The Daylighting Performance of Indoor Sports Arenas in Nairo

7/24/2019 The Daylighting Performance of Indoor Sports Arenas in Nairo

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THE UNIVERSITY O

SCHOOL OF THE BUILT

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

THE DAYLIGHTING PERFORMANCE ONAIROB


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And God said, Letthere be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the

and days in years, Ge

Daylight is a basic human


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DECLARATION

I declare that this thesis is my original work, and to the best of my know

higher learning for the purpose of awarding a degree or any other acad

of the examination requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelo

Author: ----------------------------Date: ---------------------------

Nyakundi Makana Chrispine.

Tutor: ------------------------------Date: --------------------------

Arch. Yusuf Hazara Ibrahim.


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DEDICATIOI dedicate this thesis to the late Steve Ondeyo Nyakundi a brother me


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I express my gratitude to the University of Nairobi for having given me

behind buildings, the culmination of which is this research.

The long journey at the University of Nairobi could have been tougher, b

The first dignitary on this list is God, the greatest architect of all time, forSecondly, the staff, led by my tutor, Arch. Yusuf Hazara Ebrahim, a


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CONTENTS

Front Page-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Quotes-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Declaration--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dedication---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Acknowledgements-------------------------------------------------------------------

Table of Contents----- --------------------------------------------------------------

List of Figures-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract----------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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1.5.:Significance of the Study-------------------------------------------------

1.6.:Scope of the Study-------------------------------------------------------

1.7.:Methodology of the Study-----------------------------------------------

1.8.:Case Study Selection Criteria------------------------------------------

2.0.:CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review-----------------------------------

2.1.: Definition of Day lighting Design for Indoor Sports Arenas-----

2.2.:Why Daylight Indoor Sports Arenas?---------------------------------

2.3.: Key Areas of Day lighting Design for Indoor Sports Arenas----

2.3.1.:Glazing----------------------------------------------------------------


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2.3.3(v)Table Tennis--------------------------------------------

2.3.3(vi)Squash-----------------------------------------------------

2.3.3(vii)The Martial Arts---------------------------------------

2.3.3(viii)Weightlifting--------------------------------------------

3.0.: CHAPTER THREE: Research Design------------------------------

3.1.: Research Purpose-------------------------------------------------

3.2.: Research Strategy-------------------------------------------------

3.3.: Time Horizon--------------------------------------------------------

3.4.: Population------------------------------------------------------------


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4.0.:CHAPTER FOUR: Fieldwork--------------------------------------------------

4.1.:The Nyayo National Stadium Indoor Arena-------------------------

4.1.1.:Historical Background------------------------------------------------

4.1.2.:Geographical Context------------------------------------------------

4.1.3.:The Distribution of Daylight at 9.00 a.m.------------------------

4.1.3 (a) 9.00 a.m. Luminance Data------------------------------

4.1.3 (b) Analysis of the 9.00 a.m. Luminance Data---------

4.1.4.:The Distribution of Daylight at 12.00 p.m. ----------------------

4.1.4(a) 12.00 p.m. Luminance Data-----------------------------

4.1.4(b) Analysis of the 12.00 p.m. Luminance Data---------


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4.1.7.:Implication of the Distribution of Daylight in the Nyayo Na

Indoor Arena--------------------------------------------------------

4.1.7(a) Environmental Implications------------------------------------

4.1.7(b) Cost Implications------------------------------------

4.2.: The Moi International Sports Complex lndoor Arena-------

4.2.1.:Historical Background-------------------------------------------

4.2.2.:Geographical Context------------------------------------------

4.2.3.:The Distribution of Daylight at 9.00 a.m.--------------------

4.2.3(a)9.00 a.m. Luminance Data---------------------------

4 2 3(b)Analysis of the 9 00 a m Luminance Data------


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4.2.6(a)The Day lighting Design of the Moi International

Sports Centre Indoor Arena-----------------------------------

4.2.6(a) (i) Glazing--------------------------------------

4.2.6(a) (ii) Surface Finishes--------------------------

4.2.7.Implications of the Distribution of Daylight in the Moi

International Sports Centre Warm Up Hall------------------

4.2.7(a)Environmental Implications----------------------------

4.2.7(b)Cost Implications----------------------------------------

4.3.:The Moi International Sports Centre Warm Up Hall------------

4 3 1 Hi t i l B k d


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4.3.5(a) 3.00 p.m. Luminance Data------------------------------------

4.3.5(b) Analysis of the 3.00 p.m. Luminance Data----------------

4.3.6.:Factors Affecting the Distribution of Daylight in the Moi

International Sports Centre Warm Up Hall-------------------

4.3.6(a) The Day lighting Design of the Moi International

Sports Centre Warm Up Hall --------------------------------

4.3.6(a)(i) Glazing----------------------------------------------------------

4 3 6(a)(ii)Surface Finishes----------------------------------------------


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4.4.3.:The Distribution of Daylight in the Bolivarian Dome-----

4.4.4.:Factors Influencing the Distribution of Daylight in the B

4.4.4(a)The Day lighting Design of the Bolivarian Dome-------

4.4.4(a)(i) Glazing--------------------------------------

4.4.4(a)(ii)Surface Finishes---------------------------

4.4.5.:Implications of the Distribution of Daylight in the Boliva

4.4.5(a) Cost Implications--------------------------------------

4.4.5(b)Environmental Implications--------------------------

4 5 :The Universityof Cambridge Indoor Sports Arena----


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4.5.4(a) (i)Glazing---------------------------------------------------------

