solution. The oxidation-diazotization reaction was then
38
TABLE II
TIME STUDY FOR OXIDATION-DIAZOTIZATION REACTION AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
Concentra- Amount Reaction Absor- Correctedtion of Time bance Absor-of Selenium (minutes) at bance
Selenium (|j,g)(mg/1)
0 .0 0 .0 15 0.014 Blank
1 .0 5.0 15 0 .032 0 .0 1 8
1.0 5 .0 30 0.035 0 .021
1.0 5.0 5 O.O39 0.025
1 .0 5 .0 6o 0.045 0 .031
1 .0 5 .0 90 0.054 0.040
1 .0 5 .0 120 O.O67 O.O53
1 .0 5 .0 180 0.084 0 .070
0 .0 0 .0 180 0 .015 Blank
Corrected
Absorbance
0.08 - -
0.06 - -
0.0*+ --
0.02 - -
+ +15 30 1+5 60 75 90
Time (minutes) Figure 3
105 120 135 150 165 180
Variation of Absorbance with Time During the Oxidation-Diazotization Reaction
vo
carried out at the appropriate temperature for 60 minutes. At the
end of this time, 1 milliliter of 0.1 percent (w/v) N-(l-naphthyl)-
ethylenediamine dihydrochloride was added plus 30 milliliters of
distilled water followed by a 30-minute coupling reaction time at
room temperature. A reagent blank was also run simultaneously for
each of these experiments using 5 milliliters of distilled water.
The absorbance measurements were made at 5^- millimicrons in a
1 centimeter cell against distilled water. The data obtained are
presented in TABLE III. Figures Ij- and 5 show plots of blank cor
rected absorbance versus reaction temperature and concentration of
selenium(lV) in milligrams per liter, respectively. These data show
that the coupled product shows a maximum absorbance when the
oxidation-diazotization reaction is carried out at 60 degrees
centigrade.
To establish the optimal time at 60 degrees centigrade for
the oxidation-diazotization reaction, the following study was made:
Five milliliter portions of a standard selenium(lV) solution
containing 5 micrograms per milliliter were treated as in the
previous experiment except that the oxidation-diazotization reaction
was run at 60 degrees centigrade for 15, 30, U5, 60, 75, 90, 120,
and 180 minute periods of time. In this experiment, the coupling
reaction was also carried out 60 degrees centigrade for 30 minutes.
The results given in Figure 6 and TABLE IV show that the optimum
reaction time for the oxidation-diazotization reaction at 60 degrees
centigrade is between 75 an<l 120 minutes. Therefore, a reaction
time of 90 minutes was used for all future studies.
TABLE III
TEMPERATURE STUDY FOR THE OXIDATION-DIAZOTIZATION REACTION
Concentration of Selenium (mg/1)
Amount of Selenium
(Hg) 5°c 25 °C
Blank Corrected Absorbance at 51*4 mi
4o°c 50 °c 60 °c 70 °c
0 .00 Blank 0.011 0 .00 0 .009 0.005 0 .009 0.015
0.1*0 2 .00 0.005 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.016 0.013
1.00 5.00 0.012 0.031 0 .037 0.049 0.049 0.042
5.00 25.00 0.023 0.151 0.180 0.243 0.263 0 .197
10.00 50.00 0.035 0.325 0.351 0.463 0.532 o . 4oo
Corrected
Absorbance
0.6
0 .4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1 PPM
Temperature (Degrees Centigrade)
Figure 4
Variation of Absorbance with Temperature During the Oxidation-Diazotization Reaction
Corrected
Absorbance
0.60
O.5O ..
