Taehyun Kwon

Econ 539

“Affirmative Action, Political Representation, Unions, and Female Police Employment.”

Tim R.Sass and Jennifer L.Troyer, 1999

Journal of Labor Research 20(4), 571-587.

Neo-classical human capital theory - more part time - less work hour

Theory of labor market discrimination - employer, co-workers, customers

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's EEO-4 survey

the LMW Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey

The Police Personnel Practices survey performed by the International City/County Management Association (ICMA)

f = f (L, Ir, V, Im, U, A, C)

L: Labor force participation rate of adult women in a community

Ir: Gender of city councilors or the mayor V: Voter preferences Im: Level of satisfaction of the city manager U: Existence of a police union A: existence of one or more previous court-

decided EEO lawsuits C: nonpecuniary characteristics of the job of

police officer

variable 1981 1987 1987 1991 1991

Council-Manager city

-1.50[-0.90]

-5.58*[-3.43]

-6.33**[-4.10]

3.37[2.02]

1.22[0.79]

Judicial decisions

16.23**[9.74]

11.90*[7.31]

8.48 -2.96 -3.24

Union -0.27 9.25* 11.34* 2.98 4.92*

Male Employee

-1.14** -1.78** -1.78** -1.20** -1.15**

Lagged Pct. Female New hires

_ _ 0.15* _ 0.01

variable 1981-1987

1987-1990/91

1987-1990/91

1981-1990/91

Council-Manager city

1.681**[0.985]

0.360[0.180]

0.679[0.343]

1.705**[1.032]

Judicial decisions

6.272**[3.674]

1.840[0.922]

1.467[0.721]

8.562**[5.184]

Union -1.870**[-1.095]

0.331[0.166]

0.202[0.099]

-0.919[-0.556]

Male Employee

-0.476**[0.279]

-0.202**[0.101]

0.277**[0.136]

0.615**[0.372]

Lagged Pct. Female New hires

_ _ 0.021[0.010]

_

Vivian Price, 2002, “Race, Affirmative Action, and Women’s Employment in US Highway Construction.” Feminist Economics 8(2), 87-113.

Kevin M. O’Brien, 2003, “The determinants of minority employment in police and fire departments.”, The Journal of Socio-Economics 32, 183-195.

Anti-discrimination litigation - positive(+) Existence of Female Councilors or mayors - didn’t significantly affect - O’Brien : support The proportion of male officers - negative(-) Labor union - Ambiguous(∆)

Female councilors or mayor - doesn’t affect - Black mayor + EEO complaints(O’Brien) - EEO complaints = Judicial, advocate,

community pressure(?) Labor union - mid 1980, early 1990 - negative → positive - further research