4.5.4(b)(ii)Surface Finishes---------------------------------------------

4.5.5.:Implication of the Distribution of Daylight------------------

4.5.5(a)Cost Implication-----------------------------------------

4.5.5(b)Environmental Implications--------------------------

4.6.:A Comparative Analysis of the Five Case Studies---

5.0.:CHAPTER FIVE: Summary and Recommendations of th

5.1.:Chapter One: Introduction---------------------------------------

5.2.:Chapter Two: Literature Review-------------------------------

5 3 :Chapter Three: Research Design


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List of Figures

Figure 1.A depiction of the verse And God said, Let there be lights in the expanse of theand days in years, page18Figure 2.The Universal Master plan with the Sun at the centre of all the other bodies, supplyFigure 3.:An interior view taken off the Pantheon depicting the drama staged by daylight, pag

Figure 4.:An interior view taken off the David L. Lawrence convention centre at Pittsburg.Unof time through the continuous presence of daylight, page 19.Figure 5.:Interior view of the Moi International Sports Centre indoor arena. Showing the inad

Figure 6.:Interior of the Moi International Sports Centre indoor arena depicting the highly uresult of poor day lighting design, page 20.Figure 7.:Interior view of the Nyayo Internationhigh contrast effects that will disturb your eyes, page 20.Figure 8.:Interior view of the Nyayois artificial lighting) that has been applied therein as a result of poor day lighting design, page

Figure 9.:Artistic impression of the University of Cambridge Sports Centre demonstrating onenergy use simultaneously, page 25.

Figure 10.Artistic impression of the University of Cambridge Sports Arena demonstrating one

Figure 11.:An architectural crime! This is a live application of side windows at the Moi Indistributed daylight into this arena, page 26.Figure 12.:Interior view of the sports hall at tclerestories Such designs should be criminalised as they give rise to disability glare page


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Figure 37 World map showing the global positioning of the Nyayo National StadiumFigure 38.:Map of Kenya showing the national positioning of the Nyayo National StaFigure39.:Map of Nairobi showing the provincial positioning of the Nyayo National SFigure 40.: Neighbourhood map of the Nyayo National Stadium, page 42.Figure 41.: Neighbourhood map of the Nyayo National Stadium, page 42.Figure 41.: Photograph of the interior of the Indoor Arena at the Nyayo National St

lights switched off, page 43.Figure42.: Section through X-X of the Indoor Arena a.m,with all artificial lights switched off, page 43.

Figure43.:The First Floor Plan of the Indoor Arena at the Nyayo National Stadium

switched off, page 43.Figure44.:This is the Ground Floor Plan of the Indoor Arena a

with all the artificial lights switched off, page 43.Figure 45.: Photograph of the i

p.m,showing the distribution of daylight, with all artificial lights switched off. Page 44

Figure 46.: Section through X-X of the Indoor Arena at the Nyayo National Stadswitched off, page 44.Figure 47.:The First Floor Plan of the Indoor Arena at the Nyayo National Stadium spage 44.

Figure 48.: The Ground Floor Plan of the Indoor Arena at the Nyayo National Stait h d ff 44Fi 49 Ph t h f th i t i f th I d A t t


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Figure 57.: World map showing the global positioning of the Moi International SporFigure 58.: Map of Kenya showing the national positioning of the Moi International Figure 59.: Map of Nairobi showing the provincial positioning of the Moi internationaFigure 60.: Neighbourhood map showing the immediate positioning of the Moi InterFigure 61.: Neighbourhood map showing the immediate positioning of the Moi Intern

Figure 62.: This is the interior view of the Indoor Arena at the Moi International Splights switched off, page 49.Figure 63.:Cross-Section through x-x(see figure 64) of

of daylight at 9.00 a.m., with all the artificial lights switched off, page 49.

Figure 64.: The First Floor Plan of the Indoor Arena at the Moi International Sports

switched off, page 49.Figure 65.: The interior view of the Indoor Arena at the Moi In

the artificial lights switched off, page 50.

Figure 66.:Cross-Section through x-x(see fig 67) of the Indoor Arena at the Moi Inte

the artificial lights switched off, page 50

Figure 67.: The First Floor Plan of the Indoor Arena at the Moi International Spor

lights switched off, page 50.Figure 68.: The interior view of the Indoor Arena at thewith all the artificial lights switched off page 51


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Figure 78.: Neighbourhood map showing the immediate positioning of the Moi Intern

Figure 79: Neighbourhood map showing the immediate positioning of the Moi Interna

Figure 80: Interior view of the Warm up Hall at the Moi International Sports Centre, spage 55.

Figure 81: Section through the Warm up Hall at the Moi International Sports Centre soff, page 55.

Figure 82.: Ground Floor Plan of the Warm Up Hall at the Moi International Sports switched off, page 55.

Figure 83.: First Floor Plan of the Warm Up Hall at the Moi International Sports Cswitched off, page 55.

Figure 84: Interior view of the warm up hall at the Moi International Sports Centre, shand page 56.

Figure 85.: Section through the Warm Up Hall at the Moi International Sports Ceswitched off, page 56.


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Figure 93: Interior view of the Warm up Hall at the Moi International Sports Centre, shFigure 94: The interior view of the Indoor Arena at the Nyayo Sports Complex, Nairobtaken in order toraise the luminance levels therein,page59.Figure 95: The diesel guzzling generator installed at the Warm up Hall at the Moi InterFigure 96: World map showing the global positioning of the Bolivarian Dome,page 59.Figure 97: Map showing the national positioning of the Bolivarian Dome,page 59.