0 .1*0 ■■
0,30 -■
0.20 - ■
0.10
5 cX—*25 C
"c0—-050 c P— 0 60 c P—>70 c
b 3 6 i 'X
Milligrams Se(IV) per liter
Figure 5
The Effect of Temperature During the Oxidation Diazotization Reaction on Standard Curves for the System
■p"Vji
44
TABLE IV
TIME STUDY FOR THE OXIDATION-DIAZOTIZATION REACTION AT 60 DEGREES CENTIGRADE
Concentra- Amount Reaction Absor- Correctedtion of Time bance Absorbanceof Selenium (minutes) at
Selenium (p.g)(mg/1)
0.0 0.00 15 0.014 Blank
5.0 25.00 15 0.200 0.186
0.0 0.00 50 0.011 Blank
5.0 25.00 50 0.281 0.270
0.0 0.00 45 0.014 Blank
5.0 25.00 45 0.510 0.296
0.0 0.00 60 0.012 Blank
5.0 25.00 60 0.528 0.516
0.0 0.00 75 0.015 Blank
5.0 25.00 75 0.558 0.525
0.0 0.00 90 0.011 Blank
5-0 25.00 90 0.540 0.529
0.0 0.00 120 0.014 Blank
5.0 25.00 120 0.549 0.555
0.0 0.00 180 0.016 Blank
5.0 25.00 180 0.524 O.508
Corrected
Absorbance
0.350 T
O.JOO -•
0.250 -■
0.200 - -
0.150 -» 1 1 1 1—45 60 75 90 105
Time (minutes)15 30 120 135 150 I65 180
Figure 6
Variation of Absorbance with Time During the Oxidation-Diazotization Reaction at 60 Degrees Centigrade
■p-\J1
k6
C. THE COUPLING REACTION
A comparison of the data given in line four, column seven
of TABLE III and line eight, column four of TABLE IV shows that more
of the highly-colored coupled product is formed when the coupling
reaction is carried out at 60 degrees centigrade than when it is
run at room temperature for the same JO-minute time period. There
fore, a time study at 60 degrees was performed for the coupling
reaction. Using 5 milliliters of a selenium(IV) standard solution
which contained 5 micrograms per milliliter this study was made
under the optimum conditions which had been established up to this
point. Coupling reaction times of 5, 15, $0, and 60 minutes
were used and from the results shown in TABLE V and Figure 7> it
can be seen that the most favorable coupling reaction time at
60 degrees centigrade is 30 minutes.
As previously mentioned, the rate of reaction for the
coupling process should be higher as the acidity of the reaction
medium is decreased. This can readily be noted from reaction (3)
on page 26, where the hydrogen ions are seen to appear on the right
side of the equation. For this reason, most methods used for nitrite
determinations decrease the acidity of the medium to about pH 2 by
the addition of sodium acetate solution prior to the coupling
reaction. However, when this was attempted for the present system,
the result was extremely high blanks. Thus, it is more advantageous
to raise the temperature of the system during the coupling process
in order to obtain a reasonable reaction time rather than to lower
its acidity.
47
TABLE V
TIME STUDY FOR THE COUPLING REACTION AT 60 DEGREES CENTIGRADE
Concentrationof
Selenium(mg/1)
Amount of Selenium
(M-g)
Reactionlime
(minutes)
Absorbance
at-544my,
CorrectedAbsorbance
0.0 0.00 5 0.006 Blank
5.0 25.00 5 0.295 0.289
0.0 0.00 15 0.009 Blank
5.0 25.00 15 0.332 0.323
0.0 0.00 50 0.007 Blank
5.0 25.00 50 O.538 0.331
0.0 0.00 45 0.008 Blank
5.0 25.00 45 0.320 0.312
0.0 0.00 60 0.011 Blank
5.0 25.00 60 0.322 0.311
Corrected
Absorbance
0 .1*0
O.35 -•
0.30 --
0.25 -■
0.20tT "fe"15 50
Time (minutes)
Figure 7
Variation of Absorbance with Time During the Coupling Reaction at 60 Degrees Centigrade -p-00
Kershaw and Chamberlin (64) have reported that for the
same amount of nitrite nitrogen a more intense color is developed
when the reaction mixture is diluted to a final volume of 50 milli
liters than when the final volume is less than 50 milliliters. In
view of the similarities between the hydroxylamine oxidation pro
cedure being developed and their method for the determination of
nitrites, it was considered necessary to investigate the effect
of volume of the reaction system during the coupling reaction on
the color intensity of the final product. Five milliliter portions
of a standard selenium(iv) solution containing a total of 25 micro
grams of selenium were examined under the same conditions as the
preceding study except immediately prior to the coupling reaction,
sufficient distilled water was added in order to bring the final
volumes to 20 , 25, 3 0 , 35 > 40, 45, and 50 milliliters. The coupl
ing reaction was then carried out at 60 degrees centigrade and
absorbance measurements were made. TABLE VI presents the data
and Figure 8 shows the variation of blank corrected absorbance
with volume of the system during the coupling reaction. Clearly,
a final volume of 25 to 30 milliliters is the optimum final volume
for the hydroxylamine oxidation procedure and not. 50 milliliters
as in the Kershaw and Chamberlin method for nitrite determination.
