The cultures and civilizations of the Americas€¢Olmec •Teotihuacan •Maya •Toltec •Aztec ....
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Transcript of The cultures and civilizations of the Americas€¢Olmec •Teotihuacan •Maya •Toltec •Aztec ....
![Page 1: The cultures and civilizations of the Americas€¢Olmec •Teotihuacan •Maya •Toltec •Aztec . Teotihuacan •Temples •Quetzalcoatl ... Moche •Ca. 600 CE •Maize, quinoa,](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022010/5b0348c47f8b9a6c0b8c0cfd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The cultures and civilizations of the “Americas”
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Where did the Native Americans come from?
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Who was in Meso-America? (“Middle America”)
• Olmec • Teotihuacan • Maya • Toltec • Aztec
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Teotihuacan • Temples
• Quetzalcoatl
• Chinampas
• Apartment housing for commoners
• Obsidian tools
• Aristocratic govt
•Military protected long distance trade
• Decline – violence…
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Pyramid of the Sun
Pyramid of the Moon
Teotihuacan
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Maya
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MAYA • Yucatan Peninsula
• City States; hereditary
• Swidden agriculture; no metal tools
• Complex religion - 3 layers (heavens, now and underworld); trances
• Elite, tatoos, human sacrifice (elite capt)
• Writing, ball playing (pok-a-tok), astronomy,
• Calendar (365) math system (zero)
• Elite women – high; women important
• demise - war, drought, infighting
**Mayan math
computa`tion
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Mayan Calendar
• first date is actually written 13.0.0.0.0.
• three possible equivalences:
• 13.0.0.0.0 = 13 Aug 3114 BCE (Gregorian) 13.0.0.0.0 = 11 Aug 3114 BCE (Gregorian) 13.0.0.0.0 = 15 Oct 3374 BC (Gregorian)
• Assuming one of the first two equivalences, the Long Count will again reach 13.0.0.0.0 on 21 or 23 December AD 2012
• 13.0.0.0.0 may have been the Mayas' idea of the date of the creation of the world.
Ritual “divine” cycle calendar
Solar “civil” calendar
“long count” calendar
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Mayan Corn God, Yum
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Mayan Corn god & Rain god - From ancient
Mayan religious texts
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Maya / Aztec Calendar
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Palenque
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Mayan Temples
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Toltec •Transmitted Teotihuacan & Mayan
culture to the Aztecs
•Conquest state; military power
•Violent culture
•Rivalries
•Tula art -----
•Decline & invasion by the Aztecs
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Capital: Tula
Aztecs
plundered
site for
building
materials
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Toltec art
The Toltec Empire and leaders created an unmatched mystique in the minds of the Central American people. The Toltec leaders were
thought of as being alongside deities. Later cultures often revered them and copied their legends, art, buildings and religion. Many future
rulers of other cultures, including Mayan leaders and Aztec emperors, claimed to be descended from the Toltecs.
The Toltecs sported the familiar ball game played by many central American cultures and may have sacrificed of the losers. Toltecs are
known for their somewhat rougher form of architecture, a form that would later inspire the Aztec builders. Toltec art is characterized by
walls covered with snakes and skulls, images of a reclining Chak-mool (red jaguar), and the colossal statues of the Atlantes, men carved
from great columns.
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The Aztecs
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AZTECS • Nomads; settled on islands
• in Lake Texcoco
• Adopted agriculture; gradually grew into an independent power, then empire
• Capital city - Tenochtitlan –
• Ruler chosen by nobility
• War – religious significance (of course) – legitimized the ruler
• War also increased holdings of nobles
• War to get captives for human sacrifice
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• Society - hierarchy with Aztec ruler & nobility at top & slaves/criminals/debtors at bottom; women had rights
• Tremendous inequalities - nobility vs commoners
• Elaborate ritual; Huitzilopochtli; war/sun
• Human sacrifice
• Political tribute system; pd in food; goods
• Economic: chinampas; barter
• Dike in lake: salt/fresh water
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Pyramids of Tenochtitlán
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Huitzilopochtli god of war & sun
needed human
hearts
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Tlaloc God of Rain
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Tenochtitlan
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Quetzalcoatl god of wind &
knowledge
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Canoe moving
about the
chinampas
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Aztec Society in Transition • Increasingly hierarchical
•Conflict between nobles and growing “middle”
•Violence
•Discontent tribute tribes; sacrifice!
•Empire under Montezuma II conquered by Spaniards (Cortes)
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Andean Societies
environmental challenges…
Moche
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Andean Cultures •Background:
•Early – small coastal & foothills villages
• by 2600 BCE cf - Old Kingdom Egypt
Chavin (900-250 BCE)
• Trade routes; controlled; linked regions
•Maize <----> quinoa, potatoes, llamas
•Adobe & stone; 1st metals; jaguar-man
• Social stratification: priests, elite, etc.
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Technologies to meet the needs Environmental
challenges:
• Altitude
• Frosts
• Arid / drought
•Only llamas!
Compensations:
• Calendar
•New varieties
potatoes & grains
• Terraced farming
• Freeze-dried
vegetables & meat
• Llama & alpaca wool
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Andean culture •Khipus
•Ayllu
•Hereditary aristocracy & kings
•Mit’a
•Coca (not cacao)
•Colonists
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khipus
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Moche • Ca. 600 CE
•Maize, quinoa, beans, manioc,
sweet potatoes
• Irrigation, canals, aqueducts
•Alpacas & llamas
• Textiles
• Stratified society; theocratic
•Women weavers
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Moche ceramic sculpture
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The Inca
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• huge empire & strong central gov’t
• extending length of South America
• Large professional military
• Built paved roads & suspension bridges - used
running messengers; quipus
• Pastoralists; men and women
• Capital Cuzco; sun god; royal family
• Local rulers/chiefdoms; control by hostage
taking
INCA
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Inca terraces; Machu Picchu
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Machu Pichu
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suspension bridge
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Northern Peoples Southwestern desert
•Aztec influence incl. maize,
squash, beans
•Hohokam irrigation canals
•Anasazi – kivas; cliff dwellings &
canyon “appts”, pottery, weaving
•Chaco canyon; Mesa Verde
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Anasazi cliff dwellings
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Mississippian culture •Oldest mounds – 3000’s BCE
• “mound-builders”
• Chiefdoms
• Towns – central plaza surrounded by mounds; burial mounds, temple mounds
• Social stratification; trade
• (not accepted as product of the Native Americans until late 1800’s!)
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How Mississippian towns might have looked
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Cahokia mounds city; Illinois
Had more inhabitants than Paris at that time (1150)
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Etowah Indian Mound- in your very own North Georgia