Figure 98: Map showing the immediate context of the Bolivarian Dome,page 59.Figure 99.Map showing the immediate neighbourhood of the Bolivarian Dome,page 59Figure 100.Weather data showing the number of sun hours experienced at the site oFigure 100.: Interior view of the Bolivarian Dome depicting adequate and evenly distribFigure 101.: This is the First Floor Plan of the Bolivarian Dome , showing the deep dimFigure 102:3-D view of the Bolivarian Dome showing the different glazing techniques aFigure 103: Interior view of the Bolivarian Dome showing the different surface finishesFigure 104.:World map showing the global positioning of the University of Cambridge Figure 105: Map showing the national positioning of the University of Cambridge IndooFigure 107: Map showing the immediate neighbourhood of the University of CambridgFigure 106.Map showing the immediate neighbourhood of the University of CambridgeFig 109:The first floor plan of the University of Cambridge Indoor Sports Arena.page 6Figure 108:An interior view of the University of Cambridge Sports Centre showing th

roof,page 63Figure 110:3 D view of the University of Cambridge Sports Hall showing the different g


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Abstract.

Sports have in the recent past joined the long list of income generating

their traditional function of nurturing healthy bodies and in effect healthy

can be classified as either indoor or outdoor, the fundamental difference

elements of the weather, the former take place in controlled environmetowards the control of sunlight in indoor sports buildings, leaving out th

studies. An insight into various day lighting techniques that are in applic

whether they provide the sportsmen and sportswomen who use the

therefore going to take the case study method of research whereby

against each other and lessons picked for transfer in either direction of

shame that is our Moi International Sports Centre Indoor Arena, its

Stadium. Compared to other practices, these indoor sports arenas are

and sportswomen.

The Government of Kenya has stepped up efforts to promote spot ti f t l t t t di i t R


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1.0.:CHAPTER

Figure 1.A depiction of the verseAnd God said, Let therebe lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the dayfrom the night, and let them serve as signs to mark

d d i (S G i 1 14 N

1.1.:Background

1.1.1.: The Defini

It is thenatural

says the Oxford

Dictionary, defines

1.1.2.: A Brief His

And God said, L

from the night, an

Genesis 1:14. Thi

The light that ma

counterpart has si

Christians and Mti f th S


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However, it is imp

day lighting, it ha

amazingly, the ad

artificial counterpa

exist other less ta

human spirit, far a

same article, relat

However, sadly, w

recreation throug

committed himself

subject.

1.1.3.:The Salient

Figure 3.:An interior view taken off the Pantheon depictinghe drama staged by daylight. (Source: Daylight as theBasis for Design, Part 1,1999).


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Figure 5.:Interior view of the MoiInternational Sports Centre indoorarena,showing the inadequate levelsof daylight as well as high contrasteffects that will disturb your eyes.(Source: Author, 2014).

Figure 6.:Interior of the Moi InternatioSports Centre indoor arena depicting highly unsustainable intervention (thaartificial lighting) that has been appherein as a result of poor day lightdesign.(Source:Author,2014).


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1.3.:Objectives of the Study

It is the intention of this thesis to

i)Study and document the day lighting guidelines for indoor sports ar

Sports Architecture.

ii) Study and document the existing indoor sports arenas in the capital

lighting design and thereafter, day lighting performance.


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1.4.:Research Questions

It is the intention of this research project to provide answers to the fol

i) What are the day lighting guidelines for indoor sports arenas that h

ii) What is the day lighting design and in effect, the day lighting perfocity of Kenya, Nairobi?

iii) What is the day lighting design and in effect, the day lighting per

arenas situated elsewhere, more especially in the tropics?


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1.5.:Significance of the Study

Dr. Debby Mitchelle,Ed. D, Associate Professor of Physical Educatio

Orlando, U.S.A, in her research paper, Does Physical Activity Inf

revelation that links physical activity with the mental well-being of an i

Also, writing in The Archives of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine

strong link between academic excellence and physical exercise. C

rules. This means that they are more disciplined and are therefore ab

The Government of Kenya, in its Vision 2030, also identified sports as

The findings of the study will go a long way in guiding the players in t

as well as in future renovations and maintenance of the existing o


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1.6.:Scope of the Study.

As the author is being looked in the face by exceedingly limited time, m

the indoor sports arenas that can be found within the capital city o

lighting performance only.

1.7.:Methodology of Study.

Literature Review:

Relevant information about the day lighting design of indoor sp

as to give us a sense of orientation as to what are the key adesign of indoor sports arenas


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2.0 CHAPTER

SPORTS HALLS

2.1.: Definition of D

Http://www.wbdg.org

controlled admission

Therefore, in its ap

application of variou

them in delivering th

sports arenas, as ex

Figure 9.:Artistic impression of the University of

Cambridge Sports Centre demonstrating one way ofkilling two birds using one stone i e daylighting of the
http://www.wbdg.org/http://www.wbdg.org/


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Figure 11.:An architectural crime! This is a live application of side windows at

the Moi International Sports Complex indoor arena. They hardly admit

adequate and evenly distributed daylight into this arena.(Source: Author).

The graph that you see above

illustrates how Side Windows for an

indoor sports arena can have a veryprofound effect on the variation in

the daylight factor therein. This is a

very big step taken by the architects

in their wrong direction towards

sports architecture.


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This rooflight application here could

easily become an example of a

successful day lighting design forindoor sports had the architect

engaged the concept a little bit

more. But as for now, it remains

lower in the ranks of the best day lit

indoor sports halls.(Author, 2014)

Figure 13.:Flat roof lights like this one at the Tollcross Leisure Park, at

Glasgow, possess the potential to deliver adequate amounts of daylight into

deep-plan arenas. However, the use of transparent glass can easily lead to

glare.(Source: Source: Understanding Daylight of Sports Halls, GAIA

Architects 2004 .


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This rooflight application here could

easily become an example of a

successful day lighting design forindoor sports had the architect

engaged the concept a little bit more.

