The Dawn of Death

8/11/2019 The Dawn of Death

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SA@ CFYK JL C@FSA

F Oeodenfd-A`rg`kùtenfd Ekquery ektjta` Jreiek jl Augfk ]aysenfd Gjrtfdety

êgjk Ajwfrc

Cess`rtftejk suogett`c ek pfrtefd ludledg`ktjl ta` r`quer`g`kts ljr ta`

GF Cìr`` ek Fsp`nts jl Oeodenfd Ekt`rpr`tftejk

Lòrufry !!"



FO S_FNS

Saes stucy fegs tj oreki ta cesnepdeks jl Sajdjiy fkc Oejdjiy ektj

kifig kt weta fna jtar jk f qustejk waena njknrks tag ojta8 Afv

augfk oekis fdwfys o k suohnt tj paysenfd cfta: Gjr spnestnfddy, ta

lurtast feg es tj ij sjg wfy tjwfrcs fkswreki taft qustejk.

Ljr ta purpjss jl ta ekquery, ‑paysenfd cfta― es cstkc fs fi-rdftc cfta,

taroy xnduceki lrjg njksecrftejk cfta cu tj fnnecktfd jr ekentc

ekhury. ‑Augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety― es ta trg gjst lrquktdy usc

tarjuiajut.

Sa stucy stfrts oy prskteki njktrfsteki tajdjienfd fkc snektestn

prspntevs jk ta kfturfd aestjry jl augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety, strst ek jutdek,

tak ek irftr ctfed. Sa gfek pfrt jl ta ekquery es cvjtc tj ta sjurn

gftrefd ljr ta tajdjienfd vews8 ta Oeod. Lerst, f pjsetejk es wjrbc jut jk

ojta ta stftus jl oeodenfd stftg kts fojut kftur fkc ta rjd, el fky, jl

kfturfd snekn ek oeodenfd ektrprtftejk. njkc, f survy jl Jdc Sstfg kt,

ektrtstfg ktfd, fkc K w Sstfg kt prspntevs jk cfta es njkcuntc.

Saerc, xiss jl I kses ?„> fkc _jgfks 086?„?6 fr jrc, tas twj

pfssfis afveki o k ecktestc ek ta stucy fs oeki jl spnefd rdvfkn. Sa

purpjs jl taes xitenfd wjrb es tj stfodesa watar ta pfssfis njktfek

ndfegs fojut ta jreiek jl augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety fkc, el sj, waft tajs

ndfegs fr.

Lekfddy, ta ekquery rfnas f njkndusejk jk ta qustejk ek afkc, crfweki jk

fdd jl ta fojv. Sa egpdenftejks jl taes njkndusejk ljr ukcrstfkceki ta Lfdd

fkc ta Ftjkg kt fr ecktestc, fkc ekcenftejks ljr lurtar stucy fr ievk.



R…W taft jkdy Sr`

Jl Bkjwdci, pdfktc oy ta Sr jl Del2

j kfr irjws Cfta tj Del, waft―r Cfta es–

jg crfclud taeki kj cjuot R…W.

Hjak Gedtjk,]frfces Djst (6<<9)



NJKS@KS

6. YAU CJ Y@ CE@: ……………………………………………………... 0

?.SA@JDJIENFD FKC NE@KSELEN ]@_]@NSE\@

JK ]AUENFD GJ_SFDESU ………………………………………….. 6>

F. Sajdjienfd ]rspntevs ……………………………………………. 6>

O. nektestn ]rspntevs ……………………………………………….. 63

>.SA@ _@DFSEJK O@SY@@K OEODENFD FKC NE@KSELEN

SFS@G@KS FOJPS LFNS JL KFSP_@ ………………………. ?>

3.OEODENFD ]@_]@NSE\@ JK C@FSA8 FK J\@_\E@Y ………… >>

F. Cfta ek ta Jdc Sstfg kt ………………………………………… >>

O. Cfta ek ta Ektrtstfg ktfd Detrftur …………………………... >9

N. Cfta ek ta Kw Sstfg kt ……………………………………….. >1

0.I@K@E ?„> FKC APGFK ]AUENFD GJ_SFDESU …………... 36

<.SA@ F]J SD@ ]FPD FKC FK J_EIEK LJ_ ]AUENFD C@FSA <=

9.NJKNDP EJK FKC EG]DENFSEJK ………………………………. 90

F. Sa Njkndusejk jl Jur Ekquery …………………………………….. 90O. Fk Fccetejkfd Njksecrftejk ………………………………………. 99

N. Egpdenftejks jl Jur Njkndusejk ……………………………………. 95

Oeodejirfpay ………………………………………………………………….. 13

Fnbkjwdcig kts …………………………………………………………. 11

I krfd Foorveftejks

KE\ Kw Ektrkftejkfd \rsejk

K_\ Kw _vesc tfkcfrc \rsejk (Fkidenezc @cetejk)

KS Kw Sstfg kt

JS Jdc Sstfg kt

Pkdss stftc jtarwes, Oeod qujtftejks fr lrjg ta K_\.



jrifkesgs taft ekafoet taes pdfkt, jrifkesgs taft, wetajut xnptejk,

paysenfddy xper fs pfrt jl f rnurreki nynd jl del. Jk taes vew, w fr

suohnt tj ta sfg njktekiknes fs vry jtar ljrg jl del, fkc sj f stket

paysenfd delspfk es, fkc fdwfys afs o k, jur djt.

‑Y fr kjt g fkt tj ce.―

Sa strst jl ta twj prspntevs hust g ktejkc fress lrjg f b k

njknptejk jl fna augfk del fs ekvstc weta g fkeki–g fkeki taft es

xprssc ek rdftejksaep weta jtars fkc njkstrg c oy fwfrkss jl sdl.

Saes g fkeki es cerktdy kufknc ljr fna ekcevecufd–‑E fg ukequ―–

fkc et afs fk ekarkt prgfkkn. G fkeki nfkkjt o cstkc, fkc

ketar nfk et o xtekiuesac. A rek des ta prjodgften kftur jl augfk

paysenfd cfta8 xestktefd g fkeki es paysenfddy gojcec, fkc ta

cessjdutejk jl ta ojcedy vaend jl g fkeki prskts f nafddki tj ta

njktekufkn jl g fkeki. Et tfbs jkdy f gjg kt―s rntejk jk ta cges

jl fky prsjk tj o frrstc oy ta snfkcfd jl ta lfnt taft, tj fdd

fppfrfkns, tay fr kj gjr. (Et tfbs kj rntejk ft fdd wak taft

prsjk wfs sjg jk weta wajg w w r ek rdftejksaep.) ‑Sa cfta jl

fky gfk cegekesas RusW,― ek Hjak Cjkk―s wjrcs,? kjt hust onfus ‑kj gfk

es fk esdfkc― out onfus et es ta offfieki kiftejk jl f ukequ njkstddftejk

jl fttgpts fkc fnaevg kts, ajps fkc crfgs, pdfsurs fkc

prjnnupftejks, g gjres–fkc g fkeki. Sa strkita jl taes skteg kt es

ta strjkir ta orelr ta del djst out et es oy kj g fks foskt wak lfnc

weta ta cges jl sjg jk waj afs devc ta usufd tar -snjr-fkc-tk.

Sa strfki josjdsnkn jl jur paysenfd lrfg orekis tj kjuiat f del spkt

tryeki, weta sjg sunnss tj trfksnkc jur paysenfd degets.

? Hjak Cjkk (609?„6<>6). G cetftejk Q\EE.

<



Lfnc weta taes stketuc ek njktrfcentejk tj jur ldt

prgfkkn, sjg jl us rdftevez jur paysenfd delspfk weta ta tajuiat jl

fkjtar gjc jl deveki oyjkc jur paysenfd cfta. Ojukc up weta taes

xpntftejk es f cir jl cessfteslfntejk weta jur prskt xestkn8 w

xpnt f del oyjkc cfta tj o f ottr jk tafk taes. Ektuetejk fkc

xprekn tdd gfky taft tar es sjg taeki clntev fojut ta gftrefd

wjrdc jl waena w fr prsktdy pfrt, fkc paysenfd cfta, fs ta

njksqukn fkc nfus jl sj guna taft w l d sajudc kjt o, es sjg taeki

taft sajudc kjt afppk–fkc wedd kjt ek ta del ajpc ljr. Ljr tajs waj

odev ek f ijjc Nrftjr Ijc, kj lfudt ek ta gftrefd wjrdc nfk o

fttreoutc tj ta Nrftjr. Jur paysenfd gjrtfdety, el et es jk lfudt fgjki

gfky, gust o njktrfry tj ta Nrftjr―s prlnt ektktejk, fk ukijcdy

ektrusejk jk augfk xestkn. ekn tj jur bkjwdci kjk jl tajs strst

paysenfddy eggjrtfd prsjks afs devc tj tdd ta tfd, ta ektrusejk gust

afv jnnurrc vry frdy ekc c ek augfk aestjry–wetaek ta

ljrsajrtkc delteg jl ta frdest ekcevecufds.

Ek ta foskn jl fky g fks jl prjoeki ta cestfkt pfst ljr

fkswrs tj gfttrs suna fs tas, ta frdy nafptrs jl I kses nfk fsedy

srv tj njkstrg f aukna ojrk jl prskt xprekn. Sajs nafptrs

njktfek fk fnnjukt jl Ijc―s ieveki del tj f strst njupd, aes ljroecceki tag

lrjg fk fntejk jk pkfdty jl cfta, taer cesjocekn kvrtadss, fkc

Ijc―s prjkjukng kt jl f pukesag kt jk ta njupd fkc taer prjiky

njktfekeki fk fddusejk tj ta kceki jl taer paysenfd devs. Saes fnnjukt es

out ta jpkeki snk ek f djki sfif jl kjw-gjrtfd ikrftejk fltr

ikrftejk ukted ta kjtfod cfta jl fk ekcevecufd wajs fknstry es trfnc

tj ta vry strst gfk.> Et es kjtfod kjt dfst onfus taft ekcevecufd cec kjt

rgfek paysenfddy cfc out nfg ofnb tj ukkceki ojcedy del fs ta strst jl

> Dub >8?>„?1.

9



gfky gjr waj wedd cj ta sfg . Saus f suppjsc jreiekfd eggjrtfdety es

rstjrc, ta reccd jl augfk paysenfd cfta rsjdvc, fkc ta g fkeki jl

del rnjvrc.

‑Ajw njudc w kjt ce:―

Sar fr, ajw vr, sjg lfnts jl gftrefd xestkn taft set uknjgljrtfody

weta ta snag hust dfec jut, lfnts waena fr fdd ta gjr cenudt tj eikjr

sekn ta snrepturfd fnnjukt jk waena ta snag es ofsc ofrs wetkss tj

tag. Augfk oekis fr jk fgjki gfky bekcs jl deveki nrfturs,3 fkc

augfks, deb jtar ljrgs jl paysenfd del, sustfek taer gftrefd sdvs oy

fteki0 fkc ‑gudtepdy fkc stdd ta frta― oy rprjcuneki.< Ajw vr guna

ta augfk nrftur es cestekiuesac oy fdjk ofreki Ijc―s egfi

(waftvr taft es), ets paysenfd lrfg rsgods taft jl jtar deveki oekis

ek ets ljrgftejk, njgpjsetejk, prjprtes, fkc vktufd lft. Saes ndfr

ajgjdjiy otw k gfk fkc ofst afs kjt o k wajddy djst jk augfkety

tarjuia aestjry, cspet prsugeki ljr gjst jl ets xestkn taft ta

ukevrs rvjdvs, kjt hust frjukc ta pdfkt jk waena et devs, out frjukc

ta njksnejuskss jl sdl et lds. K vrtadss, et tjjb ukted hust 60= yfrs

fij ljr f gfk waj cec taekb oljr a cec tj frtenudft, ofsc jk gjr

xtksev josrvftejk jl kftur tafk gjst, kjt hust ta paysenfd ajgjdjiy

otw k deveki oekis jl suna kug rjus bekcs, out f tajry jl ajgj iky–

jl njggjk oejdjienfd csnkt.

Ek putteki ljrwfrc aes tajry,9 Nafrds Cfrwek cec kjt

pfrtenudfrdy njknrk aegsdl weta ta paysenfd xestkn jl aes jwk augfk

rfn, out a wfs kjt ukfwfr jl ta egpdenftejks et wjudc afv, el njrrnt,

ljr fk ukcrstfkceki jl augfk oeki. Ft fky rft, aes jppjkkts sjjk

3 I kses 68?<.0

I kses 68?5l.< I kses 68?1.9 Cfrwek, N.,Sa Jreiek jl pnes (6105).

1



veckn, jk taeki es sur8 ta nrfturs lrjg waena tas rgfeks crev

fr kjw cfc. El ta paysenfd jreieks jl jur jwk rfn de ek tag, tak

etar jur frtady devs afv fdsj fdwfys o k ekarktdy ojukcc oy

paysenfd cfta jr w fr suna f stupkcjus xnptejk taft ta oejdjienfd

rsgodfkn otw k us fkc jtar ljrgs jl del es jl dettd seikestnfkn.

Jl njurs, w fr f stupkcjus xnptejk ek jur xtrfjrcekfry

(el ukcrusc) foedety tj taekb oljr w ce, eknduceki jur foedety tj taekb

fojut cfta. Out cjs taes gfb us f oejdjienfd xnptejk tjj: Ek f wfy, et

cjs. Oy tnakjdjienfd ekkjvftejk w nfk, ek sjg g fsur, njktrjd jur

kverjkg kt rftar tafk et njktrjddeki us2 jur surpfsseki ekikuety kfods

us, kjt kftur, tj o, tj sjg xtkt, ta kfturfd sdntjr. Cspet taes,

tajuia, jur devs fr stedd strfkidy nernugsnreoc oy paysenfd cfta. Y`

nfk eknrfs jur djkivety oy f cnfc jr twj, fkc w nfk ‑eggjrtfdez―

ndds ek ta dfojrftjry, out jur paysenfd gjrtfdety prskts fk jostfnd

s gekidy egpjsseod tj fvjec. ekn Cfrwek―s cfy, Oejdjiy afs onjg dss

f vjyfi tj nftfdjiu del jk frta ek ets gudtelfrejus ljrgs fkc gjr fk

xpdjrftejk jl ta wjrbeki jl ta ofsen uket jl del, ta ndd. ]rafps tar, ek

ta ikten njc, ta oejdjienfd ndjnb nfk o djnftc, fkc f wfy ljukc tj

b p et tenbeki. Jr es wfy tj ta tr jl ukkceki paysenfd del sj w dd

iufrcc taft et es egpfssfod vk oy snekn:

Sjwfrcs fk fksw r jl sjrts

Y st jut oy stfteki taft tar fr twj njgpteki fksw rs tj ta qustejk

‑Yay cj w ce:―, fkc w afv jutdekc tag ojta. Sa strst stfrts jut lrjg

f c pdy ldt xestktefd seikestnfkn waena, onfus et es ldt sj c pdy,

ndfegs fk ekarkt prgfkkn8 f prgfkkn taft, strfkidy fkc pfekluddy,

cjs kjt xtkc tj ets paysenfd gojceg kt, out sajudc–fkc wjudc ek f

prlnt wjrdc. Saes prspntev stkcs futajrezftejk ek kj dss tafk ta wjrc

6=



jl Ijc aegsdl–jr fk ektrprtftejk jl et–waena ievs fk fnnjukt jl ta

Nrftjr―s orftaeki del ektj augfk ojcedy ljrg out jur strst ljrofrs―

orekieki cfta jktj tagsdvs fkc us. Sa snjkc fkswr fdsj stfrts lrjg

f njggjkdy josrvc lfnt jl augfk xestkn8 taft jl jur safreki weta

jtar deveki nrfturs f ndjsdy segedfr paysenfd ljrg fkc f nrtfek

oejdjienfd lft. Sa vew taft augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety es f kfturfd

knssety afs cvdjpc oy rnjurs tj snekn, kjt nreptur. Ft jk dvd,

snektestn josrvftejk nfk rvfd kj gjr tafk es fdrfcy jovejus8 w ce,

wetajut xnptejk. Out ft fkjtar dvd, wak taft josrvftejk tfbs pdfn

wetaek f tajrtenfd lrfg wjrb ek waena paysenfd cfta es f prrqueset ljr

njktekufddy rkw c, egprjvc paysenfd del, ta jkdy prgesseod eklrkn

es taft, kjt jkdy cj w paysenfddy ce, out w afv fdwfys cjk sj fkc

taekis njudc kjt pjsseody o jtarwes.

Sas twj fkswrs njgpt fs twj secs jl f aftc coft.

Out ta taekbeki Narestefk nfkkjt fddjw aeg/arsdl tj o crfwk fsedy

tjwfrcs jk jr ta jtar, ljr s/a xprekns wetaek aeg/arsdl ta

fppfd jl ojta8 s/a es gjr tafk fk fkegfd, yt kjt ukdeb jk2 s/a

xrness njktrjd jl aes/ar paysenfd ojcy, yt es ojukcc oy et2 s/a l ds

aeg/arsdl sjg ajw eggjrtfd, yt es paysenfddy kjt. Srfceki f nfrlud

dek otw k fna jppjseki skteg kt fkc snajjd jl tajuiat, f Narestefk

njksecrftejk jl ta puzzd jl augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety (suna fs ta

prskt jk) gust stfrt jut weta f ndfr ecf jl waft fspnts fr jpk tj

ekvsteiftejk fkc waft fr kjt. Sar fspnts fr wetaek jur rfna, fs

ljddjws. Ektrprtftejks jl nreptur fr usc tj outtrss jk sec ek ta

coft, sj w wedd (e) ndjsdy xfgek ta rdvfkt pfssfis tj fssss

watar tay cj ekc c pjrtrfy augfkbekc fs afveki jkn djst f paysenfd

eggjrtfdety waena et jreiekfddy pjssssc. Yaftvr ta rsudt jl taft, w

wedd fdsj (ee) njksecr watar fky oeodenfd gftrefd njudc o gpdjyc ek

66



suppjrt jl ta jtar prspntev, cpenteki augfk paysenfd cfta fs

quevfdkt tj taft jl jtar deveki oekis. Ek njksecreki ta njktkt jl

nreptur jk f suohnt taft es fdsj f gfttr ljr snekn, fkjtar fspnt gust

o fccrssc8 (eee) ta rdftev rdefoedety jl ta prjkjukng kts jl

nreptur fkc snekn jk kfturfd pakjg kf, eknduceki ta pakjg kjk jl

augfk paysenfd cfta.

Ft dfst tar fspnts jl ta puzzd fr kjt jpk tj

ekvsteiftejk2 et es kjt hust ta dkita jl jur paysenfd devs taft es degetc,

out sj es jur foedety tj fkswr fdd jur c pst qustejks. Y` wedd kjt ek taes

stucy (e) o fod tj sjdv ta ‑gekc„ojcy prjodg―, f prjodg waena, fs es

veckt lrjg jur ljrijeki cesnussejk, es rdvfkt tj jur tjpen out waena

gfy o ektrfntfod. K etar wedd w (ee) o fod tj prjv jr cesprjv fk fp-

tj-augfk trfksetejk, f trfksetejk waena, onfus et es kj djkir josrvfod,

w nfk ‑bkjw― fojut ek jkdy f qufdestc sks. Jur foedety tj bkjw fojut

jursdvs oeki rstrentc, jur bkjwdci jl Ijc es vk dss8 rftar

jovejusdy, et es kjt pjsseod (eee) tj cesnrk ta Nrftjr―s jreiekfd ektktejk

rifrceki ta curftejk jl augfk paysenfd gojceg kt2 w nfkkjt p r

ektj ta gekc jl Ijc tj cesnjvr watar jur paysenfd delspfk es degetc

oy cstketejk jr clnt. Ek vktureki tj taekb fojut cfta oljr w ce, fky

njkndusejks w crfw sajudc o gfrbc oy f nernugspntejk taft ostts jur

gjrtfd njkcetejk.

6?



?.SA@JDJIENFD FKC NE@KSELEN ]@_]@NSE\@

JK ]AUENFD GJ_SFDESU

Sa egpuds ljr jur stucy es ta tksejk otw k twj njktrfsteki pjsetejks

fs guna fs et es fdsj f cser tj sttd ta gfttr ljr jursdvs. Et es

egpjrtfkt, tarljr, tj o w dd fnqufektc weta fna pjsetejk, oyjkc ta

jutdeks fdrfcy ievk.

F. Sajdjienfd ]rspntevs

_irttfody, wetaek ta degets jl taes stucy w nfkkjt prskt fk aestjrenfd

survy jl pjst-oeodenfd Narestefk fssrtejks fojut ta jreiek jl paysenfd

gjrtfdety. Y nfk jkdy josrv taft, wakvr ta qustejk afs o k

fccrssc oy tajdjiefks cjwk ta fis, ta prvfdkt pjsetejk afs o k

taft paysenfd gjrtfdety onfg stfodesac ek ta kfturfd wjrdc suosqukt

tj, kjt ft, f gjg kt jl nrftejk. Sajpaedus jl Fktejna (FC 660„610),

Erkfus (cec nf.FC ?=?), Fquekfs (6??0„6?93), G dfknatajk (6359„60<=),

fkc Nfdvek (60=5„60<3) fdd prjgjtc vfrefkts jl taes vew, gjstdy oy fppfd

tj I kses ?„>. Sjcfy, ta njklssejkfd stftg kts jl ta Nftajden Naurna

frg et, tajuia fnbkjwdcieki augfk cfta fs ‑f gystry RtaftW uttrdy

oiifrs ta egfiekftejk.―5 Sa gystry es dss jpfqu tj ta dfridy

]rjtstfkt nrftejkest gjvg kt. Nrftejkest Afg, ljr xfgpd, prskts

twj aestjres jl cfta fs ljddjws8 ‑jk taft gfbs Ijc fk jir rspjkseod

ljr geddejks jl yfrs jl cfta R… jr …W jk taft njrrntdy pdfns ta odfg`

5 Ifuceug t sps §61 (\ftenfk EE, 65<0). fdsjNftnaesg jl ta Nftajden Naurna §6==1

(655?).

6>



jk jur sek.―6= Jutsec gedetfkt nrftejkesg, njksrvftev oeodenfd snajdfrs,

tajuia ikrfddy rtenkt jk ta gfttr, ekvfrefody tfb ta trfcetejkfd

dek.66

Kfg s fssjneftc weta ta njktrfry vew–ndfegeki jreiekfd

augfk gjrtfdety–fr8 Sajcjr jl Gjpsustef (FC >0=„3?1), ]dfieus (nf.

FC >03„nf. 3?=/33=), fkc (tarljr erjkenfddy) Fuiustek (FC >03„3>=).

Nurrktdy, prjnss tajdjiy es ta gjst fntev frf jl tajdjienfd

snajdfrsaep taft egpdenetdy fnnpts paysenfd gjrtfdety fs fk jreiekfddy

ekarkt prjprty jl augfk oeki. ]rjnss tajdjiy ukcrstfkcs kfturfd

prjnsss, eknduceki vjdutejkfry jks, fs njktekufd sjurns jl pjtktefdety

fttkcc oy irftr jr dssr ‑njsts― ekvjdvc ek rfdezeki pjtktefdetes.

]aysenfd gjrtfdety es njknevfody jk suna njst. Sa prjnsss–fkc sj fdsj

ta njsts–fr ek fnnjrc weta cevek wedd onfus tay xest wetaek cevek

oeki.6?

O. nektestn ]rspntevs

Sa tajry jl vjdutejk es cesnussc gjr jltk weta rifrc tj oejdjienfd

del tafk cfta. Saes es tj o xpntc, sekn et wfs ljrgudftc fs fk

xpdfkftejk jl ta prskt cevrsety jl deveki ljrgs jk @frta fkc njktekus

tj srv fs ta gfhjrety xpdfkftejk ljr taer gjrpajdjienfd segedfretes fkc

cerkns. Ajw vr, ta kceki jl oejdjienfd devs es fs nktrfd tj ta

vjdutejkfry prjnss fs ta ikrftejk jl kw ljrgs jl del. ‑Jkn

gudtenddudfr nfrojk-ofsc del ljrgs oifk tj xest, tak f cykfgen kfturfd

6= Afg, ‑Cfta―, ?=.66

Ljr f survy jl suna snajdfrsaep, s Cun, ‑Njgg kt―, 6<6.6? Ljr f rnkt njktreoutejk tj prjnss-tajdjienfd tajuiat, s Njoo, H.O. (c.),Ofnb tj

Cfrwek, Irfkc _fpecs8 @rcgfks, ?==1.

63



jrcr ek waena del fkc cfta fr ektirfd pfrts onfg fk ekvetfod

njksqukn.―6> Saes es sj ljr twj rfsjks.

Lerst, ek Cfrwek―s jwk wjrcs, tar es f ‑struiid ljr

xestkn―63 otw k ekcevecufds jl ta sfg spnes cpkckt jk

rsjurns taft fr degetc rdftev tj ta rprjcuntev pjtktefd jl ta

spnes. Fifekst f ofnbirjukc jl vfreftejk jl pakjtyp wetaek ta spnes,

sjg ekcevecufds djs jut ek ta struiid2 tay ce. Jvr prejcs jl

kverjkg ktfd nafki, tajs ekcevecufds weta ekaretc vfreftejks

lfvjureki survevfd ek ta kw njkcetejks wedd o ‑kfturfddy sdntc―2 ta

prjnss dfvs ek ets wfb cfc, dss-w dd-fcfptc ekcevecufds fkc, wak

ta nafki es irft kjuia, fk xteknt spnes.

^njkc, ek fccetejk tj cfta oeki f lftur jl vjdutejk oy

‑survevfd jl RjkdyW ta stttst―, hust csnreoc, ta deveki wjrdc dfridy

sustfeks etsdl oy oeki ‑rc ek tjjta fkc ndfw―.60 Ek jtar wjrcs, gjst

spnes jl gudtenddudfr nfrojk-ofsc jrifkesgs (pdfkts xnptc) crev

taer kriy lrjg jtar, usufddy segpdr, nfrojk-ofsc jrifkesgs setuftc

frder ek ta ljjc nafek. Ojta aroevjresg fkc nfrkevjresg fr ‑strunturfd

knssetes―6< ljr ta deveki wjrdc fs et afs vjdvc fkc fs et xests tjcfy.

