A Quest for the Holy LandA Quest for the Holy Land

Crusades A long series or Wars

between Christians and Muslims

They fought over control of Jerusalem which was called the Holy Land because it was the region where Jesus had lived, preached and died

Causes of the Crusades

Muslim Turks captured Jerusalemfrom the Byzantine

Empire

Muslims stoppedChristians from

Visiting Holy Land

Christian pilgrimswere attacked

Byzantine Empirefeared attack on Constantinople

Pope Urban II called for the defeat of the Turks, returning the Holy Land to the Christians

The Call to Arms

Pope Urban traveled to various cities for nine months

preaching the Crusade and offering extraordinary inducements to include a plenary indulgence remitting all punishments due to sin for those who died on the Crusade

Serfs were allowed to leave the land to which they were bound

Citizens were exempted from taxes Debtors were given a moratorium on interest Prisoners were freed and death sentences were

commuted by a bold extension of Papal authority to life service in Palestine

Mobilization of the Crusades

Feudal Lords

Knights

Peasants

Who Answered the Call?

Peasant army Untrained Lacked military

equipment Many killed by Muslim

Turks Knights

Succeeded in capturing Jerusalem

The First Crusade (1096-1099)

After victory many Christians went back home. The Turks eventually took back much of the

territory. King of France and Emperor of Germany sent

troops to stop the Turks.

Second Crusade (1147-1149)

Saladin leads the Muslim Turks to victory, defeating the Christians

* He was considered a very wise ruler. He was known for his sometimes kind treatment of fallen enemies. Many Christians saw him as a model of knightly chivalry.

Second Crusade (1147-1149)

King Richard of England convinces the Turks to allow Christians to visit the Holy Land

Third Crusade (1189-1192)

Richard and Saladin embarked on a “unique campaign in

which blows and battles alternated with compliments and courtesies”

(Durant, 599) The two executed enemy prisoners they held Richard proposed his sister marry Saladin’s brother They signed peace treaties then rejected them Richard conferred knighthood on the son of a Muslim

ambassador Richard got sick and Saladin sent him his own physician

and some fruit Saladin saw Richard unmounted in battle and sent him a

horse

Richard and Saladin

Several more crusades attempted with no

victories for the Christians Children’s crusade, - 30,000 soldiers - many of

them under 12 years old – Never made it to the Holy Land

Crusades Continue Through 1200’s

I.F. Turks Traveled they would Trade I = Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers F = Feudalism declines because Feudal lords

die or spend too much money on military.

T = Turks still rule the Holy Land T = Travel – Europeans want to travel more T = Trade – Europeans want product from the

East such as sugar, cotton, silk, spices, etc.

Results of the Crusades

Results of the Crusades

Jerusalem was in Muslim hands Christian pilgrims became fewer and more

fearful than ever The Muslim powers, once tolerant of

religious diversity, had been made intolerant by attack

The effort of the popes to bring peace and unity to Europe had been thwarted by nationalistic ambitions, avarice, and internal dissension

The influence of the Catholic Church and the position of the pope declined and the schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church widened

Results of the Crusades

Muslim civilization had been victorious over Christian civilization

Indigenous eastern Christians were caught in the middle between Crusaders and Muslims, and many who were outraged by the excesses of the Crusaders or who wanted to avoid persecution by Muslim leaders who saw them as collaborators with the Crusaders converted to Islam In fact, the Crusades ironically proved

instrumental in making the eastern Mediterranean predominantly Muslim

Results of the Crusades

Serfs had used the Crusades to leave their lands and many found new opportunities

The Turkish capture of Constantinople was delayed until 1453

The Muslims, even though victorious, had themselves been weakened, and fell more easily when the Mongols attacked

Trade and exploration were enhanced

Trade Italian traders obviously

benefited from supplying the Crusades while they were going on, but they also saw an opportunity to expand their market by establishing direct trade with the Muslim world

The lucrative trade provided great profit to the Italian city-states and ultimately provided the economic basis for the Italian Renaissance we’ll discuss in Lesson 24

Lorenzo de Medici was part of a family that ruled Florence and

served as bankers for the Crusades and patrons of the

Renaissance

Trade The most important

trade item were spices Other items included

cotton, linen, dates, coral, pearls, porcelain, silk, and metal goods

Damascus was a key center for industry and commerce and a stopping point for pilgrims on their way to Mecca Egyptian scarf or garment

fragment ca 1395

Trade

European Christians also became exposed to new ideas as they traveled throughout the Mediterranean basin The works of Aristotle Islamic science and astronomy “Arabic” numerals which the Muslims had

borrowed from India Techniques for paper production which the

Muslims had learned from China While the Crusades may have largely failed as

military adventures, they helped encourage the reintegration of western Europe into the larger economy of the western hemisphere

The Reconquista of Spain

The Christians did have better success wresting Sicily and Spain from the Muslims in actions separate from the Crusades

Sicily was regained relatively easily Muslims had conquered it

in the 9th Century but in the 1090, after about 20 years of fighting, Norman warriors returned it to Christian hands

Spain would be a bit more of a challenge

The Reconquista of Spain

Muslims invaded the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th Century and ruled all but small Christian states such as Catalonia

In the 1060s Christians began attacking outward from these toeholds

Immediate Impact of the Reconquista

After the successful Reconquista, the devoutly Christian rulers of Spain and Portugal were eager to dominate the Islamic states in North Africa and to convert non-Christians

The desire to spread Christianity would be one of the motives for the European explorations

1492 was the year of both the completion of the Reconquista and

Columbus’ voyage to the New World

The Reconquista of Spain

By 1150 Christians had recaptured Lisbon and controlled over half the peninsula

These successes lured reinforcements from England and France and a new round of campaigning in the 13th Century brought all but Granada into Christian hands

In 1492, Christian forces conquered Granada and the Reconquista was complete

Use your notes and the textbook pages to

create either a recruitment poster or a crusades board game. Your project should include:

A definition of the crusades. A map of the crusades. The four causes of the crusades. Pope Urban’s call for defeat of the Turks to

return the. holy land top the Christians. Who answered or needs to answer the call. A description of all four crusades. The results of the crusades.

Assignment: Recruitment Poster