D. REAGENT CONCENTRATION STUDIES
In order to determine the most suitable concentration of
each of the reagents used in this procedure, investigations were
made to establish the manner in which the blank corrected absor
bance of the coupled product varied as the concentrations of
50
TABLE VI
VOLUME STUDY FOR THE COUPLING REACTION
Concentra- Amount Final Absor- Correctedtion of Volume bance Absor-of Selenium (ml) at bance
Selenium ( g) 5 *mji(mg/)-)
0.0 0.00 20 0.000 Blank
5.0 25.00 20 0.1+20 0.1+20
0.0 0.00 25 0.001+ Blank
5.0 25.00 25 0.550 0.526
0.0 0.00 50 0.006 Blank
5.0 25.00 30 0.555 O.5290.0 0.00 55 0.006 Blank
5.0 25.00 55 0 .1+75 0 .1+69
0.0 0.00 1+0 0.005 Blank
5.0 25.00 1)0 0.1+25 0.1+20
0.0 0.00 ^5 0.007 Blank
5.0 25.00 ^5 0.380 0-575
0.0 0.00 50 0.006 Blank
5.0 25.00 50 0.352 O.326
Corrected
Absorbance
o .6- ■
Volume in Milliliters
Figure 8Variation of Absorbance with Volume
During the Coupling Reaction
sulfanilamide, N-(l-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, and
hydroxylamine hydrochloride were varied.
1. Sulfanilamide (p-aminobenzenesulfonamlde)
Five milliliter aliquots of a standard selenium(iv)
solution containing 1 microgram per milliliter of selenium were
transferred to the lightproof reaction tubes followed by the
addition of 2 milliliters of 50 percent (w/v) hydroxylamine hydro
chloride solution and 10 milliliters of concentrated hydrochloric
acid. Two milliliter portions of sulfanilamide solutions of vary
ing concentrations were then added. More specifically, the concen
trations studied were 0 .0 5, 0 .1, O.5, 1.0 , 2.0 , J.0 , 4.0 , 5*0 j
6.0 , and 7*0 percent (w/v). The reaction mixtures were then
tightly stoppered and heated on a thermostatically controlled
water bath set at 6ol"l degrees centigrade for 90 minutes. At the
end of this time, 1 milliliter of 0 .1 percent (w/v) N-(1-naphthyl)-
ethylenediamine dihydrochloride was added plus 5 milliliters of
distilled water and heating was continued using the same water
bath as above set at 6oi"l degrees centigrade for an additional
30 minutes. Reagent blanks were run at 0.5, 5*0 > anc 7-0 percent
sulfanilamide respectively and care was taken to insure thorough
mixing after the addition of each reagent. Absorbance measure
ments were made at 544 millimicrons in a Beckman Model DB Spectro
photometer using a 1 centimeter quartz cell and these data are
presented in Figure 9 and TABLE VII. Since the absorbances of the
blanks were essentially independent of sulfanilamide concentration,
an average value was used in making corrections for the color due
53
TABLE VII
CONCENTRATION STUDY; SULFANILAMIDE (p-AMINOBENZENESULFONAMIDE)
Concentrationof
Selenium(mg/1)
Amountof
Selenium(/ig))
PercentageSulfanilamide(w/v)
Absorbanceat
541w)m
CorrectedAbsorbance
0.0 0.00 0.5 0.014 Blank
0.0 0.00 5.0 0.015 Blank
0.0 0.00 7.0 0.012 Blank
1.0 5.00 0.05 0.025 0.011*
1.0 5.00 0.1 0.035 0.021
1.0 5.00 0.5 0.104 0.090
1.0 5.00 1.0 0.166 O.I52
1.0 5.00 2.0 0.244 0.230
1.0 5.00 3-0 0.279 0.265
1.0 5.00 4.0 0.306 0.292
1.0 5.00 5.0 0.321 0.307
1.0 5.00 6.0 0.339 O.325
1.0 5.00 7.0 0.341 0.327
*An average blank value of 0.014 was used.
