The CrusadesThe Crusades

Revision overview for First-Third Crusades

Revision overview for First-Third Crusades

The First CrusadeThe First Crusade

Why then? Role of Papacy- development of Just War Introduced idea of penitential pilgrimage

combined with religious warfare - chance of indulgence/personal salvation.

What did the Byzantines expect? Why did people go? Land

hunger/primogeniture/religious conviction and salvation

Why then? Role of Papacy- development of Just War Introduced idea of penitential pilgrimage

combined with religious warfare - chance of indulgence/personal salvation.

What did the Byzantines expect? Why did people go? Land

hunger/primogeniture/religious conviction and salvation

Why did the First Crusade succeed?

Muslim disunityReligious convictionCrusader leadership/ military

tactics.Help from Byzantine Empire

Why did the First Crusade succeed?

Muslim disunityReligious convictionCrusader leadership/ military

tactics.Help from Byzantine Empire

Relations with Byzantine Empire

Relations with Byzantine Empire

What had happened at the following places?

ConstantinopleNicaeaAntiochMake a list of positive and negative

interaction between the Byzantines and the crusaders.

What had happened at the following places?

ConstantinopleNicaeaAntiochMake a list of positive and negative

interaction between the Byzantines and the crusaders.

Muslim disunityMuslim disunity

What had happened in the area since the Battle of Manzikert in 1071?

Who were the Muslim leaders? Draw a table of the leaders and the areas they controlled and any disputes or alliances.

How effectively did they work together during the First Crusade against the crusaders? Give examples to support your answer.

What had happened in the area since the Battle of Manzikert in 1071?

Who were the Muslim leaders? Draw a table of the leaders and the areas they controlled and any disputes or alliances.

How effectively did they work together during the First Crusade against the crusaders? Give examples to support your answer.

Religious ConvictionReligious Conviction

Give examples from the First Crusade where the religious nature of the Crusade is marked/notable e.g. Antioch.

Give examples from the First Crusade where the religious nature of the Crusade is marked/notable e.g. Antioch.

Crusader leadership/military tactics

Crusader leadership/military tactics

Find examples during the Crusade of moments when the leadership of the Crusade was crucial to its success. You may need to consider different characters at various points.

Find examples during the Crusade of moments when the leadership of the Crusade was crucial to its success. You may need to consider different characters at various points.

The Second CrusadeThe Second Crusade

Massive scale - the French and German contingents were large even given the Iberian and German separate expeditions.

Fewer western sources - Odo of Deuil Initial proposal by Eugenius III - little

response and it was Louis VII’s decision to go east which led

to a further issue of the Bull.

Massive scale - the French and German contingents were large even given the Iberian and German separate expeditions.

Fewer western sources - Odo of Deuil Initial proposal by Eugenius III - little

response and it was Louis VII’s decision to go east which led

to a further issue of the Bull.

Bernard persuaded Conrad to go even though the Pope needed his support to control Rome.

Remarkable response to Bernard’s preaching - why? Edessa was not Jerusalem, it had no significant religious connotations. So is the response due to Bernard’s message of personal salvation?

Bernard persuaded Conrad to go even though the Pope needed his support to control Rome.

Remarkable response to Bernard’s preaching - why? Edessa was not Jerusalem, it had no significant religious connotations. So is the response due to Bernard’s message of personal salvation?

The Crusade becomes identified with Jerusalem and the attempt to imitate the success of the First Crusade.

So, the Crusade becomes a force for self-redemption, a replica of the First Crusade by large, diverse forces led by monarchs.

There were more problems with the Byzantine Greeks this time -more ill feeling.

Why attack Damascus? Nur ed din was the main Muslim problem but he did not rule Damascus. Look for motives.

The Crusade becomes identified with Jerusalem and the attempt to imitate the success of the First Crusade.

So, the Crusade becomes a force for self-redemption, a replica of the First Crusade by large, diverse forces led by monarchs.

There were more problems with the Byzantine Greeks this time -more ill feeling.

Why attack Damascus? Nur ed din was the main Muslim problem but he did not rule Damascus. Look for motives.

The Third CrusadeThe Third Crusade

Why did Jerusalem fall in 1187? Why was Saladin unable to complete the

task of expelling the Franks? Why did Richard fail to recapture Jerusalem? Both answers so far have focused on lack of

manpower/miltary structure(s) Markowski (1997) has argued that Richard

lacked the religious conviction of the First Crusaders which affected his military leadership.

Why did Jerusalem fall in 1187? Why was Saladin unable to complete the

task of expelling the Franks? Why did Richard fail to recapture Jerusalem? Both answers so far have focused on lack of

manpower/miltary structure(s) Markowski (1997) has argued that Richard

lacked the religious conviction of the First Crusaders which affected his military leadership.