Et sajudc o ndfr lrjg ta prvejus pfrfirfpa taft, fnnjrceki

tj oejdjienfd snekn, wetajut cfta tar nfk o kj vjdutejk jl njgpdx

del fkc ekc c kj fkegfd del ft fdd. Et es kjt egg ceftdy ndfr, ajw vr,

waft ofreki taes afs jk augfk paysenfd cfta. ]jpd cj kjt ikrfddy

ce ek njgptetejk weta taer keiaojurs jvr snfrn rsjurns fkc augfks

fr snjkc tj kjk ek fdd taer ljjc nafeks. Out w stedd vktufddy ce.

6> Fdxfkcr, Gftrex, >0?2 jur etfdens.63 Sa tetd jl Nafptr EEE ek Cfrwek―sJreiek.60 Kjt taft ketar ―survevfd jl ta stttst― kjr ―kftur, rc ek tjjta fkc ndfw― fr parfss

njekc oy Cfrwek. Sa strst njg s lrjg A rort pknr (]reknepds jl Oejdjiy R61<3W) fkcta snjkc lrjg Fdlrc Skkysjk (Ek G gjrefg F.A.A R610=W).6< ]fnjnb,nekn, 6><.

60



Ek ta prskt stucy jur ektrst es ek augfk cfta oy irjweki

jdc8 ek fi-rdftc cfta, ta lfnt jl f stket delspfk. ‑Augfk paysenfd

gjrtfdety― ost dfods jur prskt njknrk, el w xnduc lrjg ta kjtejk jl

‑gjrtfdety― susnpteoedety tj cfta oy fnnecktfd ekhury.69 Cspet strst

egprssejks, snekn cjs, ek lfnt, spfb tj taes pakjg kjk fs wdd fs tj

ta jtar bekcs jl oejdjienfd cyeki g ktejkc fojv.

Lerst, tar es f irjweki ojcy jl veckn ekcenfteki taft

augfk oekis, deb fdd jtar spnes jl deveki taeki, fr prjcunts jl

vjdutejk ft dfst ek taer paysenfd ljrg. Sa veckn ekcenfts taft w fr

ta rsudt jl f djki prjnss jl kfturfd sdntejk ljr tajs jrifkesgs taft

w r jur fknstjrs fkc fifekst tajs waena fr kjt. (Sajuia tajs waena

fr kjt jur fknstjrs devc fkc dev jk ek njdjienfd kenas cerkt lrjg

jur jwk.) Sa rdvfkn jl taes tj ukcrstfkceki augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety

es taft et tarljr onjg s pjsseod tj njksecr ta augfk spnes safreki

weta ft dfst sjg jtar spnes ta sfg paysenfd ofses jl f degetc

delspfk. Yaft taes ofses es, es f snjkc rdvfkt frf jl snektestn

ekvsteiftejk. Et ekvjdvs rsfrna ektj ta prjxegfd nfus(s) jl fieki fkc

cyeki–ta ikten fkc paysejdjienfd g nafkesgs–ek f rfki jl spnes,

fs wdd fs njksecrftejk ft f gjr tajrtenfd dvd jl ta cestfd nfus(s), ek

pfrtenudfr watar fi-rdftc gjrtfdety es f njrjddfry jl ta vjdutejkfry

prjnss etsdl.

ekn ek ta prskt stucy w feg tj kifi srejusdy weta ta

snektestn prspntev taft augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety es fkc fdwfys afs o k

f oejdjienfd knssety, w wedd kxt rvew ta snektestn stkcekis fkc

taekbeki taft de oaekc taes prspntev.

69 Cfta oy fnnecktfd ekhury es kjt f njknrk ek taes stucy onfus, ievk taft ta wjrdc es

ijvrkc oy dfws jl paysens, et es fsy tj ukcrstfkc snektestnfddy way sjlt-ojcecnrfturs suna fs jursdvs nfk ce lrjg paysenfd ekhury. Et es dss fsy tj ukcrstfkc way,

el w nfk paysenfddy tarev ljr fky teg ft fdd, jur delspfk es kjt ekcstket.

6<



Sa jreieks jl Ajgj sfpeks

Sa vjdutejkfry snag ljr ta aestjry jl del es njgpdx, out nrucdy et

ruks fs ljddjws8 fltr ta fppfrfkn jl f sekid njggjk fknstjr jl fdd

suosqukt ljrgs jl del otw k 3 fkc < oeddejk yfrs fij, ukenddudfr

gjkrf onfg stfodesac, tak lukie fkc frdy pdfkts, ljddjw c oy

fkegfds. Lesa w r ta strst fkegfds, lrjg waena fgpaeoefks, tak rpteds

fkc, lrjg rpteds, gfggfds fkc oercs cvdjpc. Et es oyjkc ta snjp jl

taes stucy tj prskt ta veckn fkc friug kts ljr taes txtojjb snag .

Jl xndusev ektrst ek jur ekquery es veckn ljr fk fkegfd-tj-augfk

trfksetejk suna taft augfks fr, oejdjienfddy, fkegfds. Ek cesnrkeki suna f

trfksetejk, ta stfrteki pjekt es jur ndjs fkftjgenfd fkc ikten segedfrety

weta ta gjcrk naegpfkz .

Jk fk vjdutejkfry rnbjkeki, ta teg rquerc ljr ta

ikten cevrikn otw k naegps fkc augfks tj rfna ets nurrkt xtkt

es <„1 geddejk yfrs.61 Et nfk o eklrrc, tarljr, taft prskt-cfy naegps

fkc augfks safr f dfst njggjk fknstjr, kjw xteknt, taft devc taes djki

fij. Kj ljssed jl taes jrifkesg afs o k ljukc. Sar afv, ajw vr, o k

gudtepd cesnjvres jl ljssedezc jrifkesgs odjkieki tj ojta orfknas

fltr ta cevrikn. Sajs jk ta cvdjpg ktfd dek dfceki tj gjcrk

augfks–njddntevdy trg c ‑ajgekeks―–nfk o rnjikesc oy taer

pjssssejk jl fkftjgenfd lfturs cestekntev tj us ek njktrfst tj ta irft

fps jl tjcfy8 f cks, djfc-ofreki knb tj ta lgur fkc/jr f ljrwfrc

pjsetejk jl ta ljrfg k gfikug war ta spek g`ts ta sbudd (ojta

ekcenfteki oepcfdesg), fkc/jr sgfddr nfkek t ta fkc prgjdfrs weta

twj nusps.65

Ljsseds weta ta lfturs hust g ktejkc nfk o irjupc ektj

ikrf fkc spnes ofsc jk ta rfki jl vfreftejk s k wetaek spnes jl

61 Djnbwjjc,tjry, 9.65 Djnbwjjc,tjry, 6=„6?.

69



ektror ceki ekcevecufds tjcfy. Sa prnes cevesejks otw k tas

spnes fr cesputc, out tar fr fojut twkty.?= Sa fi jl fna ljssed es

ctrgekc oy rfcejesjtjpen cfteki jl etar jvrdyeki vjdnfken rjnb jr (ft

yjukir sets) jl ta ljssed etsdl.?6 _juiady spfbeki, ta tw kty spnes

ljrg f narjkjdjienfd sres, lrjg ta jdcst spneg k, jlfadfktarjpus

tnafckses, <„9 geddejk yfrs jdc, tj ljssedezc rgfeks jl jur jwk spnes,

Ajgj sfpeks, taft fr hust tks jl tajusfkcs jl yfrs jdc.?? Saes es kjt tj sfy

taft tar wfs f segpd sunnssejk jl spnes, jk fltr fkjtar2 ta cfteki

ekcenfts taft twj jr gjr spnes jl ajgekek (.i. Ajgj rntus fkc Ajgj

aecdorikses) nj-xestc, vk ek ta sfg riejk, fs cec twj ikrf

(]frfktarjpus fkc Ajgj). ‑Augfk vjdutejk wfs kjt f sekid pfta tjwfrcs

gjcrk augfks out ekstfc f gjr njgpdx fkc cevrs frrfy jl ljrgs.―?>

Sa lfnt taft ta jdcst ajgekek rgfeks afv fdd o k ljukc ek

fstrk, nktrfd fkc sjutark Flrenf ekcenfts taft njktekkt fs ta djnftejk

ljr vjdutejk jl ta fknstjr w safr weta ta irft fps. Cesnjvres jl

yjukir ljsseds ek Fsef fkc @urjp rvfd, ajw vr, svrfd wfvs jl

geirftejk jut jl Flrenf. Ajgj rntus prjofody strst sprfc ektj Fsef,?3 tak

A. aecdorikses ektj @urjp (onjgeki, ek ta lfn jl ndegften nafki, A.

kfkcrtafdkses?0). Sa stkcekis suiist f dftr, twjljdc geirftejk lrjg

Flrenf jl A. sfpeks, strst ektj ta Geccd @fst (jkdy tj o rpdfnc tar oy

K fkcrtafds) fkc tak gjr sunnssluddy ektj fdd njktekkts xnpt ta

Fg renfs, suppdfkteki jtar spnes jl ajgekek.?< Sar fr ekcenftejks

taft fna jl ta ljur spnes hust g ktejkc afc foedetes taft w njudc

suohntevdy nfdd ‑augfk―8 rspntevdy, ta foedetes tj njktrjd str, tj aukt

?= Djnbwjjc,tjry, 9.?6 Djnbwjjc,tjry, 60.?? Sa jdcst ljsseds jl A. sfpeks cft tj 60=,===„?==,=== yfrs jdc. (Djnbwjjc,tjry, 6==).?> Djnbwjjc,tjry, 0=.?3

Djnbwjjc,tjry, <5.?0 Djnbwjjc,tjry, 1?.?< Djnbwjjc,tjry, 6==„6=3.

61



weta f spfr, tj gfb segpd fcjrkg kts fkc, ft dfst ek A. sfpeks, tj

prjcun sygojden frt.?9

Et wjudc kjt o cenudt tj prskt ta gftrefd veckn jl

augfk jreieks ek guna irftr ctfed, out ta sbtna hust ievk srvs tj

njkvy ta snektestn prspntev taft jur jwk spnes es ek cvdjpg ktfd

njktekuety weta kjk-augfk oejdjienfd del. Saes prjvecs f rftejkfd ljr ta

snektestn sfrna ljr f njggjk paysenfd ofses tj ta gjrtfdety jl ojta

jursdvs fkc jur kjk-augfk deveki rdftevs.

Pkcrstfkceki gjrtfdety oy gjcddeki fieki

Et es kjt paysenfd gjrtfdety etsdl taft es ta cernt johnt jl snektestn

ekvsteiftejk out rftar ta paysenfd prjnss jl fieki, fdsj bkjwk fs

sksnkn. Sa rdftejk otw k fi fkc gjrtfdety ek augfks nfk o

stftc segpdy8 weta eknrfseki fi fk ekcevecufd es fdsj eknrfsekidy debdy

tj ce. Gjrtfdety eknrfss xpjkktefddy weta fi kjt segpdy cu tj ta

pfssfi jl teg out onfus jl fieki, ekvjdveki f djss jl paysejdjienfd

lukntejk fkc fk eknrfs ek susnpteoedety tj cikrftev cesfs.?1

@vk ek ta foskn jl cesfs oljr cfta, jrifk lfedur nfk

o ctntc fltr cfta2 ‑jdc fi― pr s es prjofody kvr ta egg ceft

nfus jl cfta. ‑Sa pakjtyp jl augfk fieki es jk ek waena prfntenfddy

fky systg, tessu jr jrifk nfk lfed. Saes ekcenfts fk ektreksen pakjg kjk

fnteki ta wajd jrifkesg fkc dfceki tj ta —w fbst dekb‗ lfedeki,

rsudteki ek cfta.―?5 Sa lurtast feg jl rsfrna ektj taes pakjg kjk es

tj frrst ta oejdjienfd prjnsss ekvjdvc, sj taft fvrfi augfk delspfk

gfy o xtkcc, vk ekcstketdy.

?9

Djnbwjjc,tjry, <5, 1?, 11, 6=?.?1 c Gfifdafs, ‑Yaft es Fieki:―.?5 c Gfifdafs, ‑Fieki:―.

65



Augfks safr ta fieki pakjtyp hust csnreoc weta fdd

jtar gfggfds.>= Ek pfrt onfus xpreg ktfd ekvsteiftejk jl fieki es ek

ets eklfkny, fkc ek pfrt onfus ta delspfks jl tajs gfggfds gjst

ndjsdy rdftc tj augfks fr egprfntenfddy djki, gfggfds nfkkjt,

ajw vr, srv fs gjcds ljr ta stucy jl fieki.>6 Ekstfc, ta gjcds gjst

njggjkdy usc fr8 (e) ukenddudfr jrifkesgs (.i. yfst)2 (ee) ta

rjukcwjrg2 fkc (eee) ta lruety. Pkljrtukftdy, fdd tas jrifkesgs afv

fieki pakjtyps cerkt lrjg gfggfds. Gen fkc nudturc augfk ndds

fr ek preknepd gjr rprsktftev out, ek prfnten, rsudts lrjg gen gfy

o frtlfnts stggeki lrjg ta us jl dfojrftjry strfeks, fkc augfk

stuces ek vetrj gfy pjjrdy segudft ek vevj prjnsss.>? Ndfrdy,

xpreg ktfd rsfrna ektj oejdjienfd fieki es suohnt tj aui

g tajcjdjienfd degetftejks fkc es nfrrec jut dfridy jk ta gjst ofsen

fssugptejk taft ‑ukcrstfkceki ajw del etsdl wjrbs gfy adp us

ukcrstfkc fieki.―>> K vrtadss, rsfrna jk taes fssugptejk afs ojrk

vrestfod rsudts ek jtar frfs jl oejnagestry (.i. g tfojden pftawfys),

sj et ajdcs prjges ek ta snekn jl fieki tjj.

Sa xpreg ktfd rsudts ifekc sj lfr ekcenft taft tar es f

ikten njgpjkkt tj fieki fkc tarljr tj gjrtfdety, tjj. _tfrcftejk jl

sksnkn fkc eknrfsc djkivety afv o k fnaevc oy ikten

gfkepudftejk ek fdd ta gjcd jrifkesgs g ktejkc fojv.>3 Out taes

g rdy njkstrgs waft wfs prvejusdy bkjwk2 f ikten njgpjkkt tj

fieki wfs fdrfcy veckt lrjg ta lfnts taft, ljr xfgpd, (e) tar fr rfr

njkiketfd cesfss weta ta sygptjg jl fnndrftc fieki, fkc

(ee) ecktenfd tweks ce jk fvrfi >< gjktas fpfrt ek njgpfresjk tj 6=<

>= c Gfifdafs, ‑jg Fkegfds Fi2 Jtars Gfy Kjt―.>6 c Gfifdafs, ―Augfk Fieki Gjcd ystgs―.>?

c Gfifdafs, ―ystgs―.>> c Gfifdafs, ‑ystgs―.>3 c Gfifdafs, ‑Sa Irfkcpfrkts jl Sjgjrrjw―.

?=



gjktas ljr jtar seodekis.>0 Sa by coft surrjukcs ta rdftev

njktreoutejks jl ikten fkc kjk-ikten (.i. kverjkg ktfd) lfntjrs ek

fieki. @kverjkg ktfd cfgfi ek ta sks jl ‑w fr fkc tfr― es jl dettd

seikestnfkn ek fieki onfus fdd jrifkesgs cespdfy f nfpfnety ljr rpfer.

tuces jk dfojrftjry gjcds suiist, ajw vr, taft ‑cfgfi― ek ta ljrg

jl ta ekukn jl paysejdjienfd lfntjrs (.i. g tfojden prjcunts) gfy

gjcudft fk ukcrdyeki ikten ‑ndjnb―. ]rsktdy, ukcrstfkceki ta

jvrdfp otw k ikten fkc kjk-ikten ekputs es aekcrc oy ta

cenudty jl cestekiuesaeki otw k nfuss fkc nts.

Sa qustejks snekn nfk, fkc nfkkjt yt, fkswr

Yaed dfojrftjry rsfrna ljnuss jk ta nddudfr g nafkesgs, et cjs dettd

tj fcvfkn jur bkjwdci jl ta ukcrdyeki rfsjks ljr fieki8 way et tfbs

pdfn ft fdd, fkc way djkivety afs fk uppr deget. Sa tajrtenfd oejdjiy

jl fieki afs gjr tj sfy fojut tas. Et es kjt pjsseod ar tj prskt gjr

tafk f lw tajres jl fieki ek orel, ieveki jkdy fk egprssejk jl taer

ikrfd nafrfntr.><

Sa ‑cespjsfod sjgf tajry― stfrts jut lrjg ta josrvftejk

taft fi-rdftc cfta jnnurs jkdy ek gudtenddudfr, sxufddy rprjcuneki

jrifkesgs, kjt ukenddudfr fsxufd jks. Jk taes fnnjukt, gjrtfdety es f

trfc-j ljr ta spnes-survevfd okstts jl sxufd rprjcuntejk. Yeta ta

fcvkt jl ta cestekntejk otw k sjgften fkc irg ndds, ta ljrg r

fnquerc josjdsnkn.

Sa pjekt jl cpfrtur ljr fkjtar tajry, pdejtrjpy, es ta

eknrfseki stftestenfd prjofoedety jl cfta oy fnnecktfd ekhury weta

eknrfseki fi, vk cesnjukteki paysejdjienfd fieki. Sa fi cestreoutejk

jl ta pjpudftejk es taus sbw c tjwfrcs yjukir ekcevecufds. Jk fk

>0 Ndfrb, x, 1?.>< c Gfifdafs, ―Sa @vjdutejkfry Sajry jl Fieki― ljr f ludd rvew.

?6



vjdutejkfry rnbjkeki, kfturfd sdntejk lfvjurs iks okstnefd ft frder

fis out wedd kjt ceslfvjur jtar, cdtrejus iks xprssc ft f dftr fi.

Saes tajry afs sjg xpreg ktfd suppjrt lrjg ta eknrfsc djkivety jl

lruet es fnaevc oy frtestnefd sdntejk jl jdcr, jvr yjukir, ekcevecufds.

Sa csnreptejks hust ievk njknfd sjg ljrgecfod cenudtes

ek fna jl tas tajres. Fs ek fdd snektestn ekquery, prjirss tjwfrcs

cesnjvry wedd o gfc oy fddjweki ta tajrtenfd fkc ta xpreg ktfd tj

ekljrg fna jtar. Jk ta qustejk jl fi-rdftc paysenfd gjrtfdety,

snektests afv kjt rfnac ta pjekt jl cesnjvry2 sj lfr, ta snekn es

g rdy csnreptev (fkc pjjrdy sj), prjveceki fk eksunekt ofses ljr ta

prcentev fssrtejk taft wetajut fi-rdftc gjrtfdety tar nfk o kj

aeiar, sxufddy rprjcuneki ljrgs jl del.>9 Oejdjiests fr jk surr irjukc

weta ta gjr gjcst ndfeg taft jur jwk spnes, tarjuia ets cvdjpg kt

lrjg ajgekek prcnssjrs fkc, oljr tag, fknekt fps, afs kvr o k

jtar tafk paysenfddy gjrtfd. Lurtar, augfks safr ta oejdjienfd ofses (fs

yt josnur) ljr taes weta ft dfst sjg jl ta pdfkt―s kjk-augfk

ekafoetfkts.

>9 j Ndfrb, x, 9<.

??



>.SA@ _@DFSEJK O@SY@@K OEODENFD FKC NE@KSELEN

SFS@G@KS FOJPS LFNS JL KFSP_@

Sa qustejk jl watar jr kjt augfk oekis afv fdwfys o k ekarktdy

paysenfddy gjrtfd es f qustejk jl kfturfd aestjry. @vk el tar es f

tajdjienfd fspnt tj ta qustejk, ljr xfgpd njknrkeki Ijc―s nrftev

ektktejk jr jreiekfd augfk pjtktefdety, paysenfd gjrtfdety (jr

eggjrtfdety) es (jr prafps wfs) f prjprty jl jur xestkn fs pfrt jl ta

gftrefd wjrdc, ‑kftur―. ekn ft dfst ta kekt kta nktury, gperenfd

snekn afs o k ta preknepfd wfy jl stucyeki kftur fkc jl uknjvreki

ta dkita fkc njurs jl ets aestjry. Fojv, w survyc ta rsudts jl

snektestn stucy jl paysenfd gjrtfdety.>1 Yaed gjst cunftc Y strkrs

tjcfy wjudc ajdc taft bkjwdci jl kftur nfk o ifekc oy kj jtar

g fks tafk snekn, sjg –eknduceki sjg prfnteseki snektests–gfektfek

taft tar es fkjtar sjurn jl bkjwdci jl kfturfd aestjrenfd lfnt, fpfrt

lrjg kftur etsdl8 ta Oeod. Fs jutdekc frder,>5 odels fojut ta jreiek jl

augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety tarjuia gjst jl Narestefk aestjry fkc ek guna

jl ta prskt-cfy Naurna afv o k ljrg c oy sjd rnjurs tj nreptur.

ekn ta Oeod es, jk ta orjfcst njksksus, f ojjb fojut

Ijc, fkc sekn ta Ijc et cpents es nrftjr jl fdd taft afs vr o k (.i.

I kses 686) fkc rvfdr jl gfttrs jtarwes ukbkjwk (.i. Cfked ?8??),

et es kjt wajddy ukrfsjkfod tj rifrc ta Oeod fs f pdfn tj turk ljr

bkjwdci jl kftur. Ajw vr, twj fssugptejks oaekc taes vew wfrrfkt

xfgekftejk8 strst, taft stftg kts ek ta Oeod fojut kftur fr fs lfntufddy

njrrnt fs tajs fojut fky jtar fspnt jl rfdety2 snjkc (weta rspnt tj

>1 Nafptr ?.>5 Nafpt`r ?, ^`ntejk F.

?>



jur tjpen jl ektrst), taft ta Oeod njktfeks prjkjukng kts fojut ta

jreiek jl augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety taft fr ndfr ek taer g fkeki.

Sa snjkc fssugptejk wedd jnnupy us gjst, onfus ta

ektrprtev tfsb cgfkcs g tenudjus nfr.3= Out ta strst fssugptejk k cs

fccrsseki gjr uriktdy, onfus et njknrks fk essu taft gust o sttdc

oljr jk turks tj ta txt8 ta snektestn (ek)rrfkny jl nreptur. Yatar

jk stfrts lrjg ta pjsetejk taft ta oeodenfd txt nfk jkdy o njrrnt jk f

qustejk jl kfturfd lfnt jr, fdtrkftevdy, lrjg f pjsetejk taft et gfy rr, wedd

ekukn watar w njksudt ta Oeod ft fdd, fkc el w cj, ajw w afkcd

et. Saes, tarljr, es jur ljnus ljr ta gjg kt.

Detrfdesg jr njknjrcesg

Sa vew taft ta Oeod es f sjurnojjb ljr bkjwdci jl kftur fs w dd fs

jl Ijc es f pfrtenudfr xtksejk jl ta odel taft et es f ojjb kjt hustfojut

Ijc oy fdsj ek sjg sksoy Ijc. Yaed kjt vryjk waj ajdcs tj cevek

futajrsaep jl nreptur wjudc xtkc et sj lfr, ta stfrteki pjekt ljr tajs

waj cj es fk frgftejk jl ta nafrfntr jl ta cevek futajr. Saus ta

Naenfij tftgkt jk Oeodenfd Ekrrfkny (6591) jpks oy cndfreki taft Ijc ‑es

Aegsdl Sruta fkc spfbs truta jkdy,― tak stfts ‑taft ta wrettk Yjrc ek

ets kterty es rvdftejk ievk oy Ijc,― fkc vktufddy frrevs ft f ckefd

‑taft Oeodenfd eklfddeoedety fkc ekrrfkny fr R…W xndusev jl ta stdcs jl

aestjry fkc snekn.―36 Et es oyjkc ta snjp jl jur prskt cesnussejk tj

xpdjr taes cjntrek jl nreptur jr tj xpjukc jur jwk, fdtajuia kjtejks

suna fs ‑rvdftejk ek kterty― fkc ‑ievk oy Ijc― ndfrdy oi ndjs snruteky.

Gjr prtekkt ar es ta lfnt taft tajs waj frg ta Oeod―s

ekrrfkny ek ‑ta stdc jl snekn― gust rnbjk weta ta stkcekis jl snekn

etsdl ek ets jwk stdc jl kquery, ta kfturfd wjrdc. Sas stkcekis cj kjt

3= Nafptrs 3„<.36 Naenfij tftgkt jk Oeodenfd Ekrrfkny, Frtends EEE fkc QEE.

?3



egg ceft fppfrfkns) fkc kjk-pjstudftejkfd (kjt ljrgudfteki tajry jr

dfw).33

Ek fccetejk tj safreki taes ‑dekiuesten njklusejk―,30 detrfdests fkc

njknjrcests rr ek spfrft wfys, pregfredy ek taer njktrfsteki stfkns

tjwfrcs njkvktejkfd snekn. Detrfdests xrnes xtrg suspenejk jl

snekn eksjlfr fs et prjkjukns jk gfttrs jk waena Ijc afs fdrfcy

suppjscdy spjbk ek nreptur. Saus rfcejg tren cfteki es fwc fkc

vjdutejkfry rfsjkeki njrrupt, kjt jk tnakenfd jr tajrtenfd irjukcs, out

ek ta lfn jl ta oeodenfd stftg kt taft ‑ta afvks fkc ta frta w r

njgpdtc ek fdd taer vfst frrfy― ek sex detrfd cfys (I kses ?862KE\). Saes es

tj fostfek lrjg srejus kifig kt weta ta g tajcs, veckn fkc

eklrkns jl snekn, fk ktrpres waena, tajuia kjt kterdy lr jl

suohntev ektrlrkn, strevs tj gekegez taft ektrlrkn oy oeki sdl-

nretenfd fkc tarljr sdl-njrrnteki.