But as for now, it remains lower in the

ranks of the best day lit indoor sports

halls.

Figure 15.:Another architectural crime as found at the Nyayo International

Sports Centre indoor arena, Nairobi, Kenya. A classic case of visual clutter. The

architect could do much better by having more roof lights and no side windows

at all.(Source.Author,2014).


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2.3.2.:Surface Fi

GAIA Architects f

to be carefully colevels of the use

should be of su

disappearing.

The same sentim

Sports and Recre

should be of un

sufficient contras

well as for dange

Figure 17.:The surfaces finishes applied to thismultipurpose hall at the Cambridge University serve as anexample of the bare minimums expected of surfacefinishes in other such facilities elsewhere. Notice the matt,light brown, beech wood floor finish contrasting the light

blue walls and the light coloured ceiling planeb (S b id t d 2012)


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Colour Reflectance

Bermuda

Blue75 %

Light

Blue85%

Light

Green80 %

Figure 19.:The interior view of Qingdao Guoxin Gymnasium at Qingdao, Chinademonstrating the correct surface finishes for a badminton court.(Sourcehttp://www.zimbio.com/pictures,2010).

Colour Reflectance


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Colour Reflectance

Figure 21.:Interior view of the South Wales Basketball Club demonstrating therecommended type of surface finishes for an indoor basketball court.(Sourcehttp://www.zimbio.com/pictures,2010).


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2.3.3(iii)Volleyball

For an excellently day lit hall for volleyball, GAIA Architects

recommend the following guidelines:-

Uniform, glare free light is vital and a designer is only

better off aiming at high levels of illumination(ranging

between 300-750 lux). Uniformity is of profound

importance as it will prevent fluctuations in brightness

from one part of the hall to another.

The volleyball should be at the back of the mind of

the designer. Since it needs to be visible at a certain

height.

Wall finishes should be matt and without

unnecessary decor


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2.3.3(v)Table Tennis

For an excellently day lit hall for table tennis, GAIA Architects

recommend the following guidelines:-

Uniform, glare free light is vital and a designer is only

better off aiming at high levels of illumination(ranging

between 300-750 lux). Uniformity is of profound

importance as it will prevent fluctuations in brightness

from one part of the hall to another.

The tennis ball should be at the back of the mind of

the designer,since it needs to be visible at a certain

height.

Wall finishes should be matt and without unnecessarydecor


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3.0 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN

3.1.:RESEARCH PURPOSE:

It is the intention of this research to describe the daylighting performa

Kenya,Nairobi. An accurate profile of the quantity as well as an indica

compared against internationally established standards for the same ty

the users of such spaces experience visual comfort or otherwise.

3.2.:RESEARCH STRATEGY:

Local case studies of all the public indoor sports arenas will be selected

quantity and thereafter analysis will be undertaken during the course

daylight On the international scale case studies of indoor sports arena


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3.4.: POPULATION

On the local context of the study, the authors list of building earma

International Sports Complex, Kasarani,Nairobi, the indoor sports arenaat the Bomas of Kenya. This population is deemed to be relevant for th

competitions culminate here.

On the international context of the study,two case studies from tropical r

3.5.:ELEMENTS

Within this population, the luminance levels within the indoor sports are

be taken off at various locations inside the said indoor sports arenas an

handy here.

3.6.: SAMPLING METHOD


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3.7.2 Secondary DataFloor plans,Sections, Elevations, 3 dimensional impressions, and the histhe spotlight shall come in handy if and when available.

Whereas the primary data will be collected on site, the secondary datdesign,construction and management of the facilities. The research wilOn the international scale, where time and money will be a limiting factocome in handy.

3.7.3 Primary Data Collection MethodsThese will entail:-i) Physical measurements of the quantity of light.ii) Physical measurements of dimensions of the spaces under studyii) Photography of the spaces to give an indication of the quality of


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Figure 40.: Street view of the Nyayo Naindoor arena.(Source: www.maps.google

Figure 37.: World map showing the global positioning of the Nyayo NationalStadium Indoor Arena.(Source: www.maps.google.com,2014).


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Figure 41.: This is a photograph of the interior of the Indoor

Arena at the Nyayo National Stadium taken at 9.00

a.m,showing the distribution of daylight, with all artificial

lights switched off. (Source:Author,2014).

Figure 43.:This is the First Floor Plan of the Indoor Arena at the

Nyayo National Stadium, showing the distribution of daylight a

9.00a.m, with all the artificial lights switched

off. Source:Author 2014 .


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Figure 47.:This is the First Floor Plan of the Indoor Arenaat the Nyayo National Stadium showing the distribution ofdaylight at 12.00 p.m., with all the artificial lightsoff..(Source:Author,2014).


Arena at the Nyayo National Stadium, showing the

distribution of daylight at 12.00 p.m., with all artificial lights

switched off. (Source:Author,2014).


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Arena at the Nyayo National Stadium showing the

distribution of daylight at 3.00 p.m., with all artificial lights

switched off. (Source:Author,2014).

Figure 51.:This is the First Floor Plan of the Indoor Arena the Nyayo National Stadium, showing the distribution daylight at 3.00 p.m., with all the artificial lighoff.(Source:Author,2014).


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Transparent glass(7%)

Figure 53.:3-D view of the Nyayo National Stadium indoor arena showing the diffglazing techniques employed by the architect. (Source: Author,2014).

Transparent glass flat ro

Translucent polycarbona

rooflight

Transparent glass full heside window

Transparent glass cleres


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3. The first fcement sc

4. 50 per cevinyl matt

specular rabsorbed

5. 25 per censunrays in

6. 25 per ceadmitted d

4.1.7.:ImplicaIndoor A

4.1.7 (a) Envi

With the poor

Figure 55.:The interior view of the Indoor Arena at theNyayo National Stadium, showing the shamefulintervention i.e. artificial lighting in broad daylight, theresultant effect of poor quality and low quantities of

daylight in the arena (Source:Author 2014)


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Figure 57.: World map showing the global positioning of the Moi International SportsCentre Indoor Arena.(Source: www.maps.google.com,2014).