Corrected
Absorbance
0 .2- ■
0.06bl 2 7
Percentage Sulfanilamide (w/v)
Figure 9Variation of Absorbance with Concentration of Sulfanilamide VJl4="
to the reagents themselves. From these results, it can be seen
that for the hydroxylamine oxidation procedure, the amount of the
azo product which is produced by the coupling reaction increases
drastically as the concentration of the sulfanilamide solution in
creases until a maximum absorbance is reached at 6 percent (w/v)
sulfanilamide. In order to dissolve this amount of sulfanilamide
in 1:1 hydrochloric adic-distilled water (v/v), it is necessary
to heat the mixture on a water bath. Once dissolution has taken
place, the solution should be left in the 60 degree thermostati
cally controlled water bath until after it has been used in order
to prevent the sulfanilamide from crystallizing out of solution.
2. N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride
In the reagent concentration study for the coupling
reagent, 5 milliliter portions of standard selenium(iv) of 1 micro
gram per milliliter concentration were treated in the same way as
in the previous experiment except that a 6 percent (w/v) sulfanil
amide solution was used throughout and 1 milliliter portions of
the coupling reagent which had concentrations of 0.05, 0 *1, 0 -2 ,
0 .3 , 0 .1+, 0 .5, and 0 .6 percent (w/v)-were used. TABLE VIII pre-I
sents the data and Figure 10 shows a plot of the variation of
blank corrected absorbance as the concentration of the coupling
reagent varies. A maximum in absorbance is reached at concentra
tions of N-(l-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride of O.h per
cent (w/v) or greater. Therefore, a coupling reagent concentration
of 0.5 percent (w/v) was incorporated into the standard procedure
being developed.
56
TABLE VIII
CONCENTRATION STUDY; N-(l-NAPHTHYL)- ETHYLENEDIAMINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE
(Coupling Reagent)
Concentrationof
Selenium (mg/ml)
Amountof
Selenium( g)
PercentageCouplingReagent(w/v)
Absorbanceat
54imyi
CorrectedAbsorbance
0.0 0.00 0.1 0.014 Blank
0.0 0.00 0.5 0.016 Blank
0.0 0.00 0.6 0.017 Blank
1.0 5.00 0.05 0.227 0.211*
1.0 5.00 0.1 0.335 0.319
1.0 5.00 0.2 0.411 0.395
1.0 5.00 0.3 0.417 0.401
1.0 5.00 0 .4 0.427 0.411
1.0 5.00 0.5 0.424 0.408
1.0 5.00 0.6 0.427 0.411
*An average blank value of 0.016 was used.
Corrected
Absorbance
o .to - -
+0.20'o . i 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6
Percentage (w/v)
Figure 10Variation of Absorbance with Concentration
of N-(l-naphthyl)fethylenediamine Dihydrochloride
583. Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride
Using 2 milliliters of each solution in a series of
hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution which had concentrations of
0 .1, 1.0 , 5.0 , 10.0 , 12.0 , 16.0 , 20.0 , 30.0 , I40.0, and 5O.O per
cent (w/v), 5 milliliter aliquots of a standard selenium(iv) so
lution containing one microgram per milliliter were analyzed under
the optimum conditions which had thus far been established. The
results of this study are given in TABLE IX and Figure 11. These
data show that the intensity of the color developed in the system
is highly dependent upon the concentration of the hydroxylamine
hydrochloride solution used and that a maximum absorbance is obtain
ed when the concentration of this solution is 10 to 12 percent
(w/v).