Sa sdl-njrrnteki nafrfntr jl gperenfd snekn es f strkita

out fdsj f wfbkss2 snekn yedcs bkjwdci jl kftur waena es ta surst

fvfedfod out waena es kvr gjr tafk prjvesejkfd, fdwfys jpk tj oeki

rvesc, upcftc, jr vk jvrturkc. Lfedur tj rnjikes taes es ta

njknjrcest―s geshucig kt. Oy streveki tj oreki ta oeodenfd txt ektj

fir g kt weta ta dftst snektestn fpprjxegftejks, s/a ievs gjr

nrckn tj tajs fpprjxegftejks tafk tay g ret. ‑Sj pdfn ta oeodenfd

txts R…W ek taes bekc jl RsnektestnW frkf es tj R…W pdfn tag ft ta onb

fkc nfdd jl ta dftst gperenfd veckn fkc ektrprtftejk.―3< Sa ndfssen

xfgpd jl taes lfddfnejus fpprjfna–ta jvrturkeki oy Ifdedj―s

fstrjkjgenfd josrvftejks jl f detrfd ektrprtftejk jl nrtfek ]sfdgs, wc

fs et wfs tj ta rnevc ijnktren wescjg jl ]tjdgy–afs wjrk terc

33

_fgg,\ew, 39.30 Ayrs, G fkeki, 6<.3< Ayrs, G fkeki, 11.

?<



njgpdg ktfry weta njrrnt snektestn njkndusejks. Out ft ta dvd jl f

cuoejus njgpfresjk otw k ta Oeod fkc snekn, ta purpjss jl ta

oeodenfd futajrs, taer uss jl dfkiufi, fkc ta njsgjdjies jl taer

nudturs fdd prnduc f njgpdg ktfrety taft es gjr tafk fnnecktfd

otw k taer detrfry prjcuntejks fkc gjcrk snektestn fssrtejks. @vk

Lrfknes Ofnjk, ta frdy pejk r jl @kdeiatkg kt snekn, wak a pdfnc

snekn fkc nreptur ek f rdftejk jl quevfdkn oy csnreoeki tag

rspntevdy fs ‑ta ojjb jl Ijc―s wjrbs― fkc ‑ta ojjb jl Ijc―s wjrcs―,

wfrkc taft jk gust kjt ‑ukwesdy gekid jr njkljukc tas dfrkekis

tjitar― dst tar fres ‑kjt jkdy f lfktfsten paedjsjpay out fdsj fk

artenfd rdeiejk.―31

Ektrprteki nreptur errspntev jl snekn

Ljr ta rfsjks hust dfec jut, jur ektrprtev g tajc ek ta prskt stucy

wedd o jk taft fssug s ta spfrftkss jl snekn fkc nreptur, kjt taer

njgpdg ktfrety. Saes g fks taft, ek ektrprteki oeodenfd gftrefd rdvfkt

tj ta qustejk jl ta jreiek jl augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety, w wedd tfb kj

fnnjukt jl gjcrk snektestn fkswrs fkc w fr luddy jpk tj ta

pjsseoedety jl cessjkfkn jk taes essu otw k oeodenfd stftg kts fkc

snektestn njksksus.

Fs es ndfr lrjg jur cesnussejk sj lfr, kjt fdd ektrprtrs

fpprjfna nreptur ek taes wfy. Dunfs, ljr xfgpd, rnjikezeki taft ta

snekns jl dfkiufi fkc aestjry fr ‑ekcespksfod tjjds― ljr ektrprtftejk,

ijs jk tj fkkjukn taft a ‑nfkkjt s taft tar es fky cerkn ek

preknepd― weta rifrc tj ‑useki ta stkcekis jl ta kfturfd snekns―.35 Out

tar es f dfri cerkn ek preknepd8 paedjdjienfd stucy jl nreptur

(gpdjyeki dekiuestens fkc aestjry) ljnuss jk ta gceug jl xprssejk,

31 Vujtc ek Ayrs, G fkeki, >?l.35 Dunfs, ‑Essus―, 3<.

?1



prafps taroy xpjseki ta g ssfi, warfs kfturfd snekn nfk sfy

kjtaeki fojut ta g ceug, jkdy ta gssfi–fkc taft oy fk fkfnarjkesten

njgpfresjk waena essus ek fk ukadplud oekfry hucig kt jl ‑tru― jr

‑lfds―.

Yar kfturfd snekn nfk pdfy f gekegfd rjd ek ektrprtftejk

es ek ets fdrteki us tj ta pjsseoedety taft nrtfek oeodenfd xprssejks fr

stiurftev jr pakjg kfdest. ‑Et es jkdy fnnptfkn jl ta snektestn veckn

ljr f adejnktren vew jl ta sjdfr systg taft dfcs us tj sfy taft taes

R]sfdgs 658<, 5>86W es ta dfkiufi jl fppfrfkn―0=–fkc taft fddjws us tj

ceskifi snekn fkc nreptur jk taes pjekt. Out vk ar et es kjt snekn

taft cerntdy prljrgs taes rjd, out rftar njggjk sks, sjg teg s

ekljrg c oy snektestn cesnjvry.

Fnnpteki ekstfkns jl rfd njktrfcentejk otw k ta Oeod fkc snekn

Oeki jpk tj ta pjsseoedety jl cessjkfkn otw k ta Oeod fkc snekn

jk ta essu jl augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety (fgjki jtar gfttrs jl kfturfd

lfnt) prskts us weta ta qustejk jl waft w sajudc cj weta cessjkfkn el

w cesnjvr et. Y afv fdrfcy cesnjuktc ta detrfdest fkc njknjrcest

rspjkss, fdtajuia jk fky pjekt jl tksejk otw k ta Oeod fkc snekn

w cj wdd tj xrnes sjg jl ta detrfdest―s snptenesg jl snekn (ekc c,

snptenesg es stfpd tj snektestn kquery) fkc tj njksecr, kjt ukdeb ta

njknjrcest, watar f dietegft afrgjkezftejk geiat o pjsseod. El ta

cessjkfkn prsests, twj jtar rspjkss fr pjsseod.

Sa strst es tj gjv oyjkc jur g tajcjdjienfd fssugptejk jl

ta spfrftkss jl snekn fkc nreptur, tj fssrt fkjktjdjienfd spfrftejk

otw k ta twj. Saes fpprjfna s s ta Oeod fkc snekn fs fna

njknrkc weta cesteknt rfdgs jl oeki fkc cerkt dvds jl csnreptejk.

0= Dunfs, ‑Essus―, 31.

?5



Et ajdcs ta oeodenfd futajrs tj afv o k prjnnupec weta ‑pregfry

nfuss― (udtegft jreieks fkc purpjss) fkc snekn tj o tfbk up weta

‑snjkcfry nfuss― (ektrfntejks wetaek kftur)2 et suppjss ta jk tj

fkswr qustejks jl ‑Yay:― fkc ta jtar jl ‑Ajw:―.06 Ayrs nafgpejks

suna spfrftesg weta rlrkn tj ta frdy nafptrs jl I kses, ndfegeki

taft tay,

fr kjt ek njkent weta snektestn fkc aestjrenfd bkjwdci R…W

prnesdy onfus tay afv dettd tj cj weta et. Say odjki tj f

cerkt detrfry ikr, typ jl bkjwdci, fkc bekc jl njknrk.0?

Fdtajuia Ayrs njiktdy prskts ta nfs taft njgpfreki ta Oeod fkc

snekn es deb njgpfreki kjt fppds fkc jrfkis out ‑jrfkis fkc

jrfkiutfks―,0> fkc fdtajuia a jrs f pdfuseod fdtrkftev ljr ta ikr

fkc njknrks jl I kses 6„>, w kjt taft a nfk jkdy ij fs lfr fs tj sfy

taft I kses fkc snekn afvdettd tj cj weta fna jtar, kjt kjtaeki ft fdd.

Ljr nreptur fkc snekn nfkkjt o ceskific njgpdtdy. @vk tajuiata oeodenfd futajrs ifv kj xpdfkftejks, ekc c kj csnreptejks, jl

kfturfd pakjg kf weta snektestn prnesejk, w nfkkjt rud jutf prejre ta

pjsseoedety taft tay sjuiat, jk jnnfsejk, tj xpdfek ta wjrdc frjukc tag2

taft tay cec vktur tj fksw r ‑Ajw:― fs w dd fs ‑Yay:―.03 @vk Ayrs

njkncs taes, fkc taus fcgets ta debdeajjc jl suostfktev njktrfcentejk

otw k ta Oeod fkc snekn8

Eksjlfr fs fk xpdfkftjry dg kt es prskt ek ta stjres, suna fs fk

fnnjukt jl ta jreiek jl dfkiufis ek f cevek hucig kt jk ouedceki

ta tjw r jl Ofod, et gfy o sfec tj o suppdfktc oy dftr R.i.

snektestnW ukcrstfkcekis.00

06 GnIrfta, Sajdjiy, ?90.0? Ayrs, G fkeki, ?1.0>

Ayrs, G fkeki, >6.03 Cun, ‑Njgpdg ktfrety―, 635l.00 Ayrs, G fkeki, 6=0.

>=



Yeta rifrc tj jur tjpen jl ektrst, f cesnrkeod ftejdjiy jl augfk

paysenfd gjrtfdety ek fky jl ta rdvfkt oeodenfd detrftur wjudc

pjtktefddy st et ft jccs weta ta snektestn fnnjukt.

Saus ta snjkc pjsseod rspjks tj prsestkt cessjkfkn–

fkc ta jk waena w lfvjur sajudc ta k c fres–es tj fttreout et tj rfd

rrjr jk ta pfrt jl ta oeodenfd futajr, tajuia rg goreki taft w gfy

fdsj rr ek jur ektrprtftejks jl ta txt jr ta gftrefd veckn, jr ojta,

fkc rg goreki taft, fkywfy, et gfy kjt afv o k ta futajr―s ektktejk

tj prjkjukn jk f gfttr jl kfturfd lfnt.

Njkndusejk

Y rhnt ekrrfktest afkcdekis jl ta Oeod―s cpentejks jl ta kfturfd

wjrdc, jk ta irjukcs jl f lfds fssugptejk fojut us jl dfkiufi fkc

eknjrrnt fttetucs tjwfrcs snekn. @xises jl ta oeodenfd detrftur sajudc

o njkcuntc weta njikezfkn jl ta fknekt njktxts ek waena et wfs

prjcunc fkc wetajut rlrkn tj ta fdek njktxt fkc njkndusejks jl

gjcrk snekn. Ajw vr, tj ta xtkt taft jur jwk qustejks fojut

kftur, suna fs fojut ta jreiek jl augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety, fr qustejks

taft ta oeodenfd futajrs fdsj prsug c tj fksw r, ta Oeod gfy ojta

njktrfcent snekn fkc o ek rrjr.

Yak ta xitenfd tfsb es fnnjgpdesac, nfrluddy fkc weta

nfkcjur, ta dfrir tajdjienfd xrnes nfk oiek. Orey, taes ekvjdvs

stteki ta oeodenfd g fkekis fdjkisec fna jtar tj fssss ta cir jl

oeodenfd cevrsety jk ta essu ek afkc, stteki tag fdjkisec ta snektestn

prspntev tj cesnrk ta dvd jl ikuek njknjrcfkn, fkc stteki tag

ek rdftejk weta rdvfkt frfs jl tajdjienfd ukcrstfkceki. Sa ijfd, kjt

fsedy fnaevc fdjk fkc vk dss fsedy fnaevc weta njksksus, es tj

>6



frtenudft f sekiudfr rfdety jk ta fspnt ek qustejk waena rnts f

njgpdg ktfrety otw k snekn fkc tajdjiy out kjt knssfredy

nreptur. _ifrceki ta fspnt jl rfdety taft es augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety,

w nfkkjt xpnt tj rfna taes cestfkt ijfd wetaek ta njkstks jl ta

prskt stucy. _ftar, jur gjr gjcrft feg es tj tfb f lrsa djjb ft ta

rdvfkt oeodenfd gftrefd, tj cevst et el k c o jl g fkekis waena afv

o k orjuiat tj et fkc waena et nfkkjt ofr, fkc tj pdfn ta xitenfd

jutnjg wetaek ta afreki jl taft jtar vjen jk ta gfttr, snekn.

>?



3.OEODENFD ]@_]@NSE\@ JK C@FSA8 FK J\@_\E@Y

Srfcetejkfd Narestefk fssrtejks rifrceki ta jreiek jl augfk paysenfd

gjrtfdety rst jk ektrprtftejks jl f afkclud jl oeodenfd txts.0< Y wedd

xfgek sjg jl tajs txts ek ctfed ek ljrtanjgeki nafptrs. Ajw vr,

tay fr ost s k fifekst ta orjfc ofnbirjukc jl oeodenfd prnptejks jl

cfta ek ikrfd. Fky oeodenfd stftg kts njknrkeki ta jreiek jl cfta

sajudc o ektrprtc ek ta deiat jl waft cfta wfs ukcrstjjc tj o.

urvyeki taes ofnbirjukc es kj segpd tfsb, ljr twj rfsjks.

Lerst, ta suohnt jl cfta des ft ta prepary jl Esrfdet fkc

KS lfeta. ekn ta oeodenfd ljnus es jk xprekn jl Ijc fkc xrnes jl

lfeta curekitaes del, rlrkn tj cfta ek ta Oeod tfbs ta ljrg jl dss

prnpteod nudturfd fttetuc rftar tafk xpdenet tajdjienfd njggetg kt.

^njkc, onfus ta oeodenfd gftrefd wfs njgpjsc jvr f wec

narjkjdjienfd fkc nudturfd spfk, tar es cevrsety ek ets cpentejks jl cfta.

Ljr fk essu fs njgpdx fs cfta fkc jvr f prejc fs djki fs taft

rprsktc oy ta oeodenfd detrftur, w sajudc kjt o surpresc tj stkc

taft ‑njktrfcentejk, kjt irfcufd cvdjpg kt jl odels es ta gfek lfnt.―09

F. C fta ek ta Jdc Sstfg kt

Sa vroguwta (‑tj ce―) fppfrs jvr <== teg s fkc ta kjukgfvta

(‑cfta―) 601 teg s ek ta JS.01 Gjst jl tas fr pdfek kjtftejks jl ta ljrg

‑K cec― jr ‑ta cfta jl K― (.i. 6 Narjkends 6833„062 ? Bekis 63869).

0<

Nafptr ?, ntejk F.09 Gfrtek-Fnafrc,Cfta, 6<.01 Ofedy, ‑Cfta―, ?>.

>>



Fdtajuia et wjudc s g taft tas cftas w r rnjrcc gjr ljr taer

lfgedefd fkc njggukety seikestnfkn tafk jut jl fostrfnt tajdjienfd

rntejk, ajw tas cftas w r prnevc es jl sjg ektrst ek jur

njknrk weta JS odels fojut paysenfd cfta. Ek fccetejk tj ta detrfd

sks, tar es f rena g tfpajrenfd usfi jl ‑ce―/―cfta― ek ta JS8 ljr

xfgpd, (e) ljr nernugstfkns taft fr sjg ajw ek jppjsetejk tj del, suna

fs pjvrty (.i. 6 fgud ?8<„1)2 (ee) ljr f stft jl cesjocekn fifekst Ijc

(.i. Cutrjkjgy >=866„?=)2 fkc jnnfsejkfddy fs f prsjkestc pjw r (.i.

Hjo 6186>l).

I krfddy ta fttetuc egpdenet ek ta JS es jk jl sjor

fnnptfkn jl ta ekvetfoedety jl paysenfd cfta. Fdtajuia tar es gedc

njgpdfekt fojut del―s orvety (]sfdgs >580, 15839), tar es kj prjtst ek ta

JS fifekst ta lfnt jl paysenfd gjrtfdety. Pkdeb sureki, gjrtfdety s gs

kjt tj afv rfesc ta qustejk jl tajceny.05 Hjsauf fkc Cfvec

cespfssejkftdy fktenepft taer oeki ‑fojut tj ij ta wfy jl fdd ta frta―

(Hjsauf ?>8632 6 Bekis ?8?) fkc ta futajr jl @nndsefsts wrets ek gfttr-

jl-lfnt trgs jl ‑f teg tj o ojrk, fkc f teg tj ce― (@nndsefsts >8?).<= Ljr

Hjo, ‑f gjrtfd R…W, lw jl cfys fkc ludd jl trjuod― (Hjo 6386), cfta es f

w dnjg prjspnt, orekieki rdel (Hjo >866„?? nl. Hrgefa ?=863„61).

Cspet f trfcetejk jl twj ekcevecufds afveki kjt cec (I kses 08?32

? Bekis ?866), cfta wfs prnevc ek fknekt Esrfd fs ta ukfvjecfod

jnnfsejk wak ta ojcy rturkc tj ta frtay sjurn lrjg waena et

crevs (]sfdg 6=>8632 @nndsefsts >8?=) fkc wak ets del-ljrn (kpasa,

ruwfna) nfss tj fkegft et (I kses >08612 ]sfdg 63<83), rturkeki tj Ijc

(Hjo >3863l2 @nndsefsts 6?89). Sarfltr ta cfc ekcevecufd wfs odevc

05 Ofedy,]rspntevs, 0?.<=

Vjadt―s prjtst ‑taes es fk ved― (58>) es kjt fifekst gjrtfdety etsdl out fifekst taprnevc ekhusten taft ‑ta sfg lft njg s tj vryjk― rifrcdss jl ta gjrfd nafrfntr

jl taer devs.

>3



tj njkteku f vry gekegfd xestkn fs frpafeg (‑safc―) ukcr ta frta

(]sfdg 1180,6=2 Esfefa ?<863).

Ek ta Esrfdet njknptejk, ekafoetfkts jl ta ktarwjrdc w r

tajuiat tj o spfrftc lrjg Ufaw a8 ‑Ek ta wjrdc jl ta cfc, Ufaw a―s

wjrb, Ufaw a―s prjndfgftejk fkc Ufaw a―s prfes kj djkir afv fky

pdfn―<6 (.i. ]sfdg 6608692 Esfefa >1866,61). Ek etsdl, taes ‑tajdjienfd

vfnuug―<? wfs kjt prnevc fs f prjodg. Jk pjsseod rfsjk ljr taes,

fkc ljr ta ikrfd fnnptfkn jl gjrtfdety, wfs ta vfdu ta Esrfdets

pdfnc jk njggukety2 ‑sekn Ijc―s rdftejksaep es kjt pregfredy weta

ekcevecufds out weta ta pjpd, cfta cjs kjt rprskt f tarft tj

lfeta.―<> K vrtadss, ta vfnuug taft wfs ta rfdg jl ta cfcwfs stddc

oy ta xtksejk jl fkjtar pjsseod ‑njpeki g nafkesg―,<3 f rjoust sks jl

Ufaw a―s sjvreikty. Sa JS njktfeks frgftejks jl Ufaw a―s

sjvreikty jvr cfta fkc ta rfdg jl ta cfc fs guna fs jvr del fkc

ta deveki (.i. Hjo 658?0l2 ]sfdg 6>581). Saes ‑nrtfekty jl Ijc―<0 jvr cfta

onfg` lurtar prjkjuknc ek frdy fpjnfdypten taekbeki (s` odjw).

C spet ta ikrfd fnnptfkn jl cfta–usufddy wak ta

cnfsc wfs ‑ludd jl yfrs― (I kses ?081 RForfafgW, >08?5 REsffnW2

6 Narjkends ?58?1 RCfvecW2 Hjo 3?869 RHjoW)–sjg wfys jl cyeki w r

cneccdy ukfnnptfod8 prgfturdy (.i. Esfefa >186,6=,6?), vejdktdy (.i.

@zbed ?181), jr wetajut (gfd) jspreki (.i. ? fgud 6389). ]rgftur

cfta wfs jltk s k fs f pukesag kt ljr sek (.i. @xjcus >?8?9l,>02

Kugors 6<8?<), kjt dfst ek tajs nfss war fk ekcevecufd njggettc

fk jkn tj waena ta cfta pkfdty wfs fttfnac ek ta Gjsfen

diesdftejk (.i. Dvetenus ?=86„?9). Saes pkfd njknptejk wfs, ajw vr,

<6 Yjd, Fktarjpjdjiy, 6=<.<? Yjd, Fktarjpjdjiy, 66=.<>

nagetafds, ‑Cfta―, 3>>.<3 Ofedy,]rspntevs, 09.<0 Yjd, Fktarjpjdjiy, 66=.

>0



njkstkc tj ta egg cefny jl cfta ljddjweki jk ta spnestn jkns jl

pfrtenudfr ekcevecufds jr irjups2<< xnpt ljr f sekid jodequ rlrkn

(]sfdg 5=89), kj njkkntejk wfs gfc otw k ikrfd sekludkss fkc

augfk gjrtfdety ukted ta ektrtstfg ktfd prejc (s odjw).

Ek ta dftr JS detrftur, twj eknjkirujus prspntevs xest

sec oy sec. Jk ta jk afkc, augfk paysenfd cfta wedd rgfek f lftur

jl fk kvesejkc lutur Cfvecen rfdg (Esfefa <08?=)2 tar es njktekuc

fnquesnkn ek gjrtfd xestkn. Jk ta jtar afkc, tar fr seiks jl fk

eknrfseki nrtfekty taft Ijc wedd ‑jvrnjg ― cfta. vrfd lfntjrs gfy

afv o k oaekc taes trkc8 strst (fs g ktejkc fojv), ‑fk fosjdut

njkstckn ek Esrfd―s Ijc fs fdd-pjw rlud― jvr vk cfta2<9 snjkc, fk

eknrfsc ekcevecufdezftejk jl Esrfdet lfeta ft ta xpks jl f njrpjrft

tajdjienfd ecktety, rkcreki cfta prjodgften2<1 taerc, f djkieki ljr

kftejkfd rstjrftejk jk fk fpjnfdypten snfd ek ta lfn jl aestjrenfd rfdetes

fltr ta xed.<5 Sar vrss fr jl preknepfd rdvfkn8 Esfefa ?089

(‑RUfawaW wedd swfddjw up cfta ljrvr―)2 Esfefa ?<865 (‑Ujur cfc safdd

dev―)2 fkc Cfked 6?8? (‑Gfky jl tajs waj sd p ek ta cust jl ta frta

safdd fwfb―). Sa xtkt tj waena taes dfkiufi es detrfd jr g tfpajrenfd,

fkc jl prsjkfd jr kftejkfd fppdenftejk, es cesputc,9= out tar es f

njksksus taft jk jr jtar jl tas vrss njktfeks fk egpdenet xpntftejk

jl ta ukcjeki jl augfk paysenfd cfta, spnestnfddy tarjuia prsjkfd

rsurrntejk.

<< Hjakstjk,afcs, 3>.<9 Hjakstjk,afcs, ?65.<1 edorgfk, ‑Cfta―, ?<.<5

Ofedy,]rspntevs, <9.9= cesnussejks ek8 Hjakstjk,afcs, ??<2 Ofedy,]rspntevs, 9>l2 c Ojr,C lft, 33„0=2

Yreiat,_surrntejk, 6=1„669.

><



O. Cfta ek ta Ektrtstfg ktfd Detrftur

Fk xpntftejk jl ojcedy rsurrntejk, eknepekt ek ta dftst JS gftrefd,

onfg` aeiatkc ek ta ektrtstfg ktfd prejc, tfbeki ‑vevec ajdc ek

Hwesa odel fkc wreteki―96 ek ta tar nktures oljr Narest. ]frt nftfdyst

ljr taes wfs ta xprekn jl prsnutejk ukcr Fktejnaus @pepafks (nf.

?60„6<3ON) waena spfwkc f ajp jl vekcenftejk ljr ta gfrtyrs (s ?

Gfnnfo s 985,66,63,?>,?5, 6?833l, 6383<).9? Sa jpprssejk fdsj ifv res tj

fk fpjnfdypten snaftjdjiy waena kvesejkc fk eggekkt turk jl ta fis,

tj o fnnjgpfkec oy f cjeki fwfy weta cfta (.i. 6 @kjna 0686l).

Et es guna gjr cenudt tj tfs fpfrt ta g fkekis jl ‑cfta―

ek ektrtstfg ktfd Hwesa fpjnfdypten snaftjdjiy tafk ek ta JS, xnpt tj

cesnrk taft, ek fccetejk tj ta detrfd fkc g tfpajrenfd skss ek ta JS,

fkjtar fppfrs8 snaftjdjienfd cfta fs xndusejk lrjg ta kw fi.9>

_ifrceki ta jreiek jl ta njgpjset ‑cfta― waena nafrfntress ta

prskt fi, c Ojr ecktests twj ‑trfnbs― jl Hwesa fpjnfdypten

snaftjdjiy8 ‑njsgjdjienfd― fkc ‑ljrksen―.93 Sa strst jl tas egpdenfts fk

fkiden lfdd fs ta sjurn jl prskt augfk sekludkss fkc cfta (spnefddy

jl ta reiatjus oy odjjcsac) (.i. 6 @kjna <583„66). Sa snjkc ‑trfnb―

fnnjrcs tas veds tj f nudpfodaugfk rhntejk jl Ijc eketeftc oy Fcfg

fkc/jr @v out prptuftc ek ta ‑ved afrt― jl vry prsjk (3 @zrf

>89,?690). Kjtwetastfkceki ta lfnt taft ta trg ‑cfta― ek ojta trfnbs

njkkjts f pakjg kjk taft nfkkjt o rcunc tj paysenfd gjrtfdety, et es

gjr debdy tafk kjt taft taes detrftur veckns f odel taft augfk

paysenfd gjrtfdety jreiekftc weta sek fkc njktekus tj stg lrjg f ikrfd

96 Hjakstjk,afcs, ??5.9? Saes wfs ta ofnbirjukc tj Cfked 6?8?.9>

c Ojr,C lft, 13.93 c Ojr,C lft, 10l.90 fdsj8 3 @zrf 98661l2 ? Ofruna ?>83, 03860,652 @nndsefstenus ?08?3.

>9



stft jl sekludkss.9< Sa futajr jl (ta ektrtstfg ktfd) Yescjg jl

jdjgjk xprssc taes sunnekntdy8 ‑Ijc nrftc us ljr eknjrruptejk, R...W

tarjuia ta cved―s kvy cfta ktrc ta wjrdc― (?8?>l).

N. C fta ek ta K w Sstfg kt

Sa cevrsety jl skss fkc sttekis ek waenatafkftjs (‑cfta―) es g ktejkc

ek ta KS es fs irft fs ek ta JS fkc ektrtstfg ktfd detrftur put

tjitar. Y nfkkjt cj husten tj taes vfrety ar2 w fr degetc tj f

taugokfed sbtna jl KS prspntevs gjst prtekkt tj jur ektrst ek

augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety.

