The cryosphere. Glaciers (5.3.2) Snow Cover (5.3.3) Greenland Ice Sheet (5.3.4) Arctic Sea Ice...
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Transcript of The cryosphere. Glaciers (5.3.2) Snow Cover (5.3.3) Greenland Ice Sheet (5.3.4) Arctic Sea Ice...
![Page 1: The cryosphere. Glaciers (5.3.2) Snow Cover (5.3.3) Greenland Ice Sheet (5.3.4) Arctic Sea Ice (5.3.5) Mountain Permafrost (5.3.6) Components of the Cryosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b325ea/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The cryosphere
![Page 2: The cryosphere. Glaciers (5.3.2) Snow Cover (5.3.3) Greenland Ice Sheet (5.3.4) Arctic Sea Ice (5.3.5) Mountain Permafrost (5.3.6) Components of the Cryosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b325ea/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Glaciers (5.3.2)• Snow Cover (5.3.3)• Greenland Ice Sheet (5.3.4)• Arctic Sea Ice (5.3.5)• Mountain Permafrost (5.3.6)
Components of the Cryosphere
(as described in the report)
![Page 3: The cryosphere. Glaciers (5.3.2) Snow Cover (5.3.3) Greenland Ice Sheet (5.3.4) Arctic Sea Ice (5.3.5) Mountain Permafrost (5.3.6) Components of the Cryosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b325ea/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
5.3.2 Glaciers - key messages• Retreat in all nine glacial European
regions (vast majority of glaciers). Alps 1850 – 2006: - 2/3 of volume.
(clear acceleration since 1985). More details on Norway and Svalbard; New findings of WGMS (publ. in 2008) Graph to be updated till 2006• Very likely that the glacier retreat will
continue: A 3°C warming of summer air temperature could reduce the glaciers in the Alps by some 80 %. Norway: almost all small glaciers and 34% of the area projected to disappear by 2100 (SRES B2).
• Consequences for river flow and sea-level rise. It impacts freshwater supply, river navigation, irrigation, power-generation, tourism and winter sports. Natural hazards and damages to infrastructure.
Cumulative net mass balance of glaciers from all European regions
-50000
-40000
-30000
-20000
-10000
0
10000
20000
30000
1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
cum
ula
tive
sp
ecif
ic n
et m
ass
bal
ance
(m
m)
Storglaciaeren (SE) Nigardsbreen (NO) Austre Broeggerbreen (NO)Aalfotbreen (NO) Hofsjokulln (IS) Maladeta (ES) Careser (IT) Gries (CH) Hintereis (AT) Saint Sorlin (FR) Sarennes (FR) Vernagt (AT)
![Page 4: The cryosphere. Glaciers (5.3.2) Snow Cover (5.3.3) Greenland Ice Sheet (5.3.4) Arctic Sea Ice (5.3.5) Mountain Permafrost (5.3.6) Components of the Cryosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b325ea/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
5.3.3 Snow cover - key messages• Northern hemisphere: SCE: -1.3% per decade in last 40 years, most in spring
and summer. • Model simulation project widespread reductions of extent and duration of snow
cover in Europe over 21st century (SRES A1B, B1, A2)• Impacts: Earth surface reflectivity, river discharge, vegetation, agriculture and
animal husbandry, tourism, snow sports, transport and power generation.
![Page 5: The cryosphere. Glaciers (5.3.2) Snow Cover (5.3.3) Greenland Ice Sheet (5.3.4) Arctic Sea Ice (5.3.5) Mountain Permafrost (5.3.6) Components of the Cryosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b325ea/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5.3.4 Greenland ice sheet – key messages
• Melting more than doubled in the 1990s, probably doubled again by 2005.
• Accelerated movement of outlet glaciers towards the sea => 2/3 of ice loss.
• Larger contribution to global sea level than previously calculated: 0.14 mm/y (1993) => 0.28 mm/y (2003); to be updated (2007)
• Not possible to predict extent or speed of melting with any
confidence (internal processes still poorly understood)
5.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.50E+07
2.00E+07
2.50E+07
3.00E+07
1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Are
a M
elt
ed
(k
m2 )
Year
Total Melt AreaApril - October
20021998
19951991
1992
1996
2005
1987
1983
2007
2007
![Page 6: The cryosphere. Glaciers (5.3.2) Snow Cover (5.3.3) Greenland Ice Sheet (5.3.4) Arctic Sea Ice (5.3.5) Mountain Permafrost (5.3.6) Components of the Cryosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b325ea/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
5.3.5 Arctic Sea Ice – key messages
• The decline in melt-season has accelerated.
Record low ice cover in Sept. 2007 was half the size of minimum in the 1950s.
• Summer ice is projected to shrink and may even disappear at the height of the melt season in the upcoming decades. There will still be substantial ice in winter.
• Impacts: speed up global warming, impact ocean circulation and weather patterns.
Several species threatened or extinct.• New economic activities: Oil and gas,
shipping, tourism and fisheries - new pressures and risks to the Arctic environment.
![Page 7: The cryosphere. Glaciers (5.3.2) Snow Cover (5.3.3) Greenland Ice Sheet (5.3.4) Arctic Sea Ice (5.3.5) Mountain Permafrost (5.3.6) Components of the Cryosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b325ea/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
5.3.6 Mountain permafrost – key messages
• Warming of mountain permafrost of 0.5-1.0°C has been observed during recent years.
• Present and projected atmospheric warming will lead to wide-spread thaw of mountain permafrost.
• Impacts: destabilization of mountain rock-walls, increase of rock fall and debris flow, problems in high-mountain infrastructure
![Page 8: The cryosphere. Glaciers (5.3.2) Snow Cover (5.3.3) Greenland Ice Sheet (5.3.4) Arctic Sea Ice (5.3.5) Mountain Permafrost (5.3.6) Components of the Cryosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b325ea/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Thank You !