E. THE STANDARD RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE
On the basis of the results which have been presented and
described in this chapter, the following procedure is recommended
for the determination of selenium(iv) by the hydroxylamine oxidation
method that has been developed. Five milliliters of sample which
contains between 0.01 and 0.20 micrograms per milliliter of se-
lenium(iv) are introduced into a lightproof reaction vessel and
2 milliliters of 10 percent (w/v) hydroxylamine solution is added.
After the addition of 10 milliliters of concentrated hydrochloric
acid, 2 milliliters of 6 percent (w/v) sulfanilamide solution in
1:1 hydrochloric acid-distilled water (v/v) is added, the reaction
tubes are tightly stoppered, and the reaction mixture is heated
in a thermostatically controlled water bath set at 6ol"l degrees
i
59
TABLE IX
CONCENTRATION STUDY; HYDROXYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Concentrationof
Selenium(mg/ml)
Amountof
.... Selenium .( s)
Percentage NHo0H * HC1
... (w/v)
Absorbanceat
CorrectedAbsorbance
0.0 0.00 0.1 0.009 Blank
0.0 0.00 10.0 0.012 Blank
0.0 0.00 50.0 0.014 Blank
1.0 5.00 0.1 0.331 O.3I9*
1.0 5.00 1.0 0.384 0.372
1.0 5.00 5.0 0.518 O.506
1.0 5.00 10.0 0.539 0.527
1.0 5.00 12.0 0.537 0.525
1.0 5.00 16.0 0.499 0.487
1.0 5.00 20.0 0.454 0.442
1.0 5.00 30.0 o . 4to 0.428
1.0 5.00 lo .o 0,437 0.425
1.0 5.00 50.0 0.427 0.415
*An average blank value of 0.012 was used.
Corrected
Absorbance
0.6
0.210 20 25 300 5
Percentage (w/v)
Figure 11Variation of Absorbance with Concentration
of Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride
61centigrade for 90 minutes. This is followed by the addition of
5 milliliters of 0 .1 percent (w/v) N-(l-naphthyl)ethylenediamine
dihydrochloride in 1 percent (v/v) hydrochloric acid plus 1 milli
liter of distilled water and a further heating period of 30 minutes
in a constant temperature water bath set at 6ol"l degrees centigrade,
again taking care to insure that the reaction tubes are tightly
stoppered. Absorbance measurements are made at 5 ^ millimicrons and
the amount of selenium(iv) present in the sample is determined from
a standard curve such as the one shown in Figure 12. It is impera
tive that the reaction medium be mixed thoroughly after the addi
tion of each reagent in order to obtain consistent and reliable
results.
F. INTERFERENCE STUDIES
To determine the effect of diverse ions on the determination
of selenium(iv) by the hydroxylamine oxidation method which has been
developed, 0 .1 milliliter of varying concentrations of each ion to
be tested was added to 5 milliliters of a standard selenium(iv) so
lution which contained a total of 1 microgram of selenium i.e.,
0 .2 parts per million. The selenium was then determined by the re
commended procedure, and the results of this study are presented in
TABLE XI. Those ions which interfere when present in a thousand
fold excess are: BrO^ , TeO^2 , La^+ , Br , V0^ , Fe^+, CrO 2 , CN ,
CIO^", MoO^2", i", SCN", Cu2 , Bi5+, UO^2", B ^ 2-, 10^", SeO^2",