Lerst, ek njktekuety weta ta prvfedeki JS vew, w kjten taft

ek gfky ekstfkns paysenfd gjrtfdety es fnnptc wetajut cgur oy tajs

waj pjpudft ta Ijspds (Gfttaw 18??, ??8?>„?12 Dub ?8?5), tajuia ta

djss jl f djvc jk wfs sjrdy ldt fkc gjurkc ek ta nustjgfry gfkkr

(Gfrb 08>1). Ek ta ykjpten Ijspds, augfk paysenfd cfta es ljr Hsus

kvr f prjodg tj o rsjdvc (s Gfttaw 18??), tajuia jk jnnfsejk a

tgpjrfredy rvrsc et (Gfttaw 5861l,?>l2 Dub 986„6=). Sa uknrtfek

dkita jl del srvc tj ukcrdek ta urikny jl aes g ssfi (Dub 6>86„

0).99 Sajuia aes fucekn gfy afv tajuiat nfdfgetjus cfta tj o cevek

pukesag kt ljr sek, Hsus gpaftenfddy cec kjt (Dub 6>86„02 Gfttaw

6>8?3„>=).91 ]aysenfd cfta wfs out ta prduc tj etar fk udtegft trreod

vktufdety (Gfttaw 6=8?1 nl. 08?5l) jr f idjrejus lutur rwfrc (Dub 6<85

nl. 6386>l). Sas rlrkns tj snaftjdjienfd cfta fkc del de wetaek ta

9< Saes es gjst veckt ek ? Ofruna, ek waena ―Fcfg―s trfksirssejk fnts ta vry

struntur jl nrftc oeki, prvrteki et ojta gjrfddy fkc jktjdjienfddy― (c Ojr,C lft,

16). ? Ofruna 698?l, 3183?l, 0<8<.99 Ofedy,]rspntevs, 56.91 Bnb, ‑\ews―, 3>.

>1



lrfg wjrb jl ektrtstfg ktfd fpjnfdypten, rprsktc gjst ndfrdy ek ta

KS oy ta kvesejkeki ek _vdftejk jl ‑ta snjkc cfta― (_vdftejk ?866,

?=86>l) fkc f teg wak ‑cfta wedd o kj gjr― (_vdftejk ?683).

Sa Ljurta Ijspd es cestekiuesafod lrjg ta ykjptens ek

taft, ek fccetejk tj kutrfd rlrkn tj paysenfd cfta (Hjak 6686>, 6?8>>,

618>?, ?6865), ‑cfta―/‑ce― sjg teg s afv f g tfpajrenfd sks. Saes sks

es st fdjkisec ta detrfd g fkeki ek Hsus― s gekidy pfrfcjxenfd

stftg kt taft odevrs, ‑vk tajuia tay ce, wedd dev2 fkc vryjk waj

devs fkc odevs R…W wedd kvr ce― (Hjak 668?0l nl. 1806). ‑R@trkfdW del―,

weta ojta f prskt fkc f lutur fspnt, es ta ‑nktrfd sjtrejdjienfd

kjtejk―95 ek ta Ljurta Ijspd. @vk wak kjt fppjsc tj ‑cfta―/‑ce―, ta

egpdenftejk es taft ‑cfta―, oeki ta jppjset jl ‑RtrkfdW del―, es ‑f qufdety

jl xestkn waena ljddjwrs jl Hsus fr fod tj trfksnkc―.1=

]fud fnbkjwdcis augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety, eknduceki aes

jwk, kug rjus teg s ek aes dttrs (_jgfks 68?>2 ? Njrektaefks 3866)16 out

a fdsj xprsss f gjr tajdjienfd prspntev jk ‑cfta― tafk es ljukc ek

ta ykjptens jr vk ek ta Ljurta Ijspd. ‑C fta― wfs ljr ]fud

prjljukcdy ukfnnptfod8 f njrjddfry jl sek fkc fk fikt ‑reikeki― cspet

Ijc (_jgfks 086?2 6 Njrektaefks 608?<). Saes prspntev es safrc oy ta

futajrs jl svrfd jtar KS pestds (A orws ?863l2 Hfg s 68602 6 Hjak

086<o). Ets cpentejk fs f pfrfceig jl prskt xestkn cestekiuesas taes

‑cfta― lrjg ta lutur prcetejk jl ta ykjptens fkc _vdftejk, out ta

xtkt tj waena et njrrdfts weta paysenfd gjrtfdety, el ft fdd, cgfkcs

nfrlud ekquery.1?

Sa cenudty jl stfodesaeki waft ‑cfta― njkkjts jr ckjts

ek fky pfrtenudfr ekstfkn stgs ek dfri pfrt lrjg ta KS ljnus jk ta

95 Sajgfs, ‑G fkeki―, ?=3.1=

Ofedy,]rspntevs, 53l.16 fdsj8 _jgfks 3865, <86?, 98?l, 63812 ? Njrektaefks 083.1? Nafptr <.

>5



gudtepdenety jl seikestnfkns jl jk paysenfd cfta fkc reseki lrjg cfta–

taft jl Hsus.1> Ljr xfgpd, ta fssjneftejk jl ‑cfta― weta prsjkestc ved

gfy stg lrjg ta lfnt taft Hsus wfs put tj cfta (_jgfks <85 nl.

6 Njrektaefks ?81), fkc ets fssjneftejk weta sek afs tj cj weta ta

ukcrstfkceki jl Hsus― cfta fs fkftjkeki cfta (_jgfks >8?0). Saus fk

frrfy jl g tfpajrenfd g fkekis ljr ‑cfta― fttkcs ta KS tajdjienfd

ektrprtftejks jl Hsus― cfta–ft ofs f paysenfd cfta–rfeseki ta

qustejk jl taer rdftejk tj ta paysenfd cfta taft Narestefks stedd ce.

Fkswreki taes qustejk rquers fk fwfrkss taft ta skss jl ‑cfta― ek

ta KS fr kjt jkdy cevrs out fdsj ektrnjkkntc fkc jvrdfppeki, fkc

nfdds ljr fk jpkkss tj fgoeiuety ljr fky pfrtenudfr KS g ktejk jl cfta.

1> Gjrres,Yfis, ?=.

3=



0.I@K@E ?„> FKC APGFK ]AUENFD GJ_SFDESU

Sa strst g ktejk jl cyeki ek ta Oeod jnnurs fs frdy fs ek ets snjkc fkc

taerc nafptrs (I kses ?869, >8>l). ekn cyeki es g ktejkc ek prjxegety

tj ta jreiek jl ‑ta afvks fkc ta frta― fkc jl ta strst augfk oeki

(?83o„9), w njudc xpnt tj stkc ar fk egpdenftejk, ft dfst, jk ta jreiek

jl cfta. Et es wes tj o nfutejus fojut orekieki suna fk xpntftejk tj ta

txt, ajw vr2 vk el I kses ?„> es fojut jreieks, et es ukdebdy tj o fojut

ta jreiek jl vrytaeki et g ktejks. K vrtadss, el jkdy onfus jl ta

prjgekkt pdfn tas nafptrs afv afc ek ojta cjntrekfd prjkjukng kt

fkc pjpudfr cesnussejk jk ta jreiek jl cfta,13 tay wfrrfkt ndjs stucy

ek taes njkkntejk.

Sa qustejk jl waft I kses ?„> es ‑fojut― afs cjgekftc

Narestefk rntejk jk tas nafptrs. Say afv o k rfc pregfredy jut

jl ektrst ek ta xtrkfd rfdetes tj waena ta txt gfy rlr. Saes ektrst,

njupdc weta jur prkkefd nurejsety ek jreieks, spnefddy jur jwk, afs

nfusc I kses ?„> tj o gekc ljr fdd taft et purpjrtcdy sfys ‑fojut―

oiekkekis, watar ta oiekkeki jl paysenfd ktetes suna fs ta augfk

ojcy jr jl tajdjienfd cespjsetejks suna fs sek. _irttfody, tar afs jltk

o k eksunekt rnjiketejk jl ta detrfry ljrg jl I kses ?„>, waena es

ta ljrg jl f stjry. Yaftvr ds f stjry gfy o ‑fojut―, et es gjst

jovejusdy fojut ta nafrfntrs taft pjpudft et8 taer fntejks, rfntejks,

fttetucs fkc ektrrdftejks. tjres rquer taft w djjb strst ljr g fkeki

wetaek tag rftar tafk oaekc tag jr ek lrjkt jl tag2 tay fr

‑pjrtrfets weta f wjrdc jl taer jwk― oljr tay fr wekcjws jr gerrjrs.10

13 Nafptrs 6 fkc ?.10 Ijdcekify,Ektrprtftejk, 0l.

36



Jur eketefd tfsb ek ektrprteki ta kfrrftev taft es I kses

?„>, tak, es tj ktr ets wjrdc. Yjrdcs, vk detrfry jks, fr dfri pdfns,

fkc w fr ektrstc ek hust jk lftur8 paysenfd cfta. Y gust owfr

dst jur sekiudfr ektrst cestjrt jur prnptejk jl ta stjry wjrdc fs f

wajd fkc ta pdfn jl cfta ek et. Oeki dfri, kfrrftev wjrdcs nfk kvr

o nafrfntrezc ek ludd2 tar fr fdwfys ifps ek taer cpentejk. Sa

rfcr gust stdd ft dfst sjg jl ta ifps weta ekljrgftejk lrjg jutsec

ta stjry. Eksjlfr fs fgoeiuety surrjukcs ta pjrtrfyfd jl cfta wetaek

I kses ?„>, w wedd k c tj njksecr lfntjrs xtrkfd tj ta kfrrftev taft

gfy oreki irftr ndfrety tj taft pjrtrfyfd8 essus jl njgpjsetejk, suna fs

ta aestjrenfd stteki ek waena ta txt frjs, jr detrfry sjurns ta futajr

gfy afv usc. Yeta taft, w wedd afv stppc jutsec ta wjrdc jl ta

stjry fkc oiuk tj rdft et tj ta wjrdc w ekafoet.

I kses ?83„>8?3

3 Sas fr ta ikrftejks jl ta afvks fkc ta frta wak tay w r nrftc.

Ek ta cfy taft ta DJ_C Ijc gfc ta frta fkc ta afvks,0wak kj pdfkt jl ta

stdc wfs yt ek ta frta fkc kj aro jl ta stdc afc yt spruki up–ljr ta DJ_C

Ijc afc kjt nfusc et tj rfek upjk ta frta, fkc tar wfs kj jk tj tedd ta

irjukc2< out f strfg wjudc res lrjg ta frta, fkc wftr ta wajd lfn jl ta

irjukc–9

tak ta DJ_C Ijc ljrg c gfk lrjg ta cust jl ta irjukc, fkc orftac ektj aes kjstreds ta orfta jl del2 fkc ta gfk onfg` f deveki oeki.1Fkc

ta DJ_C Ijc pdfktc f ifrck ek @ck, ek ta fst2 fkc tar a put ta gfk

wajg a afc ljrg c.5Jut jl ta irjukc ta DJ_C Ijc gfc tj irjw vry tr`

taft es pdfsfkt tj ta seiat fkc ijjc ljr ljjc, ta tr jl del fdsj ek ta gecst jl ta

ifrck, fkc ta tr jl ta bkjwdci jl ijjc fkc ved.

6= F revr jws jut jl @ck tj wftr ta ifrck, fkc lrjg tar et cevecs fkc

onjg s ljur orfknas.66Sa kfg jl ta strst es ]esajk2 et es ta jk taft jws

frjukc ta wajd dfkc jl Afvedfa, war tar es ijdc26?

fkc ta ijdc jl taft dfkc esijjc2 ocddeug fkc jkyx stjk fr tar.6>Sa kfg jl ta snjkc revr es Ieajk2 et

3?



es ta jk taft jws frjukc ta wajd dfkc jl Nusa.63Sa kfg jl ta taerc revr es

Seires, waena jws fst jl Fssyref. Fkc ta ljurta revr es ta @uparfts.

60 Sa DJ_C Ijc tjjb ta gfk fkc put aeg ek ta ifrck jl @ck tj tedd et fkc b p

et.6<

Fkc ta DJ_C Ijc njggfkcc ta gfk, ‑Uju gfy lr dy ft jl vry tr jlta ifrck269 out jl ta tr` jl ta bkjwdci jl ijjc fkc ved yju safdd kjt ft, ljr

ek ta cfy taft yju ft jl et yju safdd ce.―

61 Sak ta DJ_C Ijc sfec, ‑Et es kjt ijjc taft ta gfk sajudc o fdjk2 E wedd gfb

aeg f adpr fs aes pfrtkr.―65 j jut jl ta irjukc ta DJ_C Ijc ljrg c vry

fkegfd jl ta stdc fkc vry oerc jl ta fer, fkc orjuiat tag tj ta gfk tj s`

waft a wjudc nfdd tag2 fkc waftvr ta gfk nfddc fna deveki nrftur, taft

wfs ets kfg .?=Sa gfk ifv kfg s tj fdd nfttd, fkc tj ta oercs jl ta fer, fkc tj

vry fkegfd jl ta stdc2 out ljr ta gfk tar wfs kjt ljukc f adpr fs aespfrtkr.?6 j ta DJ_C Ijc nfusc f c p sd p tj lfdd upjk ta gfk, fkc a sdpt2

tak a tjjb jk jl aes reos fkc ndjsc up ets pdfn weta sa.??Fkc ta reo taft ta

DJ_C Ijc afc tfbk lrjg ta gfk a gfc ektj f wjgfk fkc orjuiat ar tj ta

gfk.?>Sak ta gfk sfec,

‑Saes ft dfst es ojk jl gy ojks

fkc sa jl gy sa2

taes jk safdd o nfddc Yjgfk,

ljr jut jl Gfk taes jk wfs tfbk.―

?3Sarljr f gfk dfvs aes lftar fkc aes gjtar fkc ndekis tj aes wel, fkc tay

onjg` jk sa.?0Fkc ta gfk fkc aes wel w r ojta kfbc, fkc w r kjt

fsafg c.

>Kjw ta srpkt wfs gjr nrflty tafk fky jtar wedc fkegfd taft ta DJ_C Ijc

afc gfc. A sfec tj ta wjgfk, ‑Cec Ijc sfy, —Uju safdd kjt ft lrjg fky tr ek

ta ifrck‗:―?Sa wjgfk sfec tj ta srpkt, ‑Y gfy ft jl ta lruet jl ta tr s ek

ta ifrck2> out Ijc sfec, —Uju safdd kjt ft jl ta lruet jl ta tr` taft es ek ta

geccd jl ta ifrck, kjr safdd yju tjuna et, jr yju safdd ce.‗ ―3Out ta srpkt sfec

tj ta wjgfk, ‑Uju wedd kjt ce20ljr Ijc bkjws taft wak yju ft jl et yjur ys

wedd o jpkc, fkc yju wedd o deb Ijc, bkjweki ijjc fkc ved.―< j wak ta

wjgfk sfw taft ta tr wfs ijjc ljr ljjc, fkc taft et wfs f cdeiat tj ta ys,

fkc taft ta tr wfs tj o cserc tj gfb jk wes, sa tjjb jl ets lruet fkc ft2

fkc sa fdsj ifv sjg tj ar ausofkc, waj wfs weta ar, fkc a ft.9Sak ta

ys jl ojta w r jpkc, fkc tay bkw taft tay w r kfbc2 fkc tay swc sti

dfvs tjitar fkc gfc djekndjtas ljr tagsdvs.

1 Say afrc ta sjukc jl ta DJ_C Ijc wfdbeki ek ta ifrck ft ta teg jl ta

vkeki or z, fkc ta gfk fkc aes wel aec tagsdvs lrjg ta prskn jl ta

DJ_C Ijc fgjki ta tr s jl ta ifrck.5Out ta DJ_C Ijc nfddc tj ta gfk, fkc

3>



sfec tj aeg, ‑Yar fr yju:―6=A sfec, ‑E afrc ta sjukc jl yju ek ta ifrck, fkc

E wfs flrfec, onfus E wfs kfbc2 fkc E aec gysdl.―66A sfec, ‑Yaj tjdc yju taft

yju w r kfbc: Afv yju ftk lrjg ta tr jl waena E njggfkcc yju kjt tj

ft:―6?Sa gfk sfec, ‑Sa wjgfk wajg yju ifv tj o weta g , sa ifv g lruet

lrjg ta tr , fkc E ft.―6>Sak ta DJ_C Ijc sfec tj ta wjgfk, ‑Yaft es taes taft

yju afv cjk:― Sa wjgfk sfec, ‑Sa srpkt trenbc g , fkc E ft.―63Sa DJ_C

Ijc sfec tj ta srpkt,

‑Onfus yju afv cjk taes,

nursc fr yju fgjki fdd fkegfds

fkc fgjki fdd wedc nrfturs2

upjk yjur oddy yju safdd ij,

fkc cust yju safdd ft

fdd ta cfys jl yjur del.

60E wedd put kgety otw k yju fkc ta wjgfk,

fkc otw k yjur jspreki fkc ars2

a wedd streb yjur afc,

fkc yju wedd streb aes a d.―

6<Sj ta wjgfk a sfec,

‑E wedd irftdy eknrfs yjur pfkis ek naedcofreki2

ek pfek yju safdd oreki ljrta naedcrk,

yt yjur cser safdd o ljr yjur ausofkc,

fkc a safdd rud jvr yju.―

69Fkc tj ta gfk a sfec,

‑Onfus yju afv destkc tj ta vjen jl yjur wel,

fkc afv ftk jl ta tr`

fojut waena E njggfkcc yju,

—Uju safdd kjt ft jl et‗,

nursc es ta irjukc onfus jl yju2

ek tjed yju safdd ft jl et fdd ta cfys jl yjur del2

61tajrks fkc taestds et safdd oreki ljrta ljr yju2

fkc yju safdd ft ta pdfkts jl ta stdc.

65Oy ta swft jl yjur lfn

yju safdd ft orfc

ukted yju rturk tj ta irjukc,

ljr jut jl et yju w r tfbk2

yju fr cust,

fkc tj cust yju safdd rturk.―

?= Sa gfk kfg c aes wel @v, onfus sa wfs ta gjtar jl fdd waj dev.?6Fkc

ta DJ_C Ijc gfc ifrg kts jl sbeks ljr ta gfk fkc ljr aes wel, fkc ndjtac

tag.

33



?? Sak ta DJ_C Ijc sfec, ‑ , ta gfk afs onjg deb jk jl us, bkjweki ijjc

fkc ved2 fkc kjw, a geiat rfna jut aes afkc fkc tfb fdsj lrjg ta tr jl del,

fkc ft, fkc dev ljr vr―– ?>tarljr ta DJ_C Ijc skt aeg ljrta lrjg ta

ifrck jl @ck, tj tedd ta irjukc lrjg waena a wfs tfbk.?3A crjv jut ta gfk2

fkc ft ta fst jl ta ifrck jl @ck a pdfnc ta naruoeg, fkc f swjrc fgeki

fkc turkeki tj iufrc ta wfy tj ta tr jl del.

‑R…W ek ta cfy yju ft jl Rta tr W, yju safdd ce.―

Sa stjry ek I kses ?83o„>8?3 oieks fkc kcs jutsec f ifrck nfddc

@ck. K vrtadss, w penb up ta stjry wetaek ta ifrck, weta ta strst

g ktejk jl cyeki ek ?8698 RUfaw a Ijc njggfkcc8W ‑jl ta tr jl ta

bkjwdci jl ijjc fkc ved yju safdd kjt ft, ljr ek ta cfy taft yju ft jl

et yju safdd ce.―

Saes vrs njksests jl twj ndfuss8 ta strst, Rkjt + ekstketevW

(‑yju safdd kjt ft―), fs fdsj ljukc ek ta Sk Njggfkcg kts (@xjcus

?=8>„69)2 fkc ta snjkc, f gjtev ndfus, Rekstketev + qfdW (‑yju safdd ce―),

fs ljukc ek tarfts ek JS aestjrenfd kfrrftev fkc prjpaten txts (.i.

I kses ?=892 6 fgud 638>5,33).1< Ijc―s uttrfkn ek taes vrs es tarljr

prjprdy ukcrstjjc fs f prjaeoetejk fkc f pkfdty, kjt f pen jl fcven

fifekst fteki dtafddy pjesjkjus lruet.19 Et es fdsj ekstruntev tj kjt taft

ta pkfdty prjkjuknc ar es jk jl cyeki, kjt jl onjgeki gjrtfd2

tar es kj fchntev jr kjuk ek oeodenfd A orw njrrspjkceki tj

‑gjrtfd(ety)―.11 Sa stkfd dekiuesten lftur jl ?869 taft k cs jur fttktejk es

ta teg rlrkn fttfnac tj ta pkfdty8 ‑ek ta cfy Rtaft yju ft jl etW―.

Gjcrk njgg ktftjrs fir taft taes es f A orw ecejg, narjkjdjienfddy

1< Y kafg,I kses, <9. Kjt, ajw vr, taft Rekstketev + ajpafdW es usc ek difd txts

prjkjukneki ta cfta pkfdty (.i. ek Dvetenus ?=).19 j Oftte, ‑I kses ?„>―, 1„6=.11 Gjordy, ‑ rpkt―, 60l.

30



ekcstket, weta f g fkeki suna fs ‑wak― (fs ek ?83, 086)15 jr ‑prjgptdy―

(s Kugors >=8<,1,5).5=

ekn ta kfrrftev strsss ta njggjkfdety otw k ta

gfk fkc ta wjgfk (?8?3), et es sfl tj fssug taft ta prjaeoetejk,

fdtajuia cdevrc tj ta gfk, fppdec qufddy tj ojta jl tag. Fkc ojta

orjb et8 ‑a tjjb R…W fkc ft R…W, fkc a ft― (>8<). Out warfs ta

fteki ndfrdy rnfdds ta prjaeoetejk, ta strst rsudt jl fteki, ta ‑jpkeki

jl taer ys― (>89), ofrs kj rsgodfkn tj ta pkfdty jl cyeki taft Ijc

afc prjkjuknc. Sa njupd dev jk ek ta vrss taft ljddjw. Ndfrdy, ta

srpkt wfs njrrnt ek aes prcentejk taft ta njupd―s ys wjudc o

jpkc (>80), fkc eketefddy et wjudc fppfr taft a wfs fdsj njrrnt ek

cesputeki Ijc―s pkfdty jl cyeki (>83). Gjordy gfbs f lfer fssssg kt

wak a suiists taft ‑ta nrux ljr ta ektrprtr gust surdy o ta

rsjdutejk jl taes rgfrbfod fkjgfdy.―56

Sa fkjgfdy njksests ek fk uktaekbfod vktufdety8 taft, oy

ta gecpjekt jl ta stjry, Ijc, waj ek ta eketefd squkn suprg dy

nrfts fdd (?83o,0,9,65,??), jrnastrfts fdd (?81,60,61,65o„?6) fkc jnefts

jvr fdd (?86<l), es s gekidy trugpc oy jk jl aes g r nrfturs, fdoet

ta gjst nrflty. Out ta stjry etsdl es kjt fkjgfdjus2 stjres fr kjt stjres

wetajut suna twests, waena fr kjt hust twestsjl ta pdjt out ikrft ta

k c ljr f pdjt.5? Sa fkjgfdy es jk jl svrfd jtars ek ta stjry, fkc ta

kfrrftev rsjdvs tajs jtars etsdl. Sa gfk―s uksfteslfntjry sjdetuc es

g t weta ‑sa jl RaesW sa― (?861„?3) fkc ta njupd―s cesnjvrc

kfbckss es jvrnjg oy ‑ifrg kts jl sbeks― (>89,?6). Sa strst pdfn tj

djjb ljr f rsjdutejk jl ta sjg waft dfrir fkjgfdy jl fk fppfrktdy

fojrtev cevek pkfdty es tarljr ta rgfekcr jl ta kfrrftev.

15 Gjordy, ‑ rpkt―, 63.5=

Y kafg,I kses, <1.56 Gjordy, ‑ rpkt―, 5.5? Yreiat,Kw Sstfgkt, 96.

3<



jg njknevfod rsjdutejks nfk o rudc jut8 w rfc

kjtaeki jl Ijc gjcelyeki ta pkfdty5> jr jl ta njupd rljrgeki

tagsdvs. Osecs, tas jutnjg s wjudc fgjukt kjt hust tj fojrtejk jl

ta pkfdty out tj fk fojrtejk jl pdjt–ukdss ta stjry es f detrfry

trficy, rnjukteki ta lfedur jl Ijc fkc kjt, fs trfcetejkfddy

ukcrstjjc, ta ‑lfdd― jl ta njupd. Sa fvku jpk tj us es taft ‑Ijc―s

cfta sktkn wfs nfrrec jut, out ek sjg wfy jtar tafk ta jovejus

fkc strfeiatljrwfrc wfy taft aes wjrcs eketefddy egpdec.―53

‑R…W ukted yju rturk tj ta irjukc―

Sa nurss fkc fffientejks taft Ijc prjkjukns ek >863„65 fr ta strst

nfkcecfts tj fppfr ek ta stjry ljr f pkfdty njrrspjkceki tj ta jk

ljrtjdc ek ?869. F njkkntejk weta ta prjaeoetejk, vk el kjt ta pkfdty,

es ekcenftc oy ta rstftg kt jl et ek >869f. Out, sekn ta wjrcs ‑ce― jr

‑cfta― fr kjwar usc,50 w fr ljrnc tj djjb ndjsdy ljr ta ‑sjg`

jtar wfy― jl njrrspjkckn otw k ta pkfdty jreiekfddy fkkjuknc

fkc ta jk prafps ar fppdec.

Jl ta fffientejks taft Ijc prjkjukns spfrftdy jk ta

wjgfk (>86<) fkc ta gfk (>869„65), ta stkfd ndfuss jl Ijc―s wjrc tj ta

gfk crfw jur fttktejk gjst jl fdd8 a wedd ‑rturk tj ta irjukc R…W, tj

cust.― (>865o). Saes es ta ndfrst fddusejk tj cyeki sekn ta njupd―s

jkn. @fir tj djnft ta egpjsetejk jl ta pkfdty jl cyeki, sjg`

njgg ktftjrs ukcrstfkc >865o fs fppdyeki tj ta wjgfk fs w dd fs tj

ta gfk. Odjnar, ljr xfgpd, njktkcs taft ‑sekn Rta wjgfkW safrs ta

gfk―s augfkety, sa tjj wedd xprekn ta pkfdtes surc oy gfkbekc

ek ikrfd.―5< Out kjk jl ta pkfdtes es fccrssc tj ‑gfkbekc ek

5> j bekkr,I kses, <9.53

Gjordy, ‑ rpkt―, 6>.50 Fk josrvftejk gfc oy bekkr,Ikses, 1>.5< Odjnar,Oiekkeki, 61=. fdsj8 Y strgfkk,I kses 6„66, ?<>.