Figure 60.: The exterior view of the Sports Centre indoor arena.(Source: www


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Figure 62.: This is the interior view of the Indoor Arena at

the Moi International Sports Centre showing the

distribution of daylight at 9.00 a.m. with all the artificial

lights switched off. (Source: Author,2014)


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Figure 65.: This is the interior view of the Indoor Arena at

the Moi International Sports Centre showing the

distribution of daylight 12.00 p.m. with all the artificial

lights switched off. (Source: Author,2014)


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Figure 71.:3-D view of the Indoor Arena at the Moi International Sports CentreNairobi, showing the different glazing techniques applied.(Source: Author,2014).

Transparent glass full

height side windows


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4. 25% of the wdaylight incident

5. 80 % of the cpropagation pan

6. 20 % of the cwhich absorbed

4.2.7.: Implicati4.2.7(a)EnvironmWith the poor q

S t C t i

Figure 73.:The interior view of the Indoor Arena at the MoiInternational Sports Centre, Nairobi, during daytime,

h i h t th th b li t b h f l


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Figure 75.: World map showing the global positioning of the Moi International SportsCentre Warm Up Hall.(Source: www.maps.google.com,2014).

Figure 77.: Neighbourhood map showpositioning of the Moi International SpUp Hall.(Source: www.maps.google.com


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Figure 86.: Ground Floor Plan of the Warm International Sports Centre showing the distrib12.00 p.m. with all the artificial lights swAuthor,2014).

Figure 84.: Interior view of the warm up hall at the Moi International SportsCentre, showing the distribution of daylight at 12.00 p.m. with all artificiallights switched off.(Source: Author, 2014).


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Figure 90.: Ground Floor Plan of the Warm UInternational Sports Centre showing the distrib3.00 p.m. with all the artificial lights swAuthor,2014).

Figure 88.: Interior view of the warm up hall at the Moi InternationalSports Centre, showing the distribution of daylight at 3.00 p.m.(Source:Author, 2014).


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Figure 92.:3-D view of the Warm Up Hall at the Moi International Sports CentreNairobi, showing the different glazing techniques applied. (Source: Author,2014).

Clerestory windows. Thes

were highly prohibited in i

foregoing literature on dalighting design for indoo

sports arenas. The r esultan

effect of their application i

this hall is evident in figur

93 below.


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4.3.7.: Implicat

4.3.7(a)EnvironWith the poor qSports Centre heavily rely on power outages

case(see figure warming the gdepletion of limi

4.3.7 (b) Cost ImTo run such a ba costly affair. from the nationaLikewise, the di

expensive.

Figure 94.:The interior view of the Warm Up Hall at the MoiInternational Sports Centre during daytime, showing whatthe author believes to be a shameful intervention taken inorder to raise the luminance levels therein, (Source:Author,2014)


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Figure 96: World map showing the global positioning of the BolivarianDome.(Source: www.maps.google.com,2014).

Figure 98: Map showing the immediate contextBolivarian Dome.(Source: www.maps.google.com,2


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Figure 100.: Interior view of the Bolivarian Dome depictingadequate and evenly distributed daylight.(GoogleImages,2013).

4.4.3.: The DisOn this one, analysis of theto go on.Like words. And sowith the sun ho

Architects andIndoor Sports endowed withlocal cases whcan be witnesfact that it spashortest axis.Iregion and theemulated by ato provide indthereby promo


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4.4.4.:Factors Influencing t4.4.4(a).: The Day lighting D4.4.4(a)(i)GlazingThe indoor arena has bemembrane roof. The highlyadmits luminance levelsrecommended values for the4.4.4(a)(ii)Surface FinishesThree distinct surfaces of difthis warm up hall(see figure

1.The court is madpolyvinylchloride of 75%

blue colour diffuses thmatiness avoids specul2.The ground floor walcoloured acoustic panelon the surfaces.3.The matt maroon, gabsorb the incoming reflections4.The egg-white coloureand diffuse 99.5 % of the5.The egg-white colouincoming daylight.

4.4.5.:The Daylighting PeDomeThe Day lighting Performaexcellent as it is in line wit

Figure 102:3-D view of the Bolivarian Dome showing the different glazing techniquesapplied (Source: maps.google.com,2014).

Cream White 87%

Translucent 0.5%

Yellow 75%

Grey 28%

Maroon 45%

Egg White light diffusingtranslucent polycarbonatemembrane overhead theindoor sports arena is aningenious application thatcreates anaturally,adequately andevenly daylit indoor sportsarena.

The absence of side windowsensures that incidences ofdisability glare like we saw insome foregoing cases areeliminated thereby ensuringVisual comfort as well as fair

gameplay.


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4.5.5Univ4.5.54.5.5Nort

daylon tleve4.5.5Threhall(1.Thvaluits m2.Threflesurfa

Figure 110:3-D view of the University of Cambridge Sports Hall showingthe different glazing techniques applied.(Source: University of Cambridge

Egg White 85%

North-lights installed along the

entire span of the roof admit

daylight into the indoor sports

arena while omitting direct sun

rays.

These windows only serve the

purpose of daylighting and

ventilating the auxiliary rooms

and no from them daylight

penetraters the arena hence

avoiding incidences of glare.

4 6 :A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FIVE CASES


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4.6.:A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FIVE CASES.

