The Crimean War [1854-1856]

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

Russia[claimed authority over the Orthodox

Christians in the Ottoman Empire]

Ottoman Empire

Great Britain

France

Piedmont-Sardinia

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]

Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]

Professional nursing the wounded

Giuseppi Garibaldi Giuseppi Mazzini

Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French

April 30, 1849

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French

April 30, 1849

• 1848-1849 Liberal national 1848-1849 Liberal national idealists defeated in efforts to idealists defeated in efforts to unite Italy unite Italy

Post 1848Post 1848

Italian unification movement:

Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

Camillo Cavor Camillo Cavor

• Premier of Piedmont Premier of Piedmont under King Victor under King Victor Emmanuel IIEmmanuel II

• Liberal who wants to Liberal who wants to united northern Italy as united northern Italy as a constitutional a constitutional monarchy monarchy

Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections:1820-1821

Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections:1820-1821

• Nationalist movements

• “Neither pope nor king” should rule Italy

Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the CrimeaStep #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea

Effort to gain favor from

France and GB for help to

defeat Austrians

Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at

Plombières, 1858

Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at

Plombières, 1858

Deals at Plombières

• France helps Piedmont against Austria– Italy gets

Lombardy and Venetia

– France gets Nice and Savoy

Step #4: War against AustriaStep #4: War against Austria

• Piedmont/French forces defeat Austria• Napoleon III makes peace with Austria (Piedmont gets Lombardy, but Austria keeps Venetia) • Cavour resigns• Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Romagna, Papal states want to unite…Cavour returns• France doesn’t put up with a fight if they get Nice and Savoy

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War

1866

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War

1866

• Prussia promises Italy Venetia if they remain neutral in Prussia/Austrian fight

• Venetia is annexed to Italy.

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

• Revolution breaks out in Sicily against Bourbon ruler • Red Shirts set off to Sicily• Francis II flees

Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Complete Unification

A Unified Peninsula!A Unified Peninsula!

Right Leg in the Boot at Last

Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

Prussia/Austria RivalryPrussia/Austria Rivalry

TheGerman

Confederation

TheGerman

Confederation

Zollverein, 1834Zollverein, 1834

• Customs union that reduced tariffs and other trade barriers between German states

• Customs union that reduced tariffs and other trade barriers between German states

Kaiser Wilhelm IKaiser Wilhelm I

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will

provoke the next war

Step #1: The Danish War

[1864]

Step #1: The Danish War

[1864]• Schleswig and Holstein

• Danish king annexes Schleswig angers German nationalists

• Prussia and Austria align against Denmark

• Bismarck makes sure other countries will remain neutral

• Schleswig and Holstein

• Danish king annexes Schleswig angers German nationalists

• Prussia and Austria align against Denmark

• Bismarck makes sure other countries will remain neutral

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

PrussiaPrussia

AustriaAustria

• Prussia accuses Austria of violating Convention of Gastein

• Prussia defeats Austria

• Treaty of Prague Prussia gets Schleswig and

Holstein (also other northern German states)

German Confederation dissolved

• Prussia accuses Austria of violating Convention of Gastein

• Prussia defeats Austria

• Treaty of Prague Prussia gets Schleswig and

Holstein (also other northern German states)

German Confederation dissolved

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867

Bismarck establishes Northern German Confederation with Austria excluded

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War1868 revolt in Spain Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenzollern[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king

France protested & his name was withdrawn; Kaiser agrees

The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to guarantee Hohenzollern candidacy would not be renewed . Kaiser refuses and has report sent to Bismarck.

Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]Napoleon III captured; Second Republic falls; Third Republic established

Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]

France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

[r. 1871–1888]

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

[r. 1871–1888]

German Imperial

Flag

German Imperial

Flag