39



ikrfd―, fkc w gfy egfiek taft fky sureki safrc oy ta gfk fkc

ta wjgfk gfy o cu kjt tj taer ‑safreki augfkety― out rftar tj taer

oeki ek ndjs rdftejksaep suna taft ketar njudc o ukfntc oy fna

jtar―s sx-spnestn fffientejk. Sj ukcrstfkc ‑ukted yju rturk tj ta

irjukc, ljr jut jl et yju w r tfbk― fs fdsj fppdyeki tj ta wjgfk wjudc

rquer ta wjgfk tj afv fdsj o k jreiekfddy tfbk lrjg ta irjukc,

njktrfry tj ta stjry. Et es jkdy ekcerntdy, oy wfy jl crevftejk lrjg ta

gfk (?8?6), taft ta wjgfk, deb ta gfk, crevs lrjg ta irjukc. Sa

wjgfk wfs ketar tfbk lrjg ta irjukc kjr put tj tedd et2 sa es suohnt

tj ta gfk―s fffientejks kj gjr tafk a es tj ars jl pfek ek naedcofreki.

Kjtwetastfkceki ta sx-spnestnety jl ‑ukted yju rturk tj

ta irjukc―, watar w afv ar ta kfntg kt, ft dfst, jl Ijc―s jreiekfd

pkfdty jl cyeki jr g rdy f stftg kt jl ta gfk―s jreiekfd paysenfd

egprgfkkn, et es kjt pjsseod tj tdd, ft dfst jk ta veckn ektrkfd tj

ta kfrrftev. Jk ta jk afkc, (e) ta rptetejk jl ta prjaeoetejk (>869)

orekis tj gekc ta pkfdty jl ‑yju safdd ce―, njknevfody ek prpfrftejk

ljr ets kcjrsg kt ek ta suosqukt vrss,59 fkc (ee) ta foskn jl

g ktejk jl ‑orfta jl del― spfbs fifekst f ratjrenfd pfrfddd weta ?89.51 Jk

ta jtar afkc, tar es (e) kj xpdenet rlrkn tj ta cfta pkfdty jl

?869, fkc (ee) ta g ktejk jl ojta ‑irjukc― fkc ‑cust― es vry prjofody f

‑rgekesnkn jl ta gfk―s nrftejk―.55

Hjakstjk wjudc afv us odev taft ta gfttr nfk o sttdc

oy djienfd ccuntejk lrjg ta njknduceki sktkn jl >865, ‑yju fr cust,

fkc tj cust yju safdd rturk―8

El taes es f segpd stftg kt jl lfnt, ets njkndusejk (‑tj cust yju safdd

rturk―) fssrts gfk―s ektreksen gjrtfdety. Fkc el et es f stftg kt jl

59

Y kafg,I kses, 1>.51 Y kafg,I kses, 1>.55 Yjd, Fktarjpjdjiy, 660.

31



cevek hucig kt, ets xpdenet prges (‑yju fr cust―) egpdes

augfk egprgfkkn. j watar rfc fs f stftg kt Rjl lfntW jr

fs f hucig kt, Ijc―s prjkjukng kt ek ?869 egpdes taft gfk es

kfturfddy gjrtfd.6==

Out taes fgjukts tj f sdeiat jl afkc. Yeta rifrc tj ta strst pfrt jl

Hjakstjk―s ndfeg, ta gfk―s oeki cust fs f gfttr jl lfnt cjs kjt gfb

aes vktufd cessjdutejk ektj cust ekvetfod. _ifrceki ta snjkc pfrt jl

aes ndfeg, ta ‑prges― egpdes kjtaeki fojut egprgfkkn jr

prgfkkn, jkdy taft ta hucig kt tfbs f ljrg fpprjpreft tj ta

gfk―s paysenfd njgpjsetejk. Lurtargjr, ta stjry taus lfr cjs kjtprget tfdb jl ‑gjrtfdety― (stedd dss ta gjrtfdety jl ‑gfk―), ljr et rfess ek

ta rfcr―s gekc jkdy ta qustejk jl ajw fkc wak ta njupd wedd

xprekn Ijc―s pkfdty jl cfta, kjt watar tar es f degetftejk jk

taer delspfk, etar ektreksen jr egpjsc.

‑Uju safdd ce,― jr ‑Uju safdd sur ukted yju ce―:ekn taft pfrt jl Ijc―s hucig kt jk ta njupd waena gjst ndjsdy

gftnas ta pkfdty jl cyeki (>865o) nfkkjt o rudc ek jr jut fs f

suostfktev pfrt jl ta hucig kt, w gust njkteku jur sfrna ljr Ijc―s

fppdenftejk jl aes pkfdty. ]rafps, tajuia, ta pkfdty afs fdrfcy o k

fkkjuknc, yt afs snfpc jur kjten. Gjordy surgess taft ta njupd

sunnugoc tj f ‑qufdetftev cfta―

6=6

fdgjst oljr tay afc swfddjw ctaer gjutaluds, weta fdekftejk lrjg Ijc (>81„6=) fkc fna jtar (>86?)

fkc, dftr, ek ta ‑puoden cyeki― jl pfeklud naedcoerta fkc pfeklud tjed (>86<„

65).6=?

Et es nrtfekdy njknevfod taft suna f g tfpajrenfd cfta-ek-

del afs f pdfn ukcr ta afceki jl ta pkfdty jl ?8692 fltr fdd, et es kjt

6==

Hjakstjk,afcs, 3=l.6=6 Gjordy, ‑ rpkt―, 6<.6=? Gjordy, ‑ rpkt―, 69.

35



fsy tj s f rdvfkn ljr >81„65f el tas vrss fr kjt pfrt jl ta

sktkn. Et es fdsj njknevfod taft ta ‑rturkeki tj cust― jl >865o es jl f

pen weta ta afrcsaep jl >86<„65f suna taft ‑RdetrfdW cfta es kjt f

pukesag kt out ta trg jl Rta gfk―sW tjedsjg wjrb,―6=> fdtajuia

Ujuki―s rdftc ndfeg taft ‑ta irjukc wedd ft dfst jvrnjg aeg Rta

gfkW―6=3 nfk o cesgessc onfus ta jkdy kgety g ktejkc es otw k

ta jspreki jl ta skfb fkc jl ta wjgfk, kjt otw k ta gfk fkc ta

irjukc. Ajw vr, taes g tfpajrenfd fppdenftejk jl ta pkfdty dfvs us

djjbeki ljr jtars. Ijc―s ndfr stftg kt ‑yju safdd ce― (?869) sj sjjk fltr

ieveki ta ‑orfta jl del― (?89) dlt us xpnteki gjr tafk ta njupd―s

sdjw cndek. Out ta kfrrftjr afs kjt stkesac yt2 tar fr ljur gjr

vrss tj njg .

‑R…W a geiatR…W tfb fdsj lrjg ta tr jl del―

Et es kj surpres taft ta stjry njktekus oyjkc >865, ljr ta nurss jl

>863„65 fr tar g rdy fkkjuknc, kjt fntufdezc. Lurtargjr, ta

njktrfst otw k ta egpjvresag kt jl >863„65 fkc ta foukcfkn jl

@ck (?85„6=), fkc ta lfnt taft >865 gjr tafk debdy rnfdds ta gfk―s

afveki o k tfbk lrjg irjukcjutsec @ck, dfc jk tj xpnt taft

fntufdezftejk jl ta nurss wedd kjt o wetaek ta ifrck.

Sa njupd―s xpudsejk lrjg @ck prvkts taer fnnss tj

ta tr jl del (>8??„?3). Ek njkkntejk weta cfta, tar fr twj fspnts jl

taes tr tj njksecr8 ta njupd―s fnnss tj et ukted tay w r ofrrc, fkc

ta debdy nt jl fteki ets lruet. Sa gjst sfteslfntjry pjsetejk jk ta

strst jl tas es taft ta njupd, cspet afveki o k lr tj ft lrjg ta

tr jl del, cec kjt. Saes es ta egpdenftejk jl >8??2 sekn f sekid sfgpdeki

jl ta lruet jl ta tr jl ta bkjwdci jl ijjc fkc ved afc rsudtc ek

6=> Y strgfkk,I kses 6„66, ?<9.6=3 Ujuki, @.H., qujtc ek Odjnar,Oiekkeki, 61>.

0=



ta gfk ‑bkjweki ijjc fkc ved― (>8??f), w nfk eklr taft ta lruet jl ta

tr jl del wjudc afv njklrrc ‑RdelW ljrvr― (>8??o) jk strst oet, fkc,

taes oeki cesfddjw c, kj oet wfs tfbk. Odjnar eikjrs taes djien jl >8??,

ekstfc gestfbeki f prgessejk tj ft lrjg fky tr xnpt jk (?86<) ljr f

njggfkc waena wfs joyc.6=0

Fs ljr ta snjkc fspnt (ta debdy nt jl ta tr ―s lruet),

afveki fssrtc taft >8?? rlrs tj f jk-j fteki jl ta tr jl del, w

afv rhntc jk egfiekfod nt8 kutretejkfd sustkfkn, suna taft ta

njupd, oeki ofrrc lrjg ta tr , djst f deldek. Saes es kjt tj sfy,

ajw vr, taft ta tr jl del wfs jl kj rdvfkn tj taer paysenfd

njkstetutejk2 ta njupd―s gojcec xestkn afs o k ukcrdekc

gudtepd teg s ek ta kfrrftev sj lfr (.i. ?89,?>, >865o), sj ta ‑deveki

ljrvr― taft wjudc rsudt lrjg fteki ta snjkc tr ―s lruet wjudc fdgjst

nrtfekdy o njktekuc paysenfd del, kjt cesgojcec ‑del fltr cfta―.

A r, tak, ljr ta strst teg ek ta kfrrftev, w knjuktr ta gfttr jl

ta njupd―s paysenfd gjrtfdety jr eggjrtfdety, oyjkc ta qustejk jl

taer cyeki jr kjt ek pukesag kt. Sa ndfr egpdenftejk jl taer oeki

ofrrc lrjg ta tr` es taft, ft dfst hust prejr tj taft gjg kt, tay w r

paysenfddy gjrtfd. Sa by qustejk ljr us es watar, afc tay ‑rfnaRcW

jut fkc tfbRkW fdsj lrjg ta tr jl del― (>8??), tay wjudc afv ifekc f

ojcedy eggjrtfdety tafttay afc kvr afc oljr, jr rifekc f paysenfd

eggjrtfdety tafttay jkn afc out djst ek hucig kt.

Sas twj djienfd fdtrkftevs njrrdft weta ta pfer

prsktc frder ljr >865o, fkc et es kj fser tj cnec otw k tag. Sa

strst fdtrkftev wjudc oreki jur sfrna ljr ta kfntg kt jl Ijc―s pkfdty

tj fk kc jkdy el f wfrkeki fs strg fs ‑yju safdd ce― (?869) njudc o

6=0

Odjnar,Oiekkeki, 6??. Irfggftenfddy, ?86< es f njggfkc, out ta ekndusejk jl fkgpaften vrofd ljrg (‑lr dy―) fkc ta wec fppdenftejk ‑vry Rtr W― ekcenft prgessejk

kjt jodeiftejk. (Gjordy, ‑rpkt―, >l).

06



ludstddc oy f pukesag kt fs difddy stntetejus fs ta g r djss jl pjtktefd

eggjrtfdety. Sa snjkc rquers f ofnb-rfceki jl ?89, ?869 fkc >865 ek

trgs jl f njknptejk jl (eg)gjrtfdety foskt lrjg tajs vrss.

Njknrkeki ta tr jl del, ta stjry dfvs ta rfcr sj kterdy lr tj

spnudft jk ojta prjspntev fkc rtrjspntev ‑waft els― taft w fr ft f

djss tj crev lrjg ta tr ―s prskn fky ndu fs tj Ijc―s kfntg kt jl

aes pkfdty fkc ta njupd―s jreiekfd stft jl gjrtfdety jr eggjrtfdety.

‑RIjcW crjv jut ta gfk―

Sa ifrck afs o k ta detrfry stteki jl ta stjry sekn ta jpkeki

squkn, sj, wak ta gfk es ofkesac lrjg et, ta rfcr fdsj

xprekns sjg taeki jl aes rgjvfd. Sa gfk―s oeki skt tj ‑tedd ta

irjukc lrjg waena a wfs tfbk― (>8?>) fdsj tfbs ta rfcr foruptdy jut

jl ta sjg waft lfgedefr, el keigften, ifrck surrjukcekis tj ta dssr

bkjwk fkc dettd rg gorc ‑irjukc― oljr fkc oyjkc et. Sa dfst

vrs (>8?3), ek waena ta gfk es gpaftenfddy ‑crRevkW jut― fkc ta tr jl

del egpktrfody iufrcc, orekis f stkfdety tj ta gfk―s djt fkc fk kc tj

fky ajps ta rfcr gfy afv afc ljr aeg fkc aes njgpfkejk. Njudc et

o taft ‑ta gjvg kt jl ta uket nfsts ta pregfry pukesag kt ljr ta

cesjocekn R…W fs xpudsejk lrjg ta ifrck―:6=< El sj, ta jreiekfd

pkfdty wjudc fifek trfksper tj o jk jl g tfpajrenfd, kjt detrfd,

‑cyeki―, ljr ta njupd dev jk, vk tj oit kw augfk del (>8?=, 386).

Yatar ta xpudsejk etsdl cjs ottr srven fs ta

pkfdty jl ‑cyeki― tafk ta fffientejks fdrfcy fkkjuknc (>86<„65)

cpkcs jk ta seikestnfkn jl ta ifrck2 ‑cyeki― nfk jkdy o f g tfpajr

ljr xpudsejk lrjg f ifrck el ta ‑ifrck― es ek turk f g tfpajr ljr f

rfdety waena afs tj cj weta del ek sjg sks. Sj stfodesa taes, w, tjj,

6=< Njfts, ‑Ijc―, ?>6.

0?



k c tj nrjss ta ifrck lkn fkc rdft ta ifrck, ets njktkts fkc ta

vkts taft tfb pdfn wetaek et tj ta wjrdc jutsec ta stjry, ta wjrdc ek

waena et wfs wrettk.

Sa Ifrck jl @ck, weta ets tfdbeki srpkt fkc ets ukusufd

tr s, strst strebs us fs gjr jl f stntejkfd tafk f lfntufd pdfn, out ta

ojrcrdek otw k tas twj nftijres es f odurrc jk. Lentejk ‑es ofsc

jk lfntufd augfk xprekn fkc wetajut taes wjudc ketar xest kjr o

ektddeieod jr ektrsteki.―6=9 Sa augfk xprekn ndjsst tj ta @ck

stjry wfs taft jl ets strst futajrs fkc fucekn. Bkjweki ta aestjrenfd

njktxt ek waena ta stjry wfs njgpjsc, tak, jrs ta ost ajp jl

rkcreki et ektddeieod, kjt dfst tajs fspnts jl et taft gfy fdduc tj

cfta.

Sa @ck kfrrftev wfs gjst prjofody wrettk ft f lferdy dft

stfi ek A orw nudturfd cvdjpg kt.6=1 Fpfrt lrjg ta gftur A orw

dfkiufi ek waena et es wrettk, tar fr twj jtar ekcenftejks jl taes8 ta

fkfdjiy weta njvkfkt tajdjiy, fkc ta sfkntufry sygojdesg. _ifrceki

ta strst jl tas, ta debkss otw k (ek ta stjry) Ijc―s ojuktelud

prjvesejk ljr ta njupd out aes prjsnreptejk jl f pfrtenudfr fnt, fkc (ek

Esrfdet rdeiejk) pdfng kt ek f Dfkc out ta rquerg kt tj joy Sjrfa,

suiists taft I kses ?„> es ta rsudt jl f prjnss jl rntejk jk ta

dfttr. Sjrfa jocekn jr cesjocekn afc o k xprssc ek

Cutrjkjgy ek trgs jl ta njksqukn jl etar qufdetftev ‑del― jr

‑cfta― (Cutrjkjgy >=860„65),6=5 fkc ta @ck kfrrftev njudc o f

detrfry r-wjrbeki jl taft g ssfi.66=

_ifrceki ta snjkc ekcenftejk jl aestjrenfd njktxt, ta

sfkntufry sygojdesg njksests ek8 (e) ta djnftejk jl ta ifrck ‑ek ta fst―

6=9 Ijdcekify,nreptur, 9>.6=1

Gjordy, ‑rpkt―, 6l.6=5 fdsj8 Esfefa ?383„<2 Hrgefa ?6812 ]rjvros 6386?, 6<8?0.66= Y kafg,Ikses, 5=2 Gjordy, ‑rpkt―, 6<.

0>



(?81)2 (ee) f pjsseod njrrspjkckn otw k ta tr s fkc etgs usc ek

Esrfdet wjrsaep2 (eee) ta g ktejk jl prnejus gftrefds usc ek prestdy

vstg kts (?86?)2 fkc (ev) ek ta stkfd vrs jl ta stjry (>8?3), ‑f

rgfrbfod njknktrftejk jl pjw rlud sygojds Rnaruoeg, str, ‑ta fst―W

taft nfk o ektrprtc ek ta deiat jl dftr sfkntufry cseik.―666 Yatar

ta sfkntufry sygojdezc oy @ck wfs ta tforkfnd jr ta tgpd k c

kjt njknrk us ar2 ojta w r pdfns war Ufaw a wfs spnefddy

prskt, fkc tj o put jut jl Ufaw a―s prskn, fs ta gfk wfs lrjg

@ck, wfs tj ‑ce― f ‑cfta― kj dss srejus ljr ets oeki f g tfpajrenfd, kjt

f detrfd, jk.66?

A r tak, w suiist, ek ta seikestnfkn jl ta njupd―s

ofkesag kt lrjg ta ifrck, es ta njksuggftejk jl ta pkfdty jl cyeki

taft, ek ta stjry, Ijc afc wfrkc a wjudc fppdy. Et es f seikestnfkn taft

wjudc afv o k rfcedy fppfrkt tj tajs waj wrjt fkc strst afrc ta

stjry, ukdeb tj us waj fr, prafps, gjr cegdy fwfr jl jur jodeiftejk

tj joy jur gfbr fkc jl jur k c ljr aes sustfekeki prskn.

F g ssfi fojut gfttrs jtar tafk paysenfd cfta

Ofsc jk ta sygojdesg jl I kses ?„> hust jutdekc, ta stjry nfk o

ukcrstjjc ek ets aestjrenfd njktxt fs f pfrfod jl njr dg kts jl

A orw rdeiejk fkc/jr fs f prstiureki jl waft cec vktuft8 ta xed

jl ojta kjrta fkc sjuta bekicjgs lrjg ta Dfkc. Ek ketar jl tas

ukcrstfkcekis es ta cevek pkfdty ek I kses ?„> jk jl detrfd, paysenfd

cfta. Saes es cu pfrtdy tj ta njkstrfekts jl ta stjry-tddeki fkc pfrtdy tj

f tajdjienfd purpjs jl ta futajr. Fs rifrcs ta stjry-tddeki, ta

njktekuety otw k ta strst njupd fkc suosqukt ikrftejks wjudc

afv o k orjbk afc ta futajr fddjw c ta njupd tj o strunb cjwk

666 ]jekts (e)„(ev) lrjg8 Y kafg,I kses, 1<.66? Y kafg,Ikses, 93. Dvetenus 6>830l2 Kugors 08?2 6 fgud 608>02 ]rjvros 18>0l.

03



cfc oljr pfrktajjc rftar tafk xpddc tj f g tfpajrenfd, deveki

‑cfta― weta jspreki. Yetajut taft njktekuety, I kses ?„> njudc kjt ljrg

pfrt jl f prlfn tj ta narjkend jl ta pftrefrnas taft oieks ek nafptr

66.

_ifrceki aes tajdjienfd purpjs, wfkteki tj pjrtrfy

Ufawa fs tru tj aes wjrc (‑yju safdd ce―) yt ludd jl irfn, ta futajr

geteifts ta cevek pkfdty ek f pfttrk jl rpftc geteiftejk ek aes

praestjry taft es I kses ?„66. Saus, hust fs ta gfk―s lutur es spfrc,

fdoet kjw fntc oy aes cesjocekn,66> sj ta gurcrr Nfek rnevs

Ufaw a―s prjtntev gfrb (3860). Debwes, ta augfk rfn, tajuia

ukevrsfddy wenbc (<80), es prsrvc tarjuia jk jl ets g gors, Kjfa,

jkdy tj prsest ek ets ved (18?6) out tj rnev rkw c cevek odsseki

(18??). I kses ?„66 ‑sts ljrta ta sfdutfry tajdjienfd dssjk taft jkdy f

afer―s orfcta spfrfts Ijc―s husten fkc aes g rny―663–fkc taft Esrfd―s

xprekn ojr irftr tstegjky tj ta snjkc jl tas.

Saes dssjk es jk taft es fsedy njgprakseod jutsec

fknekt Esrfd. Ekc c, ta dfnb jl xpdenet rlrkn tj njvkfkt, Sjrfa jr

tgpd ek I kses ?„> fddjws ta stjry tj o fppdec tj f guna wecr

njktxt tafk ta jreiekfd jk fkc prgets f vfrety jl g fkekis tj o

cesnrkc ek ets renakss. Sa fgoevfdkn jl ta usfi jlfcfg ljr ojta

augfkbekc (.i. ?80) fkc fk ekcevecufd nafrfntr (.i. ?861) fdsj ekvets f

wecr fppdenftejk. Out, watar ta stjry prjrs xpdfkftejks jl suna

ukevrsfd lfnts jl augfk xestkn fs ta njgpdg ktfrety–yt njkent–

otw k ta sxs, jur foedety tj gfb futjkjgjus gjrfd najens, ta

pren jl bkjwdci, jur k c ljr ndjtaeki, jr ta njggjk lfr jl skfbs

(jr fky njgoekftejk jl tas fkc jtars), ta vfiukss jl ets g ktejk jl

66> Njfts, ‑Ijc―, ?>6.663 Ieosjk,I kses, 65>.

00



cfta ekcenfts taft ta stjry cjs kjt fdsj prjvec fk ftejdjiy jl augfk

paysenfd gjrtfdety.

Sa ndjsst ta kfrrftev its tj fk ftejdjiy jl cfta es ek ets

ndfr ftejdjiy jl afrcsaep. Out, waed et lrfg s ta pfeklud treoudftejk jl

ofreki kw del fkc ta afvy trfvfed jl sustfekeki nurrkt del fs

njksqukns jl cesjoyeki ta Nrftjr, ta kfrrftev stjps sajrt jl

ukfgoeiujusdy eknduceki paysenfd cfta fgjki tajs njksqukns. Saes

es, ajw vr, jkdy tj o xpntc lrjg fknekt Esrfd―s prnptejk jl ta

prjodg jl tajceny2 jk ta oeodenfd veckn, et wfs f prjodg rfesc jkdy

oy sureki xpreknc ek del, kjt oy ta lfnt jl del―s stketuc.660

G sjpjtfgefk gytas fs fk ektrprtev fec

Fdtajuia, ek jur hucig kt hust xprssc, ta dfnb jl frtenudftejk jl fk

ftejdjiy jl cfta ek I kses ?„> strjkidy suiists taft taes essu dfy

jutsec ta futajr―s ljnus, tar fr ekcenftejks taft et wfs kjt jut jl

gekc. Sas ekcenftejks njg tj deiat fifekst ta ofnbirjukc jl fknekt

K fr @fstrk gytajdjies.

Gjrtfdety es f preknepfd tag ek ta @pen jl Iedifgsa.66<

Iedifg sa, irevc oy ta cfta jl aes lrekc @kbecu, s bs jut ta jkdy

eggjrtfd gfk, Ptkfpesateg, tj quez aeg fojut ta snrt jl aes

cftadsskss. Ek fkswr, Ptkfpesateg rdfts ajw ta ijc @kded afc skt f

cdui tj sgjtar augfkbekc fkc sj ifek rspet lrjg ta kjes pjpd

prjcunc. Ptkfpesateg snfpc ta cstruntejk, afveki o k teppc j oy

aes prsjkfd cety, @f, oljrafkc. Cspet @kded―s eketefd nafirek jk

cesnjvreki taft aes ikjnecfd pdfk afc o k tawfrtc, @kded njklrrc

eggjrtfdety jk Ptkfpesateg. Ek ta pjg jl Ftrfafses tar es fk fccetejk

tj ta stjry ft taes pjekt8 ta kjes jl ta stedd-tjj-kug rjus augfks (waj,

660 pfis >6l fojv.66< Sa ljddjweki suggfry es ofsc jk taft ek8 Ijri,Iedifgsa, xdeee„xdve.

0<



deb Iedifg sa aegsdl, afv jccdy survevc ta jjc) njktekus tj

ojtar ta ijcs. Sa sjdutejk taes teg 8 @f eketefts f nuro jk pjpudftejk

irjwta oy g fks jl aekcrfkns tj augfk lnukcety. Ofnb ek ta @pen,

Ptkfpesateg skcs Iedifg sa jk aes wfy weta cfsac ajps taft a, tjj,

gfy o eggjrtfdezc– xnpt, taft es, el a w r tj rtrev f nrtfek pdfkt

waena nfk rstjr jk―s yjuta. Iedifg sa sunn cs ek stkceki ta pdfkt,

jkdy tj afv et prjgptdy skftnac fwfy oy f srpkt oljr et tfbs nt.