1.NYAYO NATIONALSTADIUM(INDOOR ARENA)

2.MOI INTERNATIONAL STADIUM(MAIN INDOOR ARENA)

3.MOI INTERNATIONASPORTS CENTRE(WARM UP HALL)

1. TheDistribution of

Daylight.

-An even distribution ofdaylight within the arena.

-An uneven distribution ofdaylight within the arena.

-An uneven distrdaylight within the a

2. Effect of theDistribution ofDaylight.

-Low contrast between lightand dark tones.

-High contrast between lightand dark tones

-High contrast betand dark tones

3. FactorsAffecting theDistribution ofDaylight.3.1 Day l ighting

Design-High level continuous spansof windows of varying heightsonly broken by 300mm thickcolumns at 6m intervals.

-High level, non- continuousspans of windows.

-High level, non- cospans of windows.

1 NYAYO NATIONAL 2 MOI INTERNATIONAL STADIUM 3 MOI INTERNATIONA


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3.2.:SurfaceFinishes(Contd).


2.2.Ground Floor Wall- Dark

brown cement screed with amatt finish.

3. First Floor Wall-Egg whitepaint with a matt finish.

4. RoofForty per cent(40%) made oftranslucent roofing sheets.Sixty per cent(60%) made ofdark brown roofing sheets.


2. First Floor Wall- Brown hard

wood with a matt finish.

3. Roof-Seventy five(75%)made ofhighly reflective soundpropagating panels.Twenty five(25%) of the rooffinished with a dark blue paintwith a matt finish.


2. Ground Floor Wallwhite paint with a m

3.First Floor Wall-Stupaint with a matt fin

4.RoofHundred per cent(1made up of dark grsheets with a matt f

1 NYAYO NATIONAL 2 MOI INTERNATIONAL STADIUM 3 MOI INTERNATIONA


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.Implications ofthe Distribution ofDaylight.

4.1.Cost

4.2.Environmental


To run such a busy facility withartificial lights on for most part ofits life can prove to be a costlyaffair. This is because it not onlyentails the non-stop sucking of

electricity from the national grid,but also the maintenance ofspecialised electricalaccessories.Likewise, the diesel generatorsurvives on diesel which hasnowadays become quiteexpensive.

Mechanisms used to deliverartificial light into the indoorarena contribute towards globalwarming.


The specialised light bulbs areexpensive to maintain. Inaddition, they consume asignificant

amount of electricity therebyraising the operation costs of thefacility.

Also, diesel guzzled by thegenerator is getting more andmore expensive by the day.

The mechanisms to deliverartificial light into the indoorarena contribute towards globalwarming.


Specialized light fittiinstalled in this hewarm-up hall expensive and the b

thereof increase thecost of running the fAlso, as mentionearlier cases, fuel thegenerator is becoand more expensive

Mechanisms to delivlight into the indoor acontribute towards glwarming.


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5.0. CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

5.1.:Chapter 1:Introduction1.1This painted us the background informationagainst which to see th1.1.1From the Oxford dictionary, we learnt that daylight is the naturaGenesis, chapter one, verse fourteen, gave us the 1.1.2history of daylisky to separate the day from the night, and let them serve as signs to mhis article titled Day and Light; Natural Light and Architecture, pointedone that dates back to the stone age period when man lived in caves wsunlight into the interior spaces. He further on illustrated to us the 1.1.3

changes, its ability to render forms with a very natural outlook, as well aauthor to believe that Sports Architects who deal with daylight in Indoorof both the players and their spectators(see photos 1.2.1 and 1.2.3) shocharges of crimes against humanity.1.2It is against this belief that the problem was stated as, all the Olym


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suitable day lighting design guidelines for application in future reno

Nairobi, and elsewhere.1.4Research questions that would guide the author along the path to

What are the day lighting design guidelines for Indoor Sports Arenas

lighting design and in effect, the day lighting performance of the Indoo

lighting design and in effect, the day lighting performance of other Ind

day lighting designs and performances of the Indoor Sports Arenas i

such arenas? What are the day lighting design guidelines that can

private sector affiliates like Safaricom Ltd) that will guide in renovatio

and elsewhere?

1.5The significance of the answers to the above questions could not bProfessor of Physical Education, Sports and Fitness at the Universitylinking mental fitness to physical fitness. In addition to that, they will enincluded) for the youth yields in decent working environments. 1.6The and money that were available to the author. Therefore, only the Da


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5.2.:Chapter 2.0.:Literature ReviewIn this second chapter of this paper, various literature touching on the

2.1Http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php defined Day lightin

and diffuse skylight) into a building. Daylighting Design for Indoor S

natural light(Direct Sunlight and Diffuse Skylight) into the said arenas

2.2Further down the same webpage, we learnt that by providing a dir

illumination, day lighting design will aid in creating a visually

occupants(sportsmen, sportswomen and their spectators), while at

energy costs, what led the author to view Day lighting Design for Indo

2.3Gaia Architects, in their article Understanding Day lighting of Spoconsideration whenever one is undertaking a Day lighting Design fowindows, clerestory windows, and roof lights, a combination of roof
http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php


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roof surfaces to that of opaque surfaces as well as the placement o

as either Flat Rooflights or North-South facing Rooflights.

2.3.1(c)(i)Flat Rooflights, GAIA Architects said, are those rooflights

Architects Data illustrated to us that with this kind of rooflights, the

transluscent surfaces occur as strips across the opaque roof plane.

they were spaced at close ranges all over the roof, the disadvantage

2.3.1(c)(ii).North-South Facing Rooflights were described as roof win

specifically located within the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, the

always almost overhead throught the yearly seasonal variations . A

sunlight, characteristics which led the author to rank them highly on

2.3.1.(d)Combined Roof Lights and Side Windows,were described as Neuferts Architects Data illustrated to us that with this kind of arrintersecting and fluctuating curves of the Daylight Factor thereof thenot the best way to daylight an Indoor Sports Arena.


