The CrusadesThe Crusades

MotivationsMotivations Alexius IAlexius I (Byz. Emperor) (Byz. Emperor)

• Manzikert 1071Manzikert 1071• Lost territory (tax)Lost territory (tax)

Pope Urban IIPope Urban II• ViolenceViolence• Political ambitionPolitical ambition• Reunite ChurchesReunite Churches• Control all ChristiansControl all Christians

The First CrusadeThe First Crusade The Call of Pope Urban IIThe Call of Pope Urban II

• The Council of ClermontThe Council of Clermont Reading…..Reading…..

• Muslim control of JerusalemMuslim control of Jerusalem Since the 7Since the 7thth Century why now? Century why now?

The leadershipThe leadership BohemondBohemond the Norman and Tancred the Norman and Tancred

• Earlier attacks on ConstantinopleEarlier attacks on Constantinople Godfrey of BouillonGodfrey of Bouillon (Lorraine) (Lorraine)

• Eventual King of JerusalemEventual King of Jerusalem• Brought his family (child born on Brought his family (child born on

Crusade)Crusade)

The Peasants or Peoples The Peasants or Peoples CrusadeCrusade

Peter the HermitPeter the Hermit• Preached to the common peoplePreached to the common people• Left before Knights because of famine Left before Knights because of famine

(plunder for 4 months on the way to the (plunder for 4 months on the way to the East)East)

• Impact on reputationImpact on reputation• The reaction of AlexiusThe reaction of Alexius• In Asia (killed locals, raided Turkish cities In Asia (killed locals, raided Turkish cities

and suburbs) and suburbs) • The end (Peter survives)The end (Peter survives)

Mistrust of the “Greeks”Mistrust of the “Greeks” ““We recognized, then, that the Emperor We recognized, then, that the Emperor

had betrayed Peter the Hermit, who had had betrayed Peter the Hermit, who had long before come to Constantinople with a long before come to Constantinople with a great multitude. For he compelled him, great multitude. For he compelled him, ignorant of the locality and of all military ignorant of the locality and of all military matters, to cross the Strait with his men matters, to cross the Strait with his men and exposed them to the Turks. Moreover, and exposed them to the Turks. Moreover, when the Turks from Nicea saw that when the Turks from Nicea saw that unwarlike multitude, they cut them down unwarlike multitude, they cut them down without effort and delay to the number of without effort and delay to the number of sixty thousand” sixty thousand” • Raymond d'AguiliersRaymond d'Aguiliers

The arrival of the First CrusadeThe arrival of the First Crusade Spring 1097Spring 1097: As the crusaders : As the crusaders

arrived they were forced to swear an arrived they were forced to swear an oath to Alexiusoath to Alexius• Only allowed crusade leaders into the Only allowed crusade leaders into the

citycity• Alexius feared that they would turn on Alexius feared that they would turn on

him if he didn’t quickly ferry them him if he didn’t quickly ferry them acrossacross

NiceaNicea The Turkish Capital: Crusaders The Turkish Capital: Crusaders

besieged the city for 7 weeksbesieged the city for 7 weeks• The Seljuk Turkish leader of the city The Seljuk Turkish leader of the city

((Kilij ArslanKilij Arslan))• After their lake was closed by the After their lake was closed by the

Byzantines the city Byzantines the city surrendered to surrendered to the Byzantinesthe Byzantines and Alexius (not the and Alexius (not the Crusaders)Crusaders)

• Impact? (trust)Impact? (trust)

AntiochAntioch 7 month siege7 month siege Bohemond bribes a Bohemond bribes a

tower guard tower guard (slaughter)(slaughter)

Kerbogah Kerbogah besieges besieges the Crusadersthe Crusaders

Peter BartholomewPeter Bartholomew and the Lance of and the Lance of ChristChrist• Miracle?Miracle?

VictoryVictory

Jerusalem June 1099Jerusalem June 1099

First attack failsFirst attack fails• preparationspreparations

Peter DesideriusPeter Desiderius and the march and the march aroundaround

Final victoryFinal victory

The Crusader StatesThe Crusader States