Sar es ek fdd taes ojta prpdxety ft augfk gjrtfdety fkc

fk xpdfkftejk jl ets jreiek. El ta wretr jl I kses ?„> wfs fwfr jl tas

lfturs jl ta G sjpjtfgefk stjry–fkc ta rdftejksaep otw k ta

oeodenfd fkc Ofoydjkefk Ldjjc stjres gfbs et debdy taft a wfs–tak ta

@ck kfrrftev gfy njktfek f rspjks tj tag, jr ft dfst f rntejk jl

tag. _ifrceki prpdxety ft gjrtfdety,

ta irfkteki jl eggjrtfdety tj jk prsjk ek ta pfst, fkc jk

prsjk jkdy, srvs el fkytaeki tj ukcrdek ta gjrtfdety jl fdd ta

rst jl tag–fkc Iedifg sa―s lfedur tj nfsa ek jk Ptkfpesateg―s

ijjc ljrtuk g rdy ruos ek ta g ssfi lurtar.669

Ek I kses ?„> ta sfg g ssfi es njkvyc oy ta njupd―s oeki ofrrc

lrjg ta lruet jl ta tr jl vrdfsteki del taft wfs, ek ta stjry, jkn tar

ljr ta penbeki. _ifrceki fk xpdfkftejk jl cfta―s jreiek, el ta I kses

wretr afc jk ek gekc ft fdd, fkc el a gjcddc et jk taft ek Ftrfafses,

tak ‑tj cust yju safdd rturk― (>865o) es (e) f cevek cnr (deb taft

eketeftc oy @f), kjt f stftg kt jl jreiekfd augfk gjrtfdety, fkc (ee) fk

xpcekt ektrvktejk ek augfk xestkn (deb taft k cc tj snur

quetuc ljr ta ijcs), kjt f pukesag kt g tc jut. Sa @ck ftejdjiy

wjudc cer lrjg ets Ftrfafses prcnssjr ek taft ta fcvkt jl cfta es

jnnfsejkc oy ta strst augfk sek, kjt augfkety―s cek.

669 Ieosjk,I kses, 653.

09



Y njudc, tak, kdest ta G sjpjtfgefk ofnbirjukc tj tep

ta ofdfkn jl jur rfceki jl Ikses ?„> tjwfrcs ta stjry egpdyeki fk

jreiekfd augfk eggjrtfdety, augfks onjgeki gjrtfd jkdy suosqukt tj

sek tajuia kjt ek hucig kt ljr et. Out w rgfek nernugspnt fojut taes

wfy jl frreveki ft fk ektrprtev cnesejk. Ievk taft tar es kj

njrrspjkckn otw k I kses ?„> fkc fknekt K fr @fstrk detrftur

ek fkytaeki gjr tafk ta prjofody njeknecktfd lftureki ek ojta jl f

srpkt fkc f pdfkt, et es jl cjuotlud dietegfny tj oreki f G sjpjtfgefk

ftejdjiy jl cfta tj ofr jk ta rdvfkt vrss jl I kses ?„>. @vk el a

wfs lfgedefr weta ta prnptejk jl gjrtfdety ek ta G sjpjtfgefk

gytajdjiy, ta wretr najs kjt tj gfb fk ftejdjiy jl cfta vk

egpdenet ek aes stjry. Sa gjst w nfk sfy es taft a gfy afv afc fk jreiek

ljr cfta ek gekc, out taft a cec kjt xprss aes gekc jk ta suohnt.

Njkndusejk

Sa njupd ek ta stjry taft es st ek f ifrck nfddc @ck ndfrdy orfb f

cevek prjaeoetejk out cj kjt ndfrdy rnev ta pkfdty jl cyeki taft, ek

ta stjry, Ijc afc sfec wjudc ljddjw jk taer cesjocekn. Sa stjry

cpkcs ljr ets crfgften tksejk jk fk xpntftejk jl ta rdefoedety jl f

ljrwfrkeki lrjg ta gjuta jl Ufaw a Ijc, kj dss, fkc jk ta

ludstdg kt jl taft xpntftejk. j et njgpds us tj djjb ndjsdy ljr f pkfdty

taft fgjukts tj jk jl cyeki. Ijc―s prjkjukng kt taft ta gfk wedd

‑rturk tj ta irjukc R…W, tj cust― (>865o) fkc ta prvktejk jl fnnss tj

ta tr jl del fr jovejus nfkcecfts ljr taes pkfdty out, jk rntejk, w

nfk o kj gjr tafk fgoevfdkt fojut taer ekndusejk (jr kjt) ek ta

sktkn. Say gfy, ek ta deiat jl G sjpjtfgefk gytajdjies, rprskt f

gfriekfd njknrk weta ta jreiek jl cfta, out et es cjuotlud watar suna

detrftur afc fky ekukn jk ta njgpjsetejk jl I kses ?„>. Sa jtar

01



nfkcecfts wjudc gfb ljr f pkfdty jl g tfpajrenfd, kjt detrfd, ‑cfta―.

Ievk ta strjki ekcenftejks taft @ck sygojdezs Esrfd―s ajdy sfkntufry

jl Ijc―s prskn, ta njupd―s xpudsejk lrjg @ck (>8?>l), gjr tafk

taer onjgeki suohnt tj fffientejks (>86<„65f), afs ta irfvety jl f pkfdty

jl cyeki. Sa stjry es tfbk up weta ta nktrfd egpjrtfkn jl augfks―

rdftejksaep weta taer Nrftjr fkc ]rjvecr, fkc ta njksqukns ljr

taft rdftejksaep wak augfks cesrupt et. Sa prjprtes jl ta augfk

ojcy, watar kjw jr jkn upjk f teg , fr kjt irgfk tj taes gjr

prsseki njknrk.

05



<.SA@ F]J SD@ ]FPD FKC FK J_EIEK LJ_ ]AUENFD C@FSA

Ljr fdd ta gfky g ktejks jl cfta ek ta KS, lw rdft tj ets jreiek. Hust

twj pfssfis, ojta lrjg ]fud, stfkc jut, kjt dfst ljr taer tfdb jl cfta

afveki ‑njg tajuia― Fcfg8 6 Njrektaefks 6086„09 fkc _jgfks 086?„?6.

_irttfody, w afv spfn tj cesnuss jkdy jk jl tas ek cpta. Fdtajuia

xises jl 6 Njrektaefks 60 odjkis ek fky njgpdt afkcdeki jl jur tjpen,

w wedd oypfss taft nafptr, ljnuseki ekstfc jk ta pfssfi ek _jgfks.

Sa rfsjk ljr jur najen es taft, fdtajuia paysenfd cfta es nrtfekdy ft

essu ek 6 Njrektaefks 60, ]fud―s preknepfd njknrk tar es snaftjdjienfd,

kjt prjtjdjienfd. Sar es fk esjdftc prjtjdjienfd g ktejk jl cfta, ek vrs

?6, out taes afs f ndjs pfrfddd ek _jgfks war ]fud frtenudfts ta pjekt

gjr luddy.

_jgfks 086?„?6

6? Sarljr, hust fs sek nfg ektj ta wjrdc tarjuia jk gfk, fkc cfta nfg

tarjuia sek, fkc sj cfta sprfc tj fdd onfus fdd afv sekkc– 6>sek wfs ekc c ek

ta wjrdc oljr ta dfw, out sek es kjt rnbjkc wak tar es kj dfw.63Ut cfta

xrnesc cjgekejk lrjg Fcfg tj Gjss, vk jvr tajs wajs seks w r kjt deb

ta trfksirssejk jl Fcfg, waj es f typ jl ta jk waj wfs tj njg .

60 Out ta lr ielt es kjt deb ta trspfss. Ljr el ta gfky cec tarjuia ta jk

gfk―s trspfss, guna gjr surdy afv ta irfn jl Ijc fkc ta lr ielt ek ta

irfn jl ta jk gfk, Hsus Narest, fojukcc ljr ta gfky.6<Fkc ta lr ielt es kjt

deb ta nt jl ta jk gfk―s sek. Ljr ta hucig kt ljddjweki jk trspfss orjuiat

njkcgkftejk, out ta lr ielt ljddjweki gfky trspfsss orekis hustestnftejk.69El,

onfus jl ta jk gfk―s trspfss, cfta xrnesc cjgekejk tarjuia taft jk,

guna gjr surdy wedd tajs waj rnev ta foukcfkn jl irfn fkc ta lr ielt jl

reiatjuskss xrnes cjgekejk ek del tarjuia ta jk gfk, Hsus Narest.

<=



61 Sarljr hust fs jk gfk―s trspfss dc tj njkcgkftejk ljr fdd, sj jk gfk―s fnt

jl reiatjuskss dfcs tj hustestnftejk fkc del ljr fdd.65Ljr hust fs oy ta jk gfk―s

cesjocekn ta gfky w r gfc sekkrs, sj oy ta jk gfk―s jocekn ta gfky

wedd o gfc reiatjus.?=Out dfw nfg ek, weta ta rsudt taft ta trspfss

gudtepdec2 out war sek eknrfsc, irfn fojukcc fdd ta gjr,?6sj taft, hust fs

sek xrnesc cjgekejk ek cfta, sj irfn geiat fdsj xrnes cjgekejk tarjuia

hustestnftejk dfceki tj trkfd del tarjuia Hsus Narest jur Djrc.

Ektrjcuntejk

Sa dttr tj ta _jgfks njktfeks jvr afdl jl ta 50 jnnurrkns jltafkftjs

(‑cfta―) fkc ets njikfts ek ta ukcesputc ]fudek njrpus, fkc ta

gfhjrety (3?) jl tas fr ek nafptrs 0„1.661 Jl preknepfd ektrst ek jur

pursuet jl ]fud―s prspntev jk ta jreiek jl augfk cfta es _jgfks 086?,

ek waena a rgfrbs taft cfta ‑nfg ektj ta wjrdc― fkc ‑sprfc tj fdd―. Fs

jkdy ta strst afdl jl fk ektrruptc sktkn,665 taes vrs odjkis wetaek f

teiatdy wrettk pfrfirfpa jl tk vrss (vv6?„?6). Oy cekt jl ets prjgekkt

Fcfg„Narest fktetases, taes wajd pfrfirfpa ‑cpkcs ljr ets ljrn jk

]fud―s ukcrdyeki tajdjiy jl waft augfk oekis fr ek ta cevek

ektktejk fkc purpjs,―6?= fkc sj cgfkcs fttktejk ek fky cesnussejk jl

]fud―s njknptejk jl augfk gjrtfdety.

Jur pfrtenudfr ektrst es ek watar ]fud tajuiat paysenfd

gjrtfdety tj o ta jreiekfd cevek ektktejk ljr augfk oekis. Et es

tarljr egpjrtfkt taft w stfodesa ]fud―s g fkeki ljr ‑cfta― ek _jgfks

086?„?6. jg njgg ktftjrs wfst kj teg ek crfweki njkndusejks fs tj

ta bekc jl cfta taft ]fud sfys ‑nfg ― fkc ‑sprfc―8 taft et wfs ekc c

661 Odfnb, ‑]rspntevs―, 36>. Sar fr hust svk jnnurrkns jutsec tas nafptrs8 68>?,

6389, 1 (tar teg s), 5, 60.665

Gjst njgg ktftjrs taekb taft ]fud prjvecs ta fpjcjses ljr ta prjtfses jl vrs 6? ekvrs 61, out taes es cesputc.6?= Yreiat,_surrntejk, ?35.

<6



paysenfd cfta,6?6 jr jkdy speretufd,6?? jr ojta,6?> jr jl f bekc taft es ost

xprssc ek jtar trgs.6?3 Y , ajw vr, rsest fk ekndekftejk tj cnec jk

ta sks ek waena ]fud usc ‑cfta― ek taes pfssfi ukted jur cesnussejk jl

et es w dd fcvfknc. Sa njgpdxety fkc suotdty jl ]fud―s friug kt wfrks

us fifekst stteki j tjj quenbdy jk ta trfed jl f sekiudfr qust ljr ta

g fkeki jl ‑cfta― ek 086?.

Ek lfnt, _jgfks 086?„?6 es dss f strfeiat-dek friug kt tafk fk

jk-ta-spjt tajdjienfd perjutt, turkeki fk ecf ludd nernd fkc, ek cjeki

sj, sajweki j ets svrfd lfnts. ‑Hust fs … sj fdsj―8 fdtjitar, ]fud orekis

sex ceg ksejks jl aes Fcfg„Narest typjdjiy rfpecdy ektj fkc jut jl vew.

Ek b peki weta taes gudteceg ksejkfd ljrg jl ta pfssfi, w wedd

xfgek tar fspnts jl ]fud―s pjrtrfyfd jl ‑cfta― ar8 (e) ets rdftejk weta

sek2 (ee) ]fud―s prsjkestnftejk jl ‑cfta―2 fkc (eee) ets fppjsetejk tj ‑del―. Oy

ouedceki up f pentur jl ]fud―s njknptejk ek taes wfy, w wedd put jursdvs

ek f pjsetejk tj huci waft pdfn, el fky, paysenfd cfta afc ek aes

njknptejk.

‑Fcfg― ek _jgfks 0

Oljr njksecreki jur strst najsk fspnt, ]fud―s g ktejk jl Fcfg

rquers jur fttktejk. Jur ektrst es kjt jkdy ek watar ]fud wrjt jl

spnestnfddy paysenfd cfta, out ek watar a wrjt fojut ets jreiek. ]fud

stfts taft sek fkc cfta ‑nfg ektj ta wjrdc― fkc taft tay cec sj

‑tarjuia jk gfk― wajg a kfg s fs ‑Fcfg― (v63). Saes rlrkn tj ta

strst-kfg c augfk ek ta oeodenfd fnnjukt fdrts us tj ta pjsseoedety taft a

safrc jur prskt ektrst ek jreieks.

6?6 Xesdr,_jgfks, 6302 Gjrres,@pestd, ??5.6?? Orry, ‑@frta―, >3.6?>

Cukk,_jgfks, ?9>2 Letzgyr,_jgfks, 36?.6?3 Ofrta,@pestd, 6<<8 ‑ta suprg dfw jl ta wjrdc ek waena w dev R…W ta suprg`

treoudftejk ek waena w stfkc.―

<?



Ek 6 Njrektaefks 608??, ]fud prskts Fcfg fkc Narest fs

stiurafcs rprskteki twj jvrdfppeki snaftjdjienfd nftijres jl

augfkety8 taft ‑ek Fcfg― fkc taft ‑ek Narest―. Ek _jgfks, tjj, Fcfg es

cjuotdss f rprsktftev stiur, ta suggftejk jl fk rf orjuiat tj

ndjsur fkc rpdfng kt oy Narest. Saes es prafps ndfrst ek vrss 61 fkc

65, fna jl waena sts jk ‑jk–fdd/gfky― fifekst fkjtar. jg`

njgg ktftjrs gpafsez taes rprsktftev lukntejk jl ‑Fcfg― tj ta

xndusejk jl fky sks jl pfrtenudfrety fkc aestjrenety. Ljr Xesdr, Fcfg es

ekcestekiuesafod lrjg ta augfk rfn, ‑f rprsktftev stiur, @vrygfk

fkc @vrywjgfk, wajs stjry es ta stjry jl fdd waj safr aes sjrt jl

augfkety.―6?0 Ofrta ukcrstfkcs Fcfg fs sj guna f cefdntenfd ljed ljr

Narest taft ‑a RFcfgW xests jkdy wak a es cessjdvc, fkc a es frg c

jkdy wak ek Narest a es orjuiat tj kjuiat.―6?< Yaed rnjikezeki ]fud―s

gpdjyg kt jl ‑Fcfg― fs f rprsktftev jl fdd fkc f ljed ljr Narest, w ,

ajw vr, wesa tj ajdc tas fdjkisec fk veckt pfrtenudfrezftejk fkc

aestjrenezftejk jl Fcfg ek _jgfks 086?„?6. Ek taes orel pfrfirfpa, ]fud

rlrs eiat teg s tj Fcfg―s ‑jk― clfudt out jkdy tar teg s tj ta ‑gfky

trspfsss― jl fdd.6?9 ]fud ievs Fcfg f pfrtenudfrety ek _jgfks 0 cesteknt

lrjg ta rfn a rprskts.

Lurtargjr, ]fud prskts Fcfg kjt hust fs fk ekcevecufd out

fs f aestjrenezc ekcevecufd. Yetajut ijeki fs lfr fs tj ccun taft ]fud

tajuiat Fcfg tj o aestjrenfd ek ta sfg sks fs Hsus–‑fk fnt ek gytaen

aestjry nfk o pfrfdddc tj fk fnt ek deveki aestjry wetajut ta pjekt jl

njgpfresjk oeki djst―6?1–]fud―s pjrtrfyfd jl Fcfg njktfeks fk

ekspfrfod teg dg kt. Sa Fcfg„Narest fktetases ofrs fk egpdenet

6?0 Xesdr,_jgfks, 635.6?< Ofrta,@pestd, 696.6?9

Sa sek jl ta ―jk―8 vv6?, 63, 60, 6< (twen), 69, 61, 652 ta sek jl ta ―gfky―8 vv6?, 6<, 65.6?1 Cukk,_jgfks, ?15. A kn jur fssrtejk taft, ljr ]fud, Fcfg es aestjrenezc, kjt

aestjrenfd.

<>



oljr-fkc-fltr, weta jk ‑fnt jl reiatjuskss― (v61) ljrgeki ta nretenfd

pjekt jl trfksetejk out weta waena jtar vkts fr ek narjkjdjienfd sres,

kjtfody ta njgeki jl ta dfw (vv6>l,?=) fkc, oljr taft, f seikestnfkt strst

trspfss. Gjud jvrstfts taes rtrjspntev fspnt jl ta pfssfi wak a

suiists taft ‑]fud rfnas ofnb tj ta oiekkekis jl taekis R…W a r-

wrets ta nrftejk kfrrftev.―6?5 _ftar, Bretzr―s fssssg kt es gjr

fnnurft, taft ‑ta prjtjdjienfd ceg ksejk jl ta Fcfg/Narest fkfdjiy

cjs njg tj ta ljr Rek _jgfks 0W ek f wfy taft et cjs kjt ek 6

Njrektaefks 60.―6>= Y nfk tarljr xpnt et tj o pjsseod tj gfb

eklrkns lrjg _jgfks 0 fs tj ]fud―s vew jl ta jreiek jl augfk cfta.

Sa rdftejk jl cfta weta sek

]fud orekis ‑cfta― fkc ‑sek― ektj ndjs njddjnftejk rpftcdy ek nafptrs 0„

1 (086?,?6, <86<,?>, 980 nl. 9866,6>, 18?). A es kjt ta strst nfkjkenfd futajr tj

xprss f rdftejk otw k sek fkc cfta, out a es ta strst tj prskt ta

rdftejk ek ikren trgs, wreteki fs a cjs jl taer ktreki ‑ta wjrdc― jl

augfk xestkn (v6?l). Fs w sfw ek jur survy jl JS prspntevs jk

cfta, ets dekb tar weta sek wfs gfekdy degetc tj nfpetfd pukesag kt.6>6 Et

wfs kjt ukted ta ektrtstfg ktfd prejc taft f ikren dekbeki jl sek fkc

cfta g ric.6>? Jl pfrtenudfr kjt ek njkkntejk weta _jgfks 086? es

ta cpentejk ek ta ektrtstfg ktfd detrftur jl fk kcureki dekb otw k

sek fkc cfta tj afv o k strst ljric oy Fcfg. Ljr xfgpd, ? Ofruna

038608

6?5 A.N.I. Gjud, qujtc ek8 Cruggjkc, ‑_jgfks 086?„?6―, <9„<5.6>=

Bretzr, ‑Fcfg―, 6>.6>6 pfis >6l fojv.6>? pfis >>l fojv.

<3



Ljr fdtajuia Fcfg sekkc fkc afs orjuiat cfta upjk fdd waj

w r kjt ek aes jwk teg , yt fna jl tag waj afs o k ojrk lrjg

aeg afs prpfrc ljr aegsdl ta njgeki tjrg kt.6>>

Sa huxtfpjsetejk jl ‑sek―, ‑cfta― fkc fk Fcfgen gjtel ek _jgfks 086?„?6

suiists taft ]fud wfs aegsdl lfgedefr weta taes trfcetejk, fkc ta orvety

weta waena a eknjrpjrfts et ektj aes dttr–‑Hust fs …―–ekcenfts taft

(ar fs ek 6 Njrektaefks 60) a fssug c lfgedefrety weta ta trfcetejk

fgjkist aes rfcrs. Et wfs f trfcetejk weta f njknptejk jl cfta taft gjst

prjofody eknducc augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety, fs kjtc frder.6>3

Sa debdeajjc taft ta sek„cfta njddjnftejk ek _jgfks es kjt

f ]fudek kjvug cjs kjt, ajw vr, rdev us jl ta k c tj xfgek ta

egpdenet kftur jl ta dekb otw k sek fkc cfta ek aes dttr, pfrtenudfrdy

wak w fr ek pursuet jl spnestnfddy ]fud―s g fkeki ljr ‑cfta―. Swj

pjsseoedetes ljr f njkkntejk otw k sek fkc ‑cfta― fr fppfrkt8 taft

‑cfta― es f cevek pukesag kt ljr sek, jr taft et njg s fs f kfturfd

njksqukn jl sek. Cesnussejk jl waena jl tas ]fud pdfnc irftst

gpafses jk afs nktrc frjukc ta sks ek waena a fkkjukns, ek ta

strst nafptr jl _jgfks, taft ‑ta wrfta jl Ijc es RoekiW rvfdc―

(6861).6>0 Ek jur vew, et es cenudt tj gfektfek lrjg _jgfks taft ]fud adc

cfta (ek fky sks) tj o cevek rtreoutejk ljr sek. Fcgettcdy, ek 68>?

]fud fdducs tj ta pkfdty jl paysenfd cfta ljr fnts taft nfrrec et ek ta

Dvetenfd diesdftejk (Dvetenus ?=86>), out ta gjst a njudc afv g fkt es

taft suna Ikteds fr csrveki jl cfta, kjt taft tay cj ce jk fnnjukt jl

taer sek. ]fud―s cndfrftejk jl ta rvfdeki jl Ijc―s wrfta (6861) es

ljddjw c kjt oy f desteki jl ta ljrgs taft wrfta kjw tfbs ek ta lfnts jl

augfk xestkn out oy f desteki jl fnts jl sek taft wfrrfkt Ijc―s wrfta, tj

6>> fdsj8 ? Ofruna ?>832 3 @zrf >8?6„?<, 98661l.6>3

pfis >>l fojv.6>0 Sa coft wfs prnepetftc oy ta puodenftejk jl8 Cjcc, N.A.,Sa @pestd jl ]fud tj ta

_jgfks, (Djkcjk8 Ajccr & tjuiatjk, 65>?).

<0



o xprssc ft f lutur hucig kt jk f ‑cfy jl wrfta― (?80). ]rsktdy, vk

waed augfkbekc es gjrtfd (68?>), Ijc dfvs sekukpukesac (>8?0 nl. 58??).

Ek jur stegftejk, Ofrta―s suppjsetejk taft ‑ek ets Rcfta―sW ekvetfoedety w

fr rgekcc jl ta wrfta waena afkis jvr ta gfk jl ta wjrdc fkc ta

wjrdc jl gfk―6>< es kjt f lfer stftg kt jl ]fud―s njknptejk jl cfta ek

rdftejk tj sek. _ftar, ‑tarjuia ta dfw―, kjt cfta, ‑njg s ta bkjwdci

jl sek― (>8?= nl. 3860, 989).

Sa jtar njknevfod wfy ek waena ]fud gfy afv ukcrstjjc

cfta tj ljddjw lrjg sek es oy kfturfd njksqukn, suna taft ta s cs jl

ta sekkr―s cges fr sjwk ek taer fnts jl sekkeki. Sa taenfd pfssfis

ek aes dttr njudc pjekt tjwfrcs ]fud―s afveki tajuiat taes8 ‑sek R…W dfcs

tj cfta― (fs f njksqukn) hust fs ‑jocekn R…W dfcs tj Re.. cvdjps

rftar tafk csrvsW reiatjuskss― (<86<). ek pfys ets jwk wfi jl

‑cfta―, warfs Ijc ievs ‑trkfd del― (<8?>). Fk ekcenftejk jl ajw, ljr

]fud, sek geiat oreki jk ‑cfta― fs f kfturfd njksqukn– vk paysenfd

cfta–njudc o tajuiat tj de ek ]fud―s cpentejk jl sek fs ssktefddy

nfrkfd. Sarjuiajut _jgfks 6„1, ]fud pjrtrfys ta ojcy fs ta djnus jl sek.

Ek aes csnreptejk jl ‑fdd ukijcdekss fkc wenbckss― (6861) a gjvs

quenbdy lrjg g ktejk jl ‑luted taekbeki … sksdss gekcs … RfkcW dustlud

afrts― (68?6,?3f) tj ta ojcedy xprssejk jl tajs (68?3o,?<l). A rfssrts

ta nfrkfdety jl sek lrquktdy ek nafptrs <„1 (<8<,6?l,65, 980,?>, 186>), kjt

dfst ek aes us jlsfrx (‑sa―) tj ckjt ta spar jl augfk deveki taft es

ek jppjsetejk tj del ‑fnnjrceki tj ta peret― (980,61,?0, 18>„5,6?l). Jk njudc

friu lrjg taes ndfr pentur jl sek ojcedy xprssc taft ojcedy cfta dfy

wetaek ]fud―s purvew wak a njkkntc ta jreieks jl sek fkc ‑cfta― sj

ndjsdy ek 086?. Ajw vr, f paysenfdety ljr sek cjs kjt knssfredy egpdy

paysenfd cfta. ]fud wrjt jl f nurrktdy deveki fkc orftaeki ojcy (aes

6>< Ofrta,@pestd, 6<9. Kjt taft Ofrta afs ar cesnfrcc aes frder kufknc njknptejk jl

‑cfta― ljr f sekiudfrdy paysenfd jk.

<<



jwk:) oeki ‑jl cfta― (98?3) fkc ‑cfc― (186=)2 ljr aeg, vk ojcedy ‑cfta―

nfk o g tfpajrenfd, f qufdetftev cegekutejk jl del, kjt ets qufktetftev

kc.

Saes dfst josrvftejk dfcs us tj suspnt taft pjkcreki

watar ]fud tajuiat cfta f pukesag kt ljr jr njksqukn jl sek es f

wrjki wfy jl lrfgeki ta jptejks. Aes fssrtejk taft ‑sek nfg ektj ta

wjrdc R…W, fkc cfta nfg tarjuia sek― (086?) cjs, w njknc, njuna

‑sek― fkc ‑cfta― fs f squktefd pfer, out ]fud gfy afv njknevc jl tag

fs gjr prjljukcdy njknjgetfkt. Sa cenudty w knjuktr ek ecktelyeki

ta rdftejk fs jk jl pukesag kt jr njksqukn suppjrts Odfnb―s

fssssg kt taft ‑]fud kvr rnjkneds ta tksejk otw k cfta fs freseki

lrjg sek fkc fs pukesag kt ljr et. A sajws kj ektrst ek cjeki sj.―6>9

]rafps ]fud hucic sek fkc ‑cfta― tj ektrdjnb tjj ndjsdy ljr fky fttgpt

tj frtenudft ajw jk es ta njrjddfry jl ta jtar tj o njkndusev. Jur

eknjkndusev sfrna ljr f narjkjdjienfd rdftejk otw k tag (fs

pukesag kt jr njksqukn) ekcenfts et ukdebdy taft ]fud g fkt oy

‑cfta― strentdy paysenfd cfta, onfus suna cfta es knssfredy

narjkjdjienfddy suosqukt tj sek.6>1

F njktekuug jl cfta cu tj f njktekuug jl sek

@frder, w josrvc taft fdtajuia, ljr ]fud, Fcfg es f rprsktftev jl fdd,

a stfkcs jut fs f pfrtenudfr jk ek cestekntejk lrjg ta rst jl aes rfn.6>5

A es pfrtenudfr oy wfy jl aes ljukceki, eketefteki rjd. Fdsj, w afv

friuc taft, ek ]fud―s njknptejk, ‑sek― fkc ‑cfta― fr f syknarjkjus pfer.