NO, , and V0_ . However, when the concentrations of BrO, and5 5 52-TeO, were reduced to a hundred-fold excess, the concentrations
53+ - 3-of La , Br , and V0 reduced to a fifty-fold excess; the con-
2- 2- - centrations of Fe , CrO^ , Cr O . , CN , and C10 reduced to
62
TABLE X
VARIATION OF ABSORBANCE WITH CONCENTRATION OF S ELENIUM(IV) FOR THE ADOPTED METHOD
Concentrationof
Selenium(mg/1)
Amountof
Selenium 0*8 )
Absorbanceat
CorrectedAbsorbance
0.00 0.00 0.009 Blank
0.01 0.05 O.OI5 0.006
0.02 0.10 0.020 0.011
0.0^ 0.20 0.027 0.018
0.05 0.25 O.O55 0.021+
0.10 0.50 0.060 0.051
0.20 1.00 0 .111). 0.105
Corrected
Absorbance
0 . 100- -
0 .0 2 5 --
0.000c .1 0 0 .1 5
Milligrams of Selenium(iv) per Liter00 0.200 .0 5
Figure 12The Standard Curve for the Adopted Method
TABLE XI
INTERFERENCE STUDIES OF DIVERSE IONS
Se (IV) Diverse ion Amount Added CorrectedAdded (jig) Added Added (jig) As Absorbance
0(Blank) - - - 0.010
1.0 - 0 - 0.105
1.0 Ba2+ 1000 BaCl2 0.10k
1.0 Ca21" 1000 CaCl2 0.106
1.0 Li+ 1000 LiCl 0.105
1.0 Mg^ 1000 MgCl2 0.108
1.0 Ni2* 1000 nici2'6h2o 0.109
1.0 K+ 1000 KC1 0.105
1.0 Na+ 1000 NaCl 0.105
1.0 Sr2*" 1000 SrCl2 0.102
TABLE XI (continued)
1.0 so2" 1000 Na2S04 0.109
1.0 S032' 1000 Na2S03 0.106
1.0 Cr?+ 1000 CrCl^ 0.106
1.0 F- 1000 NaF 0.102
1.0 2-Si0_,3
1000 Na2Si03-9H20 0.110
1.0 2-uok 1000 Na2S0j-2H20 0.107
1.0 Cd^ 1000 CdCl2 0.107
1.0 Sn2 1000 SnCl2 0.103
1.0 Co2+ 1000 Cocl2 0.114
1.0 Zn2* 1000 ZnCl2 0.102
1.0 Mn^ 1000 MnCl2 0.103
1.0 Sb5+ 1000 SbCl^ 0.101
1.0 Zr^+ 1000 ZrCl,4 0.112
1.0 Be^ 1000 BeCl2*4H20 0.106
1.0 Malonate 1000 Malonic Acid 0.102
TABLE XI (continued)
1.0 Tartrate 1000
1.0 Oxalate 1000
1.0 GeO^2" 100
1.0 1000
1.0 H2P02_ 1001.0 10001.0 bo2" 100
1.0 1000
1.0 hpo42" 1001.0 10001.0 La*’+ 1000
1.0 1001.0 Br“ 100
1.0 50
Tartaric Acid
Oxalic Acid
NaoGe0^^ 3
NaH2P02
NaB02
NaJHPO,2 4
LaCl,3
NaBr
0.105
0.103
0.1000.101
0.103
0.1000.104
o . i o 4
0.1010.103
0.184
0.1080.1180.105
CT\
TABLE XI (continued)
1 . 0 vo^5" 100
1.0 501.0 MoO^2" 100
1.0 251.0 101.0 Fe^+ 100
1.0 50
1.0 25
1.0 10
1.0 i" 1000
1.0 10°1.0 101.0 son" 1000
1.0 wo
1.0 10
NaSCN
TABLE XI (continued)
1.0 Cu2* 1000
1.0 101.0 Bi3+ 100
1.0 101.0 uo^2- 1000
1.0 10
1.0 CN~ 50
1 . 0 25
1.0 Citrate 1000
1.0 BrO “ 100051.0 100
1.0 CIO " 1000
1.0 1001.0 25
CuCl2 1.800
0 . 11*8
BiCl, 2.00051.900
Na.UO, 2.0002 40.160
NaCN 0.121
0.102
Citric Acid 0.100
NaBrO.. 0.14150.108
NaCIO, 1.70030.2250.101
O N00
TABLE XI (continued)
1.0 10^“ 100
1.0 101.0 TeO^2- 10001.0 1001.0 Hg21" 100
1.0 10001.0 Al5+ 100
1.0 10001.0 HAsO^2" 100
1.0 1000
1.0 10001.0 101.0 Se°^2“ 1001.0 10
NalO, 0.15130.126
Na TeO, 0.1262 30.106
HgCl2 0.107
0.104
AlCl 0.1003 0.102
Na2HAs0^'7H20 0.1010.106
Na B, 0 • 10H 0 2.0002 4 7 20.348
Na2Se0^-10H20 1-9000.343
o\
TABLE XI (continued)
1.0 NO, 10031.0 501.0 251.0 101.0 VO," 100031.0 1001.0 10
1.0 Cr(\ 2” 100
1.0 50
1 . 0 2 5
1.0 Cro0 100 i1.0 50
1 . 0 25
Mn(N03)2
NaVO,3
Na2Cr0^‘4H20
2.000
1 .5 0 0
0.458
0.142
0.1T20.159
0.146
0.159
0.1390 . 1 0 8
0 . 1 3 7
0 . 1 1 5
0.110
712-a twentyfive-fold excess and that of MoO^ reduced to a ten-fold
excess, no interference was observed.