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To that effect, GAIA Architects recommended that all walls below

finishes so as to contrast with balls and shuttlecocks while avoiding

metre mark should be of lighter colours so as to aid in light distri

sufficient contrast to walls. Light coloured beech timber(and other

purpose(see photo 2.9). And how about ceilings?These, they said,s

with sources of illumination in order to reduce glare. To this effect, t

therein painted white to match the soffit(see photo 2.9). Photo Club,Nairobi,illustrated to us how not to specify surface finishes for a

2.3.3 A Sport Specific Surface Finishes Selection Criteria was o

uniform,glare free light. Uniformity is of profound importance as

another.Furthermore, the shuttle cock should be at the back of the m

finishes should be matt and without unnecessary decor. The ceilin

patterns. Sports Architects should always aim at high levels of

recommended for this purpose.

2 3 3(ii)


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Sports Architects should always aim at high levels of illumination

for this purpose.2.3.3(v)Table Tennis requires uniform,glare free ligh

brightness from one part of the hall to another.Furthermore , the

needs to be visible at a certain height. Wall finishes should be

brighter than other surfaces and devoid of strong patterns. Sports

between 300-750 lux), and roof lights are recommended for this p

2.3.3(vi)Squash requires uniform,glare free light. Uniformity is of pro

part of the hall to another.Furthermore , the squashball should be

certain height. Wall finishes should be matt and without unneces

and devoid of strong patterns. Sports Architects should always a

roof lights are recommended for this purpose.

2.3.3(vii)Martial Arts Squash requires uniform,glare free light. Un

brightness from one part of the hall to another.Furthermore , sw

back of the mind of the designer as they need to be visible at a ce


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5.3.:Chapter 3.0.:Research Design

3.1Having undertaking the foregoing review of Day lighting Desig

take the shape of describing the daylighting performance of all t

city of Kenya,Nairobi. An accurate profile of the quantity as wel

light and compared against internationally established standard

drawn as to whether the users of such spaces experience visual

3.2 The Research Strategy then became obvious. Given the

quantity(respectively) of daylight in Indoor Sports Arenas,local c

from within the capital city of Kenya, Nairobi.These would beco

empirically with matters to do with Daylighting Design for Indoo

Lux meter, a Sketch Pad, a Pencil and a Tape Measure and me

hall under the microscope! However, we would either be halluc

three Capitals elsewhere for the foregoing intentions. A photo a

speaks more than a thousand words.And so they would about t


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. The elements to be watched out for in the foregoing

levels.Whereas illuminance levels could be measured in a digit

so as to paint an almost accurate picture of of the quality of day

3.7 Data Sources that the author banked his hopes on were clas3.7.1 Primary data sources Included photographs, pencil sketc

would capture the spirit of the spaces under the microscope would by-pass stingy custodians of as built drawings of the Indo

the layout as well as the sectional profiles of the spaces under

daylight levels at selected points within the Indoor Sports Are

distribution of daylight.

3.7.2Secondary data referred to included the Bible,and more essupernatural origins of daylight dating back to the time of plans,Sections, Elevations, 3 dimensional impressions, and thethat have traditionally been found in hardcopy books and recen


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5.4.:Chapter 4.0.:FIELDWORK/CASE STUDIESFrom the humble beginnings of the research, this chapter was enaddition to three other international ones. The local cases, as sIndoor Sports Arenas at the Moi International Sports ComplexComplex, Nairobi,as well as the Indoor Arena at the Bomas of Kwith the bomb-like gadget(lux meter), with the exception of thmanagement of this facility but all in vain.However, it was the

Arenas in Nairobi would still give a general indication of their DayThe international case studies(what other scholars call book studincluded the Bolivarian Dome at Berquimisto, Venezuela, the YaSports Hall, all which the author was priviliged to lay hands on so4.1.:Local Case 1:The Nyayo Sports Complex Indoor Arena4.1.3At exactly 9.a.m,using the lux meter, and with all the artificivarious locations within the Indoor Sports Arena at the Nyalevels(>500 lux) occured near the windows at the first floor levelux for the kind of space. However, away from the windows, redinstalled on the roof of this arena ensured that the fluctuations wThe lowest luminance level recorded was 435 lux, 65 lux shor


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These luminance levels lied within the recommended bare minithe windows, reductions from 500 lux downwards were witnesswere witnessed at the centre of the arena. This was a whoopingspan of the arena( a radius of 40 metres) and the use of side wrooflights) not only failed to deliver sufficiennt amounts of dayligof light which resulted in what was earlier on referred to as disablevels along the eastern facing facade exceeded those along the

was attributed to the fact that the sun rises in the east and hencmorning hours. These empirical observations were reinforced blighting Performance of this arena at that time.4.2.4The same procedure was repeated at 12.00 p.m. It was obsdropped by 40 lux while those along the other facades increasedthe suns overhead position which withdrew the extra amounts oother facades was attributed to the increase in the Daylight Faarena, which was at a distance of 40 metres from the side windoattributed to the reduced amount of daylight along the eastern fa

