The creation of the alliance The creation of the alliance systemssystems

Bismarck and his foreign policyBismarck and his foreign policy

1871 - 18901871 - 1890

1870 was a turning point in 1870 was a turning point in international relationsinternational relations

France defeatedFrance defeated Britain in « splendid isolation »Britain in « splendid isolation »

Bismarck wants to keep France isolated (why?)Bismarck wants to keep France isolated (why?)

Wants to keep friends with Austria and Russia Wants to keep friends with Austria and Russia Build up an alliance system to suit GermanyBuild up an alliance system to suit Germany

Bismarck was successful until Bismarck was successful until 18901890

But it was difficult to keep Russia But it was difficult to keep Russia happy!happy!

Dealing with FranceDealing with France

Treaty of Frankfurt 1871Treaty of Frankfurt 1871 By 1873 indemnity paid off – army of By 1873 indemnity paid off – army of

occupation leaves.occupation leaves. 1875 war in sight crisis1875 war in sight crisis Russia warns Germany to stop!Russia warns Germany to stop!

Dreikaiserbund 1872Dreikaiserbund 1872

Germany, Austria & RussiaGermany, Austria & Russia Verbal agreement to help each other against Verbal agreement to help each other against

socialist revolution,socialist revolution, discuss international issues discuss international issues and the Eastern Questionand the Eastern Question

The Eastern QuestionThe Eastern Question

The problems in the BalkansThe problems in the Balkans

Ottoman empire weakOttoman empire weak Slav peoples want their independenceSlav peoples want their independence Russia wants to help themRussia wants to help them Russia wants ConstantinopleRussia wants Constantinople This worries – Austria & BritainThis worries – Austria & Britain

1875 - Near Eastern crisis1875 - Near Eastern crisis

Revolts against the Revolts against the OttomansOttomans

Bulgarian massacresBulgarian massacres Russia helps outRussia helps out Treaty of San Stefano Treaty of San Stefano

– « big Bulgaria » – « big Bulgaria » createdcreated

The congress of Berlin 1878The congress of Berlin 1878

Russia forced to agree Russia forced to agree to a small Bulgariato a small Bulgaria

Austrians get Austrians get protectorate over protectorate over Bosnia and Bosnia and HerzegovinaHerzegovina

What was Bismarck up to?What was Bismarck up to?

Revenge! The war in sight crisis!Revenge! The war in sight crisis! Supporting Russia did not appear a good Supporting Russia did not appear a good

idea!idea! Wants to keep friendly with Aust and BrWants to keep friendly with Aust and Br Wants to get an alliance with AustWants to get an alliance with Aust Control Austrian policy in the BalkansControl Austrian policy in the Balkans Increase German influence in TurkeyIncrease German influence in Turkey

The Dual Alliance 1879The Dual Alliance 1879

Congress of Berlin led to thisCongress of Berlin led to this Austria would be neutral if Germany and Austria would be neutral if Germany and

France fought.France fought. Austria would help out if two countries