Of the remaining ions which interfere when present at a2_l_ 2—ten-fold excess, only Cu and SeOj,, are likely to be significant
2~in air pollution studies. Se0 is easily reduced to Se(lV) by
boiling for ten minutes in a solution which is kN with respect to
hydrochloric acid. The interference due to Cu can be readily
obviated using an ion exchange procedure or by extraction from a
solution which has been acidified with hydrochloric acid into
chloroform as its cupferron complex.
G. STATISTICAL EVALUATION
TABLE XII presents the results of a statistical evaluation
of selenium(iv) determinations at the respective concentrations
using the hydroxylamine-oxidation procedure which has been developed.
H. CONCLUSION
A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of
submicrogram quantities of selenious acid has been developed.
The procedure is based upon the oxidation of hydroxylamine hydro
chloride to nitrous acid by selenious acid followed by the diazo-
tization of sulfanilamide by the nitrite produced and subsequent
coupling of the diazonium salt with N-(l-naphithyl)ethylenediamine
dihydrochloride.
Reaction parameters such as temperature, time and reagent
concentrations have been studied in detail and optimum conditions
for the system have been established. The range of determination
72
TABLE XII
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ABSORBANCE AT VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF SELENIUM(IV)
Number of Concentra- Precision, $Determina- tion of Standard Relativetions Selenium Deviation Error
(mg/1) (mg/1)
10 0.01 0.0016 12.0
10 0.02 0.0021 8.0
10 o.ob- 0.0025 b.510 0.05 0.0027 b.8
10 0.10 0.00l<6 k . k
10 0.20 O.OO57 2.2
extends from 0.01 to 0.20 milligrams of selenium(lV) per liter.
The method is simple, sensitive, and reproducible. There are
no common interferences which cannot be easily obviated.
74
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VITA
Robert Lewis Osburn was born in Franklin, Tennessee, on
March 30, 1936. He attended the public schools of Franklin,
Tennessee, and graduated from high school in 1953- He served
in the United States Air Force from 195^ to 1958, as a radio
and radar technician.
In September of 1958 he entered Tennessee Polytechnic
Institute at Cookeville, Tennessee. He entered George Peobody
College in September, 1959> an<i received his B.S. degree in June,
1962. He married Linda Ruth Mason in December, I9 6 2 . In De
cember, I9 6 3 > a daughter, Marla Jean, was born.
From June, I9 6 2 , until August, I9 6 6 , he was employed as
a research assistant at Vanderbilt University, the Utah-Idaho
Sugar Company, Salt Lake City, Utah, and the University of Cali
fornia at Davis.
In September, 1 9 6 6 , he entered the Graduate School of
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He is pres
ently a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
92
EXAMINATION AND THESIS REPORT
Candidate: Robert Lewis Osburn
Major Field: Chemis try
Title of Thesis: THE DETERMINATION OF SELENIUM
Approved:
Lfi VJ.Major Professor and Chairman
R f)Dean of the Graduate School
EXAMINING COMMITTEE:
Date of Examination:
May 27, I969