4.2.5 Again the same procedure was repeated at 3 p m It was o


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. . a As wasseen in photo 4.2.5,thesurface finish on the floor was a dasurface. While the glossiness of the surface resulted in specular reflectionsthe daylight. The ground floor wall extended up to two meters high and wreflectance) with a matt finish. Whereas the matt surfaces minimised speculdaylight.The first floor wall was made up of cement screed finished with a dark blue p

surface minimised specular reflections, it absorbed (100-x)% of the total amo75 per cent of the ceiling was made of highly glossy sound propagating pafinished with a dark grey paint(of x% surface reflectance). As such, the soundaylight falling on it was reflected) while the dark grey portion of the ceiling seat were made up of matt, Bermuda blue coloured plastics(of x% surfaupon them while diffusing the rest. Another 50 % of all the spectator seats wreflectance) which absorbed 100-x % of all the daylight incident upon them w4.2.7Lastly, the Implication of the Distribution of Daylight in theIndoor Arena was discussed.4.2.7(a)Environmental Implications resulted from the compromise on the qualitartificial lighting necessary. And what with the regular power outages ex


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It was further observed that Luminance levels along the eastern facing facafigures 4.3.3, 4.3.4 and 4.3.5). This was attributed to the fact that the sun risany other during the morning hours. These empirical observations were reinDay lighting Performance of this arena at that time.4.3.4The same procedure was repeated at 12.00 p.m. It was observed that l40 lux while those along the other facades increased by 10 lux(see figuresoverhead position which withdrew the extra amounts of daylight along the eattributed to the increase in the Daylight Factor due to the suns overhead pometres from the side windows, there was 10 lux decrease in luminance lealong the eastern facing facade that was earlier on experiencing the rising suwas observed that illiminance levels along the eastern facade dropped bylux.The 40 lux rise was attributed to the suns western position which increaattributed to the reduced Daylight Factor due to the sunsdrop in altitude as

After all was said and done, a general note was in order. It was noted that thvarious locations inside this Indoor Sports Arena and at various times of thhave been denied that basic human right that is adequate and uniformly dist


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6.0. CHAPTER SIX: RECOMMENDATIONS.

6.1.:Recommendations for possible renovations of the Nyayo National Stadium Indoor Arena


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Page 83

Alternate

transparent,tra

nsluscent roof

lights

along the

entire span of

the roof

OLD

EXTERIOR

NEWE

XTERIOR

OLDINTERIOR

NEWI

NTERIOR

Clerestory andside windowsalong thefacades of thisindoor arena.

Alternatetransparentandtranslucentroof lightsalong theentire span ofthe roofto be retainedas they are agoodapplication butall windows tobe sealed offas they are nota goodapplication.

Highly

unacceptable

Incidences of

disability glare

Dark coloured

surface finishes

absorb most of

the incoming

daylight.

L ight diffusing

polycarbonate

membrane to

conceal the

ugly looking

roof structure

and intercept

direct rays of

the sun.

Light coloured

matt surfaces

to reflect a

substantial

amount of

daylight

OLDPLAN

NEWP

LAN

Figure 112: Existing exterior view of the Nyayo NationalStadium Indoor Arena(Source:Author.2014)

Figure 113: Recommended exterior view of the NyayoNational Stadium Indoor Arena(Source:Author,2014).

Figure 114: Existing interior view of the Nyayo NationalStadium Indoor Arena(Source:Author.2014).

Figure 115:Recommended interior view of the Nyayo NationalStadium Indoor Arena(Source:Author.2014).

FiSt

FiNa

6.2.:Recommendations for renovations of the Moi International Sports Centre Indoor Arena .


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Page 84

OLD

EXTERIOR

NEWE

XTERIOR

OLDINTERIOR

NEWI

NTERIOR

2.All sidewindows to besealed off.

Translucentpolycarbonateroofmembrane toreplace theopaqueroofing sheets

These side

windows lead

to incidences of

glare and

should

therefore be

sealed off.

The dark and

glossy court

should be

replaced with a

matt light

brown wood.

L ight diffusing

polycarbonate

membrane to

intercept direct

rays of the sun.

Light coloured

matt surfaces

to reflect a

substantial

amount of

daylight

without

specular

reflections

OLDPLAN

NEWP

LAN

Figure 118: Existing exterior view of the Moi InternationalSports Centre Indoor Arena(Source:Author.2014)

Figure 119: Recommended exterior view of the MoiInternational Sports Centre Indoor

Arena(Source:Author,2014).

Figure 120: Existing interior view of the Moi International SportsCentre Indoor Arena(Source:Author.2014).

Figure 121:Recommended interior view of the Moi InternationalSports Centre Indoor Arena(Source:Author.2014).

FiSp

FiIn(S

1.This roofhas potentialto admitdaylight andshould

therefore bereplacedwith atranslucentmembrane.

All the sidewindowssealed off.

6.2.:Recommendations for renovations of the Moi International Sports Centre Warm- Up Hall.


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Page 85

OLD

EXTERIOR

NEWE

XTERIOR

OLDINTERIOR

NEWI

NTERIOR

All sidewindows to besealed off.

Introduce rooflights alongthe entire spanof the roof.

L ight diffusing

polycarbonate

membrane to

intercept and

diffuse direct

rays of the sun.

New brighter

coloured matt

surfaces to

reflect a

substantial

amount of

daylight

without

specular

OLDPLAN

NEWP

LAN

Figure 126: Existing exterior view of the Moi InternationalSports Centre Warm Up Hall(Source:Author.2014)

Figure 127: Recommended exterior view of the MoiInternational Sports Centre Warm UpHall(Source:Author,2014).

Figure 128: Existing interior view of the Moi International SportsCentre Warm Up Hall(Source:Author.2014).

Figure 129:Recommended interior view of the Moi InternationalSports Centre Warm Up Hall(Source:Author.2014).

FiSp

FiIn(S

All the sidewindowssealed off.

The roof haspotential toadmit daylightinto this hall

The roof haspotential toadmit daylightinto this hall

All the interiorsurfaces to berepainted withmatt andbrightercolours


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The Daylighting Performance of Indoor Sports Arenas in Nairo

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