Y fr taus dc tj ta qustejk jl ta rdftejk ek ]fud―s gekc otw k, jk

ta jk afkc, Fcfg―s pfrtenudfr sek fkc cfta, fkc, jk ta jtar, ta

6>9 Odfnb, ‑]rspntevs―, 3>=.6>1

Sj deget ta jptejks tj pukesag kt jr njksqukn es tj prsuppjs fs paysenfd tasks ek waena ]fud usc ‑cfta―, fkc sj tj ljrndjs ta qustejk ft afkc.6>5 pfis 00l fojv.

<9



sekkeki fkc cyeki taft es kcgen ek jur rfn. Jur prskt stucy es

gjtevftc oy f cser tj bkjw ta jreiek jl ta augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety

taft w nurrktdy josrv, fkc taes sfrna rsts jk fk fssugptejk jl f

njktekuug jl suna gjrtfdety sekn ets pjekt jl jreiek. Kjtwetastfkceki jur

stedd jpk qustejk jl watar spnestnfddy paysenfd gjrtfdety odjkic

wetaek ]fud―s njknrk, et es ndfr taft a, tjj, fssug c njktekuety otw k

‑cfta― ft ets jreiek fkc fs f njktgpjrfry rfdety. Fltr ‑cfta nfg ― et

‑sprfc tj fdd― (086?). Et wfs f rfdety jvr ta ikrftejks lrjg ‑Fcfg tj

Gjss― (v63) fkc gfky gjr sekn (v60:). Jur fssugptejk jl njktekuety

oeki safrc oy ]fud, w fr dc lurtar tj ekquer watar ]fud―s wjrcs

fdsj xpdfek ajw ‑cfta― afs o k prptuftc cjwk tj ta prskt. Saes

gfy adp us tj stfodesa watar ‑cfta― ljr ]fud eknducc f paysenfd sks.

@vk tajuia ]fud―s gpafses ek 086?f es jk waft afppkc

‑tarjuia jk gfk―, ‑cfta― egpdenetdy ktrc ‑ta wjrdc―, f nftijry jl

xestkn dfrir tafk taft jl f sekid ekcevecufd. Ekc c, ‑cfta― ek _jgfks

0 es kvr taft jl fk ekcevecufd, vk Fcfg2 et es ek vry g ktejk f

pakjg kjk jl ukevrsfd rfna, tajuia gfkelst ek fna jl ‑ta gfky―

(v60). Et es, ek njktrfst, sek taft ]fud ievs pfrtenudfrety tj, ek ta jk gfk―s

trfksirssejk (vv63„65), fdtajuia et tjj ktrc ‑ta wjrdc― dfrir tafk

Fcfg (vv6?l). Ek vew jl aes njddjnftejk jl cfta fkc sek, fky ekquery ektj

]fud―s ukcrstfkceki jl ta wfy ‑cfta― wfs prptuftc lrjg Fcfg

jkwfrcs gust ljnus jk ta rjd jl sek. Gjr prnesdy, et gust ljnus jk ta

pfrtenudfr sek jl Fcfg fkc ta ukevrsfd sekkeki jl fdd, fkc nfkkjt fvjec

pjkcreki ta rdftejk otw k tas twj.

ekn ]fud jpks 086? weta g ktejk jl sek njgeki ‑tarjuia jk

gfk―, et es Fcfg―s sek taft es pregfredy egpdenftc ek fky ftejdjiy jl

‑cfta― ar. Saes njgeki jl sek nrftc fk jppjrtukety ljr ‑cfta― tj

fppfr ‑tarjuia sek―. Sa xpdenet oreci ek 086? lrjg taes ljukceki vkt tj

<1



ets suosqukt ukevrsfd difny es ‑fkc sj―8 ‑fkc sj cfta sprfc tj fdd.― Et es

kjt pjsseod tj snfp ta njkndusejk, tak, taft ek ]fud―s gekc fk fknstrfd

sek eketeftc ta tarfltr wecsprfc pakjg kjk jl ‑cfta―.

Saes es kjt tj sfy taft a tajuiat ‑cfta― f wajddy ekxjrfod

pakjg kjk ek waena fna prsjk pdfys kj pfrt, ljr aes stkfd parfs ek

086?, ‑pa ajfdd sekkc― (v6?c), gfy egpdenft vry ekcevecufd ek aes/ar

jwk ‑cfta―. Sa nrux jl ta gfttr es ta g fkeki jlpa aj. Sar es kjt

spfn ar tj njksecr fna jl ta kug rjus suiistejks jl @kidesa

trfksdftejks waena tjitar fgjukt tj f sjup jl stkdy kufknc

prpjsetejks fkc prjkjuks. un et tj sfy taft ta suiistejks nfk o

cevecc ektj tajs waena njuna pa aj fs f rdftev prjkjuk (.i. ‑ek

wajg―) fkc tajs waena tfb et fs f njkhukntejk (.i. ‑onfus―). Saes

cevesejk rjuiady njrrdfts weta ukcrstfkceki v6?c fs rdfteki ta sek jl

‑fdd― (‑fdd sekkc―) etar tj ta sek jl Fcfg (g ktejkc ft ta jpkeki jl

ta vrs) jr tj ta cfta jl fdd (ek ta prvejus ndfus). Ek ta strst jptejk,

ta gpafses es jk Fcfg―s nudpfoedety ljr jur sek fkc sj fdsj ljr jur cyeki.

Y afv fdrfcy o k fod tj njknduc taes lrjg v6?f„n.63= Sa snjkc

jptejk nfrres ta egpdenftejk taft w fr fdd nudpfod2 w, deb Fcfg, sek,

sj w ‑ce―. El v6?c sfys fkytaeki kw–fkc et es ukdebdy tj o rcukcfkt

ek f pfrfirfpa sj teiatdy wrettk–tak et gust o taes. Et s gs tj us, tak,

taft ]fud tajuiat ek trgs jl f ‑cufd nfusfdety―636 jl ‑cfta―8 Fcfg―s sek,fkc

ta sekkeki jl vryjk sekn. Sa snjkc jl tas wjudc kjt o f rfdety

wetajut ta strst, out et nfkkjt o suosug c ukcr ta strst.

Cukk prsug s taft ta twj ‑nfuss― jl ‑cfta― rnt f

cestekntejk ljr ]fud otw k twj bekcs jl cfta, ‑kfturfd― (f nfrry-jvr lrjg

Fcfg2 paysenfd gjrtfdety) fkc ‑speretufd― (orjuiat jk jursdvs2 gjrfd

63= prvejus pfrfirfpa.636 Letzgyr,_jgfks, 3=9.

<5



cikrfny).63? Et es cenudt tj fvjec crfweki taes cestekntejk, fdtajuia ta

lfnt taft ]fud kvr xprsss et suiists taft ljr aeg et wfs kjt f safrp

jk. Ets oeki odurrc prvkts us lrjg xnduceki paysenfd gjrtfdety lrjg

]fud―s njknptejk jl ‑cfta― ek 086?. Ekc c, wak ]fud njktekus, weta

g ktejk jl ‑cfta R…W lrjg Fcfg tj Gjss― (v63), et es prjofod taft

paysenfd cges wfs upprgjst ek aes gekc, sekn ta ikrftejks otw k

Fcfg fkc Gjss w r, ft ta teg jl ]fud―s wreteki, pftktdy cfc fkc

ijk warfs taer speretufd stft jl ‑del― jr ‑cfta― wfs kj djkir pdfek ljr

aeg jr aes rfcrs.

C fta prsjkestc

Ofrta orekis tjitar ta njddjnftejks jl ‑sek― fkc ‑cfta― taft jnnur ft ta

oiekkeki (v6?) fkc kc (v?6) jl jur pfssfi jl pregfry ektrst ek f

pfrfparfs taft xprsss wdd ta teiat kxus otw k tas twj ek ]fud―s

njknptejk8 ‑Yar sek devs, cfta devs ek sek–fkc w fr kjt fdev.

Yar sek reiks, et reiks ek cfta–fkc w fr cfc.―63> Saes pfrfparfs

pjekts up fkjtar lftur jl ]fud―s pjrtrfyfd jl ‑cfta― ek _jgfks8 aes

prsjkestnftejk jl et. ‑Cfta― es fk fikny taft ‑nfg ― (v6?) fkc ‑reikc―

(vv63,69) out wajs ‑cjgekejk― kj djkir fppdes tj Narest (<85). Debwes

ljr ‑sek― (086?,?6, <86?), waena fdsj ksdfvs (<8<,63,6<„?=) fkc cnevs

(9866).

Et es kjt fsy tj bkjw ajw guna tj gfb jl taes jrkft

cpentejk. jg njgg ktftjrs tfb ]fud―s dfkiufi fs f nu tj gofrb jk

eiats jl lfkny, suppjseki ]fud tj afv tajuiat ‑sek― (fkc prsugfody

‑cfta―, tjj) tj o ‑kjt f augfk cespjsetejk jr fw ek augfk kftur, out fk

uppr-nfs ]jw r―633 taft ‑strjc upjk ta stfi jl augfk aestjry―630 fkc

63? Cukk, ]fud, 5<.63>

Ofrta,@pestd, 6<5.633 Ifvktf, ‑]jw r―, ?>6.630 Letzgyr,_jgfks, 366.

9=



‑jkn st djjs, nfkkjt fsedy o stjppc.―63< Fkjtar taekbs ]fud gjr

prjsfen, njknrkc ‑kjt sj guna tj cseikft tag Rsek fkc cftaW fs

njsgen pjwrs fs tj nafrfntrez tag fs ljrns jl xestktefd rfdety―.639 Y`

huci, lrjg ]fud―s foedety tj wret dswar ek aes dttr jl ojta sek fkc

cfta ek pdfekr trgs (.i. ?86?, >8?>, 3865, 089) taft aes prsjkestnftejk jl

tag ek jur pfssfi jl ektrst sajws taft a tajuiat jl tag fs gjr tafk

g r xestktefd rfdetes. Ft ta sfg teg , w kjt taft ]fud, ek pjrtrfyeki

‑cfta― fs f pjw r, es gjr rstrfekc tafk ta wretr jl Yescjg jl

jdjgjk oljr aeg8 ]fud fvjecs g ktejk jl ta cved ek _jgfks 086?, f

vrs jtarwes ndjsdy segedfr tj Yescjg ?8?3f, ‑tarjuia ta cved―s kvy

cfta ktrc ta wjrdc.― Saes rstrfekt srvs tj suppjrt c Ojr―s

njktktejk taft ‑ta lfnt taft ]fud spfbs jl cfta rftar tafk ftfk jr ta

cved ekcenfts taft ta njsgjdjienfd pjwr jl cfta es strentdy njrrdftc

weta ets fktarjpjdjienfd nts.―631

Et es cenudt tj egfiek taft paysenfd gjrtfdety wfs kjt, ljr

]fud, ft dfst jk jl tas nts, onfus et es suna f dfri lfnt jl

fktarjpjdjienfd del fs w bkjw et. Y nfk spnudft lurtar taft, el sj, ]fud

wjudc afv adc jk jl twj vews8 etar taft tar wfs f teg oljr ta

njsgjdjienfd fikny jl ‑cfta― tjjb nt, wak f prestek pregfd

augfk(ety) wfs, fnnjrcekidy, paysenfddy eggjrtfd2 jr taft paysenfd

gjrtfdety wfs f pr-stfodesac lftur jl augfk xestkn oljr et ijt nj-

jptc oy ta pjwr taft kjw wedcs et, tfbeki jk fk fccetejkfd,

pepakjg kfd ceg ksejk segudtfkjus weta sek. Out, jk tas

fdtrkftevs, w cj wdd tj o fs rtenkt fs ]fud aegsdl.

‑C fta― fs ta foskn jl ‑del―

63<

Xesdr,_jgfks, 630.639 Cukk,_jgfks, ?9?.631 c Ojr,C lft, 61>.

96



Sar es kj njksksus fs tj waft ta ‑tarljr― weta waena _jgfks 086?

oieks es tar ljr, xnpt taft et fnts fs f njkhukntejk otw k taes vrs

fkc ta njktkt jl ta dttr up ukted taes vrs. Sa njkhukntejk gfy

jprft jk svrfd dvds, njknevfody jk jl waena es tj njkteku fkc

cvdjp ta cestekntejk otw k ‑del― fkc ‑cfta― ektrjcunc hust twj vrss

prvejusdy (086=). F cestekntejk taus gfc, ]fud, ek jur pfssfi jl pregfry

ektrst fkc ekc c tarjuia guna jl nafptrs <„1, ‑sts j ta idjjg jl

cfta fifekst ta oreiatr ofgs jl del fkc sfdvftejk.―635 Ek tas nafptrs,

zŇĞ (‑del―) fkc ets njikfts fppfr jk jkdy f lw jnnfsejks tj ckjt

kfturfd, paysenfd xestkn (s 986l,5, 186?l,>1). Guna gjr lrquktdy, ‑del―

nfrres f ‑suprfoukcfkt sks―60= ekcenftc oy ets jnnurreki tar teg s ek

ta ojukc parfs zŇĞ feŇkejs (‑trkfd del―2 08?6, <8??l) fkc ets fssjneftejk

weta ‑reiatjuskss― (0869l nl. 186=).

Sa ludd dunecftejk jl waft ]fud g fkt oy ‑del― ek taes sks, el

pjsseod ft fdd, es oyjkc ta snjp jl jur prskt stucy, out et s gs ndfr

tj us taft a g fkt gjr–guna gjr–tafk ta kdevkeki jl jur

paysenfd ojces, fkc taft (oy eklrkn) aes g fkeki ljr ‑cfta― wfs kjt

njkstkc tj jur paysenfd cges. un et tj dest tar rfsjks ljr jur

taekbeki taes. Lerstdy, sekn reiatjuskss fkc ‑del― njg ek tfkcg (fs cj

sek fkc ‑cfta―) ‑tarjuia jk gfk― (0869l), ‑del― es f sjtrejdjienfd stftus, kjt

fk fktarjpjdjienfd stft. njkcdy, ‑kwkss jl del― es ta ijfd jl ]fud―s

taenfd fppfd tj tajs waj afv o k ‑ofptezRcW ektj cfta― waed yt

paysenfddy gjrtfd (<83,66). Saercdy, njrrnt fs Letzgyr gfy o taft ‑ta

fchntev —trkfd‗ RfeŇkejsW ekcenfts ta qufdety jl taft del rftar tafk ets

curftejk,―606 trkfd del etar jutdfsts paysenfd del jr ds es f geskjg r–

out paysenfd del, ljr Narestefk fkc kjk-Narestefk fdeb, es ndfrdy orel. Jk

635

Sajgfs, ‑G fkeki―, ?=1.60= njtt, ‑Del―, 000.606 Letzgyr, 3?6.

9?



fdd tar njukts, ‑del― cjs kjt fpprjxegft tj ets paysenfd bekc, sj ketar

cjs ets jppjset, ‑cfta―.

_dftc tj ta snjkc fkc taerc pjekts, hust gfc, es ta

debdeajjc taft ‑RtrkfdW del― es f prskt rfdety, kjt jkdy f lutur prjspnt.

Fs Yreiat njgg kts,60? et wjudc nrtfekdy o fk uknafrfntresten ‑nrud

tfs― jl ]fud―s afc a kjt o k seknr ek aes najen jl ta prskt tks tj

csnreo aes rnepekts fs ‑tajs waj afv o k orjuiat lrjg cfta tj del―

(<86>). Out ta lutur tks cjgekfts. Ek sjg ekstfkns (<80,1), ta lutur

tks es njknevfody jkdy djienfd (‑el … tak kjw―)60> out ek nafptr 1 et es

ukgestfbfody ta rfd lutur, sekn tar ta ‑del― ievk es fppdec tj jur

prsktdy ‑gjrtfd ojces― (1866 nl. ?>). A r ]fud rvesets ta rsurrntejk

tag jl ta ndegfnten stlt kta nafptr jl aes frder dttr tj ta

Njrektaefks, fkc w lfn ta qustejk jl watar jk nfk xtrfpjdft

ofnbwfrcs lrjg fk snaftjdjienfd stftg kt jl lutur rsurrntc ojcedy

eggjrtfdety tj f prjtjdjienfd fssugptejk jl fk jreiekfd paysenfd

eggjrtfdety. Ek jur hucig kt, sekn ]fud gfc kj suna eklrkn, ketar

sajudc w .

El et o njktstc taft ]fud egpdec fk jreiekfd paysenfd

eggjrtfdety oy cpenteki ‑ta wajd nrftejk― fs afveki o k ‑suohntc tj

lutedety― fkc fwfeteki f deorftejk ‑lrjg ets ojkcfi tj cnfy― waena wedd

eknduc ‑ta rcgptejk jl jur ojces― (18?6„?>), w rspjkc weta ta

njgg kt taft ‑pfeks jl naedcoerta― (v??) es fk egfi waena djjbs ljrwfrcs,

kjt ofnbwfrcs, tj f stft jl ffers taft afs kvr yt o k. Out f ludd

njksecrftejk jl fk fpjnfdypten pfssfi suna fs taes, ek waena tar es kj

xpdenet g ktejk jl cfta, wjudc tfb us oyjkc jur nurrkt kfrrjw

njknrk weta ]fud―s prspntev jk augfk paysenfd cges.

60? Yreiat,_surrntejk, ?06.60> Yreiat,_surrntejk, ?06.

9>



Njkndusejk

Ek jur xfgekftejk jl _jgfks 086?„?6, w strst ctntc, ek aes us jl

‑Fcfg― ar, ]fud―s pfrtefd njknrk weta jreieks. Sak, djjbeki ft tar`

fspnts jl aes pjrtrfyfd jl ‑cfta―, w ljukc ekcenftejks taft a g fkt oy

taes trg gjr tafk ta kceki jl jur paysenfd devs8 (e) ‑cfta― es

njknjgetfkt weta, kjt suosqukt tj, sek2 (ee) fs fk fikny, ‑cfta― es dss

tafk f cefojdenfd pjw r out, ek twek cjgekejk weta sek, et es kjt f g r

paysenfd pakjg kjk2 (eee) ‑RtrkfdW del― djjgs dfrir tafk paysenfd del–

fkc paysenfd cfta. ‑Cfta― ek taes ekftc, ]fudek sks afs kj reiatlud

pdfn ek ta wjrdc et ktrc, fkc jk cfy wedd afv kj pdfn ft fdd.

@vk tajuia ]fud―s njknptejk jl ‑cfta― ek _jgfks 0„1

rfnas lurtar tafk augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety, ajw vr, et prjofody

eknducs ta pakjg kjk jl paysenfd gjrtfdety. ]fud sajws seiks jl afveki

o k njkvrsfkt weta ta ektrtstfg ktfd Hwesa trfcetejk waena adc taft

augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety afc tj cj weta fk Fcfgen strst sek. Fdsj, aes

rnjddntejk jl prsjks djki paysenfddy cfc (‑lrjg Fcfg tj Gjss―) ek

njkkntejk weta cfta―s ‑cjgekejk― (0863) ekcenfts f paysenfd fspnt fdsj

ljr ta ‑cfta― taft strst ‑nfg ― (086?). Gjrjvr, et gust afv o k cenudt

ljr ]fud, fs et es ljr us, tj wret jl augfk cfta ek f g tfpajrenfd sks

wetajut ta detrfd sks ljrneki etsdl jk aes njksnejuskss. Jk tas

irjukcs, ek jur hucig kt ]fud prjofody prsug c fk jreiekfd paysenfd

eggjrtfdety ljr augfks. Y ndfeg jkdy prjofoedety, kjt nrtfekty, ljr taes

hucig kt, tajuia, onfus et njknrks f ctfed taft njktreouts dettd tj

]fud―s g ssfi2 waftvr ta jreiek fkc cjgekejk jl sek fkc cfta, tay

fr kjw jvrsafcjw c oy ta irftr foukcfkn fkc cjgekejk jl irfn

(0869,?=l).

93



9.NJKNDPEJK FKC EG]DENFSEJK

F. Sa Njkndusejk jl Jur Ekquery

Y stfrtc taes ekquery oy pjseki ta qustejk ‑Yay cj w ce:― fkc

stteki twj fdtrkftev fksw rs fifekst fna jtar. Jk ta jk afkc, ek

Narestefk aestjry et afs gjstdy o k adc taft fi-rdftc paysenfd gjrtfdety

es fk fnquerc nafrfntresten jl augfk oeki, njktrfry tj ta Nrftjr―s

jreiekfd ektktejk ljr us.603 Jk ta jtar afkc, snektestn stucy jl ajgekek

rgfeks prskts f pentur jl cvdjpg ktfd njktekuety otw k jur

prskt-cfy paysenfd ljrg fkc taft jl pr-augfk spnes, suna taft augfk

oekis afv fdwfys o k fs paysenfddy gjrtfd fs fdd jtar ljrgs jl

oejdjienfd del.600

Ek jrcr tj cnec otw k tas twj pjsetejks, et es strst

knssfry tj cnec waft njukts fs suppjrteki veckn. Sa trfcetejkfd

Narestefk vew rsts jk fk ektrprtftejk jl oeodenfd txts. Ek jur xises jl

ta twj pfssfis jl preknepfd rdvfkn,60< w ljukc taft ta @ck kfrrftev

njktfeks kj ftejdjiy jl cfta, fs jltk suppjsc, out taft ]fud, ek _jgfks

0, fdgjst nrtfekdy egpdec taft paysenfd gjrtfdety wfs kjt ft strst f lftur

jl augfk xestkn. Sar es, tak, f dietegft oeodenfd ofses ljr ta

trfcetejkfd Narestefk pjsetejk, fdoet rcunc tj fk fkneddfry g fkeki ek f

sekid pfssfi. Out, fs w friuc ek Nafptr >, ta lfnt jl f oeodenfd

prjpjsetejk jk jur tjpen cjs kjt stfodesa ta trfcetejkfd vew fs njrrnt,

onfus ta Oeod es kjt ekrrfkt ek ets prjpjsetejks fojut pakjg kf ek

kftur.

603

Nafptr ?, ntejk F.600 Nafptr ?, ntejk O.60< Nafptrs 0 fkc <.

90



nektestn ekquery es kjt egguk tj rrjr etar, out et es

cenudt tj njknev jl fky jtar ektrprtftejk jl ta ljssed stkcs tafk taft

augfk paysenfd jreieks de ek jtar gjrtfd ljrgs jl oejdjienfd del. Sa spfk

jl fktequety jl ta ljsseds es oyjkc cjuot, fkc tay xaeoet f irfcftejk ek

fkftjgenfd lfturs jl ta rfki s k otw k gjcrk irft fps fkc

gjcrk augfks. Sas gperenfd josrvftejks iev ta ccuntejk jl ta

vjdutejkfry jreiek jl jur ojces ta stftus jl, el kjt kfturfd lfnt, tak kjt

lfr sajrt. Ek ta foskn, sj lfr, jl ta cesnjvry jl ta paysenfd ofses jl fi-

rdftc gjrtfdety,609 ta (kfr) lfnt jl jur vjdutejkfry jreiek es ta jkdy jk

rfesc ek jur cesnussejk sj lfr taft nfk o orjuiat tj ofr jk jur qustejk

–fkc et es ndfr waena jl ta twj fdtrkftev fkswrs et suppjrts.

Fk vjdutejkfry jreiek ljr ta augfk ojcy es kjt, et gust o

njkncc, njkndusev ljr ta vew taft augfks afv fdwfys o k

ekarktdy paysenfddy gjrtfd. Et es, jl njurs, njknevfod taft ta frdest

augfk ekcevecufd(s) wfs (w r) fk eggjrtfd xnptejk tj taer gjrtfd kjk-

augfk prcnssjrs. una f oeki es kvesejkc oy Dwes fs jk wajs

‑jrifken prjnsss joyc ta dfw jl aes jwk wedd, kjt ta dfw jl kftur― sj

taft ‑ta dkita jl aes del wfs dfridy ft aes jwk cesnrtejk.―601 Ekc c, ta

trfcetejkfd Narestefk odel ek fk jreiekfd augfk paysenfd eggjrtfdety njudc

kjt afv fresk–kjr njudc ]fud afv egpdec et–w r et kjt njknevfod.

Sa oeodenfd fnnjukts jl Ijc ektrvkeki ek kftur oy gerfnd, fkc fojv fdd

ta ektrvktejkest ljukcftejk jl Narestefk odel (ek ta Eknfrkftejk fkc

_surrntejk), rquer us tj o jpk tj ta pjsseoedety jl suovrsejk jl ta

kjrgfd prjnsss jl oejdjiy. Out, tajuia jur egfiekftejks fr wjkt tj

sez jk taes pjsseoedety, fkc tajuia w fr lr tj ouedc cjntrekfd nfstds ek

ta fer, w cj ost, sj lfr fs ta kfturfd aestjry jl jur ojces es njknrkc,

tj b p f teiat reik jk jur spnudftejks. @vk Dwes, fltr jreki f ojdc

609 pfis 6<l fojv.601 Dwes,]rjodg, <?.

9<



rnjkstruntejk jl waft des oaekc ‑fk egpktrfod nurtfek―605 fcgets taft

‑wak w tfdb jl waft geiat afv afppkc, jl njktekiknes jutsec ta

wajd jl fntufdety, w cj kjt rfddy bkjw waft w fr tfdbeki fojut.―6<=

]aysenfddy gjrtfd augfk xestkn es ta jkdy fntufdety w kjw bkjw, fkc

ta pfdjfktarjpjdjienfd stkcekis iev us strjki rfsjk tj taekb et fk

fntufdety taft w afv fdwfys safrc weta fdd jtar ljrgs jl oejdjienfd del.

El, ek fccetejk tj ta snektestn veckn, oeodenfd prnckt es sjuiat ljr taes

vew jl paysenfd gjrtfdety fs ektreksen tj ta augfk njkstetutejk, et es kjt

cenudt tj stkc fgjkist ta Oeod―s cevrsety jl prspntevs jk cfta,

spnefddy ek ta JS.6<6

O. Fk Fccetejkfd Njksecrftejk

Ek weiaeki ta twek lfnts jl (e) fk egpdenftejk lrjg ]fud fkc (ee) ta ljssed

stkcs, w afv hust friuc taft jkdy ta snjkc jl tas, kjt ta strst, njukts

ek suppjrt jl ets njrrspjkceki vew. Out vk el ta friug kt ljr fk

jreiekfd eggjrtfdety nfk crfw kj vfdec suppjrt lrjg ta lfnt jl f stftg kt

ek nreptur, tar es fkjtar lfnt tj waena ets fcarkts tfb rnjurs8 ta

lfnt jl ajw gfky pjpd ld fojut paysenfd cfta. Ekc c, ek Nafptr 6 w

prsktc ta Narestefk fssugptejk jl fk jreiekfd eggjrtfdety fs stggeki

pregfredy lrjg skteg kt, fkc jkdy snjkcfredy lrjg nrtfek Oeod

pfssfis. Sa wfy pjpd l d fojut cfta es fs guna f lfnt jl ta wjrdc

frjukc us fs fr ljsseds ek ta sfkc, out jk rntejk et turks jut tj o f lfnt

weta fs dettd ofreki jk ta jreiek jl oejdjienfd cfta fs ta lfnt jl f

oeodenfd futajr―s uttrfkn.

605

Dwes,]rjodg, 05.6<= Dwes,]rjodg, <9.6<6 Nafptr 3.

99



Fs ta @pen jl Iedifgsa sajws, augfks― fwfrkss jl taer

gjrtfdety es ft dfst fs jdc fs nevedezc aestjry.6<? Et es sfl tj sfy taft, jvr

ta geddkkef, augfks afv ikrfddy prnevc taer gjrtfdety kiftevdy.

Yay taes es ta nfs es ft jkn fsy fkc vry cenudt tj sfy. Seddena gfy

afv rfnac lurtar tafk gjst ek aes ndfeg taft ta prjspnt jl jur

paysenfddy cyeki ljrns jk us f rfdezftejk jl ta pjsseoedety jl jur

kjkoeki.6<> Saes rfdezftejk, fgjki jtars, essus ek ukfvjecfod fkxety.

Sajuia ukfvjecfod, pjpd kvrtadss fttgpt tj fvjec et. Seddena

g ktejks ta fttgpt tj trfkspjs ta fkxety ektj dssr fkc gjr fsedy

gfkfifod lfrs,6<3 out w nfk egfiek f gyrefc jl rspjkss waena njudc

o irjupc ukcr ta afceki ‑ckefd jl cfta―. Et es jur njktktejk taft ta

trfcetejkfd Narestefk fssugptejk taft paysenfd gjrtfdety es kjk-jreiekfd tj

augfk oeki– spnefddy fs et kjw prsests ek ta lfn jl ta snektestn

veckn–es ek dfri g fsur f ckefd jl cfta.

Oy fnnjukteki ljr paysenfd cyeki ek trgs jl ets oeki fk

ukkfturfd pakjg kjk njksqukt jk sek, f Narestefk cesjwks aes/ar

gjrtfdety, cestfkns ft dfst Narestefk jtars lrjg taer rnkt jr eggekkt

cftas, fkc cesfvjws taft Ijc es rspjkseod ljr fkyjk―s paysenfd kc. Et

cjs kjt srv jur purpjs ar tj xpdjr lurtar ta psynajdjienfd

lukntejk jl ta trfcetejkfd odel2 jur ndfeg es jkdy taft, rftar tafk ta

wecsprfc fkxety taft surrjukcs cfta oeki fk ekcenftejk jl ta kjk-

jreiekfdety jl augfk paysenfd cfta, ta odel taft et es suna fk ekcenftejk

es etsdl fk fttgpt tj fvjec ta fkxety. Lurtargjr, vk el augfks afc

rtfekc ta paysenfd eggjrtfdety weta waena tay w r suppjscdy

jreiekfddy kcjw c, et es kjt sdl-veckt taft tay wjudc o lr lrjg

6<?

pfis 0?l fojv.6<> Seddena,Njurfi, 33„0?.6<3 Seddena,Njurfi, 30.

91



fkxety, ljr jur cfta-fwfrkss es jkdy (fkc jkdy sjg teg s) fk jnnfsejk

ljr fkxety, kjt ets sjurn.

N. Egpdenftejks jl Jur Njkndusejk

Yak f Narestefk wjrdcvew cvdjps jvr f djki prejc ek ta njgpfky

jl fssugptejks taft dftr trfksper tj o lfds, sjg fchustg kt jl taft

wjrdcvew es nfddc ljr. _ifrceki ta fssugptejk taft augfks orjuiat

paysenfd gjrtfdety upjk tagsdvs–fk fssugptejk taft w afv friuc es

lfds–twj fspnts jl ta Narestefk wjrdcvew fr fntc8 ta cjntrek jl

ta Lfdd, fkc ta ukcrstfkceki jl ta Ftjkg kt.

Egpdenftejks ljr f cjntrek jl ta Lfdd

Sa pregfry egpdenftejk jl ektreksen augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety ljr

ukcrstfkceki ta Lfdd es taft ta Lfdd wfs jl kj cernt njksqukn ljr ta

augfk ojcy. Sa fkftjgenfd ljrg fkc paysejdjienfd lukntejkeki jl ta

gjcrk augfk lrfg es f nfrry-jvr lrjg pr-augfk oejdjienfd ljrgs. j

es ets gjrtfdety. Jk gfy fsb watar f irfcufdest snag suna fs taes nfk

fnnjggjcft fky njknptejk jl f aestjrenfd Lfdd ft fdd. Y odev et nfk,

onfus ta snag` rtfeks fk egpdenet kjk-augfk/augfk cestekntejk.

@xfntdy waft taes cestekntejk njksests ek es cenudt tj cstk, out et wjudc o

ikrfddy fir c taft et es, ek pfrt, f cestekntejk otw k jrifkesgs taft fr

kjt sdl-fwfr fkc w waj ukequdy fr. Fk fnnjukt jl f Lfdd nfk o ouedt

frjukc ta pjsseoedetes taft sdl-fwfrkss prskts8

Fs sjjk fs f nrftur, gfk, onfg sdl-njksnejus fkc fod tj najjs

–fkc tar gust afv o k f rfd prejc jl teg , ajw vr

egprnes, cureki waena taes trfksetejk jnnurrc–tak et onfg

95



pjsseod ljr fntejks fkc vkts tj jnnur ek ta ukevrs njktrfry tj

Ijc―s nrftev purpjs.6<0

El ta augfk ojcy, fs pfrt jl ta gftrefd njsgjs, wfs

ukfntc oy ‑ta lr -weddc lfedur jl gfk tj onjg waft Ijc

ektkcc,―6<< tak fkjtar debdy egpdenftejk es taft ta rst jl ta njsgjs

wfs ukfntc tjj. Ek jtar wjrcs, f strentdy augfk, kjt njsgen, Lfdd es

gjst njksestkt weta ta jutnjg jl jur ekquery. Y fr ojukc tarljr tj

rhnt cpentejks jl kftur fs ‑trfien―,6<9 jr ‑gjroec jr cprfvc―6<1 fs

ekstfkns jl ta ]ftaten Lfddfny. Yetaek jur njknptejk jl f Lfdd degetc tj

ta augfk wedd, w gfy fddjw taft kftur es ‑f ijjc taeki spjedc―6<5 fs

djki fs ta spjedeki rsudts cerntdy lrjg jkijeki nudpfod augfk fous69=

fkc kjt fk jktjdjienfd vkt prnepetftc oy f strst augfk sek696 jr pr-

augfk fkiden sek.69? El tar es fk errcuneod rsecu jl ‑kfturfd ved― ek ta

wfy ta wjrdc wjrbs–fkc et es oy kj g fks ndfr tj us taft tar es–tak

(e) w wjudc wesa tj xnduc fi-rdftc gjrtfdety lrjg taft nftijry, fkc

(ee) tar wjudc o urikt k c ljr f tajceny waena njudc fnnjggjcft

suna ved wetajut rnjurs tj f njsgen Lfdd.69> Ojta jl tas wjudc o srvc

oy f g fsurc kjtejk jl Ijc―s jgkepjtkn fkc f dss fktarjpjnktren

njknptejk jl Ijc―s ijjckss.

Egpdenftejks ljr ukcrstfkceki ta Ftjkg kt

Sa Ftjkg kt jnnupes f gjr nktrfd pdfn ek Narestefk odel tafk ta

Lfdd, pfrtdy onfus et njgpress ta sjdutejk tj f prjodg taft es egpdenetdy

6<0 ]fnjnb,Nrftejk, 65>.6<< ]fnjnb,nekn, 60>.6<9 Seddena,afbeki, 19„15.6<1 Dwes, Gerfnds, 6?3.6<5 Dwes, Gerfnds, 6?0.69= j Oegsjk, ‑Lfdd―, 902 Orry, ‑@frta―, 30l.696

j Afg, ‑Cfta―, ?=.69? j Fdsljrc, ‑@ved―, 6?12 Ddjyc, ‑Augfkety―, 1=l2 Dwes,]rjodg, 6=9l.69> Ljr f rvew jl fttgpts, s 8 jutaift, ‑Sajceny―, 1=1„160.

1=



f rfd fkc prskt jk, waftvr ets jreiek. Friufody, ta Ftjkg kt esta

nktr jl Narestefk odel. Ets nktrfdety g fks taft w gust njksecr ta

Ftjkg kt ek ta deiat jl jur njkndusejk, out ets prjlukcety g fks taft w

nfkkjt ar prjvec gjr tafk f orel fkc ekfcquft sbtna jl ta

egpdenftejks jl jur njkndusejk.

Jl ta svrfd tajres jl ta Ftjkg kt, et es jkdy tajs taft

ajdc ta Narest-vkt tj afv o k jl johntev nt taft fr rdvfkt tj jur

cesnussejk, fkc, jl tajs, jkdy tajres waena djnft ta nt pregfredyek

Hsus― nrunestxejk fkc pfrtdyjk augfk gjrtfdety. Sajres jl Ftjkg kt oy

wfy jl ta suohntev ekukn jl Hsus― gekestry cj kjt s aes nrunestxejk

fs rdvfkt tj ta jktjdjienfd degets jl augfk xestkn suna fs paysenfd

gjrtfdety.693 Swj tajres jl johntev Ftjkg kt eknduc f stfkn jk

augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety8Narestus \entjr, fkc pkfd suostetutejk. Otw k

tag, tas tajres afv o k cjgekfkt ljr gjst jl Narestefk aestjry.

Sa Narestus \entjr njknptejk es jl Hsus afveki orjuiat fojut

ta clft jl ftfk, tj wajg augfkety wfs nfptev. Saes wfs

segudtfkjusdy ta clft jl pjw rs ftfk wedcc, kjtfody ta pjw rs jl

sek fkc cfta8 ‑Ek ta cfta jl Narest fdd ta frg c ljrns jl ved w r

njkqurc8 sek fs ta pjw r jl cfta, cfta fs ta pjw r jl ta cved, fkc

ta cved fs ta pjw r jl sek fkc cfta.―690 Augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety es

fdgjst nrtfekdy pfrtdy ek qustejk ar, ievk ta fdd-knjgpfsseki rfna

jl taes fnnjukt,69< fdtajuia prsktftejks jlNarestus \entjr ekvfrefody jget

tj spnely waft ‑cfta― tar ckjts. Ek pkfd suostetutejk, Hsus, tajuia

aegsdl ukcsrveki jl cfta, cec ta cfta taft es jtarwes ta hust

693 Kjt8 Ek waft ljddjws, w fssug ta suohntevest vew tj o f pfrtefd, kjt njgpdt,

fnnjukt jl ta Ftjkg kt. Y fnnpt Iuktjk―s njikt clkn jl fk johntev njgpjkkt

ek8 Fntufdety, 600„6<=.690

GnCjkfdc,Njknpt, >5.69< Iuktjk aeiadeiats ets ‑xtksejk jl ta okstts jl ta cevek ventjry tj fdd pfrts jl ta

nrftc jrcr.― (Iuktjk, Fntufdety, 95l).

16



csrt jl fdd lfddk augfks jk fnnjukt jl taer sek. ]rsktftejks jl taes

njknptejk fr gjr jltk xpdenet ek fppdyeki et tj fi-rdftc gjrtfdety8

‑ek aes RNarest―sW cfta, cfta etsdl, ek ets vry xprssejk, paysenfd,

speretufd fkc trkfd, afs ets g fsur fkc gfstry.―699

Ek taer ludd xtkt, tas twj tajres jl ta Ftjkg kt fr

vry cerkt (fkc afv o k cvdjpc sjg waft ek jppjsetejk tj fna

jtar), out weta rifrc tj taer prspntev jk augfk paysenfd cfta tay

fr quet segedfr. (e) Say ojta prsug paysenfd gjrtfdety tj o kjt

ekarkt out tj afv ktrc augfk xestkn, cereki jkdy ek taer

gpafses jk ta fikt rspjkseod8 ftfk (Narestus \entjr) jr Fcfg (pkfd

suostetutejk). (ee) Say ojta s augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety fs fttkcfkt jk

sek, etar fs f njknurrkt pjw r (Narestus \entjr) jr fs fnts jl cesjocekn

(pkfd suostetutejk). (eee) Say ojta crfw fk ecktety ft sjg dvd otw k

ta cfta Hsus cec fkc ta fi-rdftc cfta w fdd ce, suna taft a ‑cec

jur cfta―.691

Y afv fdrfcy fccrssc ta strst twj jl tas pjekts ek jur

afkcdeki jl ta oeodenfd gftrefd8 tay fr xitenfddy fwc695 fkc

arg kutenfddy jutgjcc.61= Fs ljr ta taerc pjekt, waed fk ntufd

Ftjkg kt es ekc c prcenftc jk Ijc afveki ecktestc weta augfkety

ek ta prsjk jl Hsus Narest–watar oy rprsktftejk jr suostetutejk, jr

ojta–w suiist et rrjkjus fkc ukknssfry tj njkft Hsus― cyeki

fkc jur paysenfd gjrtfdety fs quevfdkt ek bekc. Et es rrjkjus onfus

Hsus g t f vejdkt kc oy xnutejk2 aes cfta wfs kjt segpdy f lukntejk jl

ta paysenfd gjrtfdety a (aypjtatenfddy) safrc weta ta rst jl augfkety.

Et es ukknssfry onfus wetaek prnesdy tajs xnptejkfd nernugstfkns jl

Hsus― cfta tar es surdy snjp ljr ukcrstfkceki ets ftjkeki seikestnfkn

699 GnCjkfdc,Njknpt, 3=. fdsj8 tjtt,Nrjss, <0.691

tjtt,Nrjss, <3. fdsj8 Dwes, Gerfnds, 6>3.695 Nafptr 0.61= Nafptr >.

1?



ekcpkckt jl ta ikrfd lfnt jl augfk paysenfd gjrtfdety. Yak Hsus―

cfta es njksecrc kjt ek esjdftejk out ektirfd weta aes prejr gekestry fkc

suosqukt rsurrntejk, ta snjp es irftr stedd.

Ek rnkt yfrs, xprssejks jl johntev Ftjkg kt afv o k

prjrc waena rnjikez ta rena vfrety jl fssjneftc KS g tfpajrs, ek

fccetejk tj jkdy tajs jl ‑ventjry― (Narestus \entjr) fkc ‑hustestnftejk― (pkfd

suostetutejk).616 jg jl tas fr fttgpts tj r-njktxtufdez KS

sjtrejdjiy ljr njktgpjrfry nudturs.61? @spnefddy ek ta Y st, tar

rgfeks f prsseki k c fdsj tj frtenudft f gjcd jl johntev Ftjkg kt

ek njikezfkn jl ta snektestn ekcenftejks jl jreiekfd augfk paysenfd

gjrtfdety. Y ajp taft jur prskt ekquery afs adpc tj prpfr ta

irjukc tjwfrcs taft kc.

616

8 Ir k & Ofbr,nfkcfd, nafptrs ?„32 Iuktjk, Fntufdety2 Ir k, ‑Bfdecjsnjpen\ew―, 609„610.61? 8 Ir k,nfkcfd, nafptrs <„5.

1>



OEODEJIF!"#

Oeodejirfpaenfd foorveftejks

FO Fknajr Oeod

C O Cfedy tucy Oeod

c(s). cetjr(s)

@xpS Sa @xpjsetjry Segs

ENN Ektrkftejkfd Nretenfd Njgg ktfry

Ekt Ektrprtftejk

HOD Hjurkfd jl Oeodenfd Detrftur

HKSup Hjurkfd ljr ta tucy jl ta Kw Sstfg kt uppdg kt res

HS Hjurkfd jl Sajdjienfd tuces

KECKSS Kw Ektrkftejkfd Centejkfry jl Kw Sstfgkt Sajdjiy

]] ]fstjrfd ]synajdjiy

&NO nekn fkc Narestefk Odel

HS njttesa Hjurkfd jl Sajdjiy

trfksd. trfksdftc oy

YON Yjrc Oeod Njgg ktfry

Detrfry sjurns

Fdxfkcr, C. _ouedceki ta Gftrex, Irfkc _fpecs8 Xjkcrvfk,

?==>.Fdsljrc, . ‑@ved ek ta Kjk-Augfk Yjrdc―,&NO, > (6556) 665„

6>=.

Ofedy, D. ‑Cfta fs f Sajdjienfd ]rjodg ek ta Jdc

Sstfg kt―,]], ?? (6596) ?=„>?.

Ofedy, D. Oeodenfd ]rspntevs jk Cfta, ]aedfcdpaef8 Ljrtrss,

6595.

Ofrta, B. Sa @pestd tj ta _jgfks, Jxljrc8 JP], 65>>.

13



c Ojr, G.N. Sa C lft jl Cfta, HKSup ??, a dc8 a dc

Fnfcgen ]rss, 6511.

Oftte, C. ‑Yaft es I kses ?„> Fojut:―,@xpS, 5? (651=) 1„6=.

Orry, _. ‑Saes Nursc @frta8 Es —ta Lfdd‗ Nrceod:―,&NO,66 (6555) ?5„35.

Oegsjk, H. ‑_njksecreki f —Njsgen Lfdd‗―,&NO, 61 (?==<)

<>„16.

Odfnb, N. ‑]fudek ]rspntevs jk Cfta ek _jgfks 0„1―, HOD,

6=> (6513) 36>„3>>.

Odjnar, A. Ek ta Oiekkeki, Denstr8 E\], 6513.

Ndfrb, Y. ^x fkc ta Jreieks jl Cfta, Jxljrc8 JP], 655<.

Njfts, I. ‑Sa Ijc jl Cfta―,Ekt, ?5 (6590) ??9„?>5.

Cun, ]. ‑Njgg kt jk —Saes Nursc @frta‗―,&NO, 66 (6555)

6<6„6<>.

Cun, ]. ‑Njgpdg ktfrety ek ]rspntev―,&NO, 1 (655<)

630„600.

Cukk, H. _jgfks, YON, Cfddfs8 Yjrc, 6511.

Cukk, H. Sa Sajdjiy jl ]fud ta Fpjstd, @cekouria8 S&S

Ndfrb, 6551.

Cruggjkc, F. ‑_jgfks 086?„?6―,Ekt, 09 (?==>) <9„<5.

Letzgyr, H.F. _jgfks, FO, Kw Ujrb8 Cjuodcfy, 655?.

Ifvktf, O._. ‑Sa Njsgen ]jwr jl ek ek ]fud―s Dttr tj ta

_jgfks―,Ekt, 01 (?==3) ??5„?3=.

Ijri, F. (trfksd.) Sa @pen jl Iedifgsa, Djkcjk8 ]kiuek, 6555.

Ieosjk, H. Ikses (\jd 6), C O 6, @cekouria8 fekt Fkcrw

]rss, 6516.

Ijdcekify, H. Gjcds ljr nreptur, Nfrdesd8 ]ftrkjstr, 6553.

Ijdcekify, H. Gjcds ljr ta Ektrprtftejk jl nreptur, Sjrjktj8

Ndg kts, ?==3.

Ir k, H. & Ofbr, G. _njvreki ta nfkcfd jl ta Nrjss, Cjwkrs Irjv8

E\], ?===.

Ir k, H. ‑Bfdecjsnjpen \ew― ek8 Oedoy, H. & @ccy, ]. (cs.),

Sa Kftur jl ta Ftjkgkt8 Ljur \ews, CjwkrsIrjv8 E\], ?==<.

10



Iuktjk, N. Sa Fntufdety jl Ftjkgkt, @cekouria8 S&S Ndfrb,

6511.

Afg, B. ‑Swj Aestjres jl Cfta―,Nrftejk, ?3 (?==6) 61„?=.

Ayrs, N. Sa G fkeki jl Nrftejk, Ftdfktf8 Hjak Bkjx ]rss,6513.

Hjakstjk, ].. afcs jl ajd, Denstr8 E\], ?==?.

Bnb, D. ‑K w Sstfg kt \ews jl Cfta― ek8 Gedds, D.J. (c.),

]rspntevs jk Cfta, Kfsavedd8 Foekicjk ]rss,

65<5, >>„51.

Bretzr, D.H. ‑Fcfg fkc Narest― ek8 Afwtajrk, I.t fd. (cs.),

Centejkfry jl ]fud fkc Aes Dttrs, Denstr8 E\], 655>

5„60.

Dwes, N.. Gerfnds, Djkcjk8 Ljukt, 65<=.

Dwes, N.. Sa ]rjodg jl ]fek, Djkcjk8 Ljktfkf, 6509.

Ddjyc, G. ‑Sa Augfkety jl Lfddkkss― ek8 Orfcsafw, S. (c.),

Irfn fkc Sruta ek ta nudfr Fi, Irfkc _fpecs8

@rcgfks, 6551, <<„1?.

Djnbwjjc, N. Sa Augfk tjry, Djkcjk8 Kfturfd Aestjry

Gusug, ?==9.Dunfs, @. ‑jg nektestn Essus _dftc tj ta Pkcrstfkceki

jl I kses 6„>―,Sagdejs, 6?.? (6519) 3<„06.

c Gfifdafs, H. ]. sksnkn.eklj (6559„?==9)8

attp8//www.sksnkn.eklj.

Gfrtek-Fnafrc, _. Lrjg Cfta tj Del, Djkcjk8 Jdevr&Ojyc, 65<=.

GnCjkfdc, A. Sa Kw Sstfgkt Njknpt jl ta Ftjkgkt,

Nfgoreci8 H. Ndfrb & Nj., ?==<.

GnIrfta, F. Narestefk Sajdjiy8 Fk Ektrjcuntejk, Jxljrc8

Odfnbwdd, 6559.

Gjrres, D. Sa Yfis jl ek, Djkcjk8 Sykcfd ]rss, 6500.

Gjrres, D. Sa @pestd tj ta _jgfks, Denstr8 E\], 6511.

Gjordy, _. ‑Cec ta rpkt It et _eiat:―, HS, >5 (6511) 6„?9.

]fnjnb, F. nekn fkc ta Narestefk @xpregkt, Jxljrc8 JP],

6596.

1<

http://www.senescence.info/

http://www.senescence.info/



]fnjnb, F. Nrftejk fkc ta Yjrdc jl nekn, Jxljrc8 Ndfrkcjk,

6595.

_fgg, O. Sa Narestefk \ew jl nekn fkc nreptur, Irfkc

_fpecs8 @rcgfks, 6503.njtt, H.H. ‑Del fkc Cfta― ek8 Afwtajrk, I.t fd. (cs.),

Centejkfry jl ]fud fkc Aes Dttrs, Denstr8 E\], 655>,

00>„000.

edorgfk, D. ‑Cfta ek ta A orw Oeod fkc Fpjnfdypten

Detrftur― ek8 Gedds, D.J. (c.),]rspntevs jk Cfta,

Kfsavedd8 Foekicjk ]rss, 65<5, 6>„>?.

bekkr, H. Ikses,ENN, @cekouria8 S&S Ndfrb, 65>=.

nagetafds, Y. ‑C fta, Bedd, dp― ek8 Orjwk, N. (c.),KECKSS,@xtr8 ]ftrkjstr, 6590, 3>3.

jutaift, N. ‑Ijc fkc @vjdutejkfry @ved8 Sajceny ek ta Deiat

jl Cfrwekesg―,Xyijk, >9 (?==?) 1=>„1?3.

tjtt, H. Sa Nrjss jl Narest, Denstr8 E\], 651<.

Sajgfs, _.Y. ‑Sa G fkeki jl ta Srgs —Del‗ fkc —Cfta‗ ek

ta Ljurta Ijspd fkc ek ]fud―,HS, ?6 (65<1) 655„

?6?.

Seddena, ]. Sa Njurfi tj O, Djkcjk8 Njddeks, 65<?.

Seddena, ]. Sa afbeki jl ta Ljukcftejks, Afrgjkcswjrta8

]kiuek, 65<<.

Y kafg, I. Ikses 6„60,YON 6, Yfnj8 Yjrc Ojjbs, 6519.

Y strgfkk, N. (trfksd. nuddejk, H.)Ikses 6„66. F Njggktfry,

Djkcjk8 ]NB, 6513.

Yjd, A.Y. Fktarjpjdjiy jl ta Jdc Sstfgkt, ]aedfcdpaef8

Ljrtrss, 6593.

Yreiat, K.S. Sa Kw Sstfgkt fkc ta ]jpd jl Ijc,

]aedfcdpaef8 Ljrtrss, 655?.

Yreiat, K.S. Sa _surrntejk jl ta jk jl Ijc, Gekkfpjdes8

Ljrtrss, ?==>.

Xesdr, H. _jgfks, Djkcjk8 NG, 6515.

19



FNBKJYD@CI@G@KS

Gfky tafkbs tj Cr Crynb ares ljr aes suprvesjk. Uju rfesc ta ofr.

A frtldt tafkbs tj Bfte, waj gfc et pjsseod. Sedd cfta us cj pfrt.

11

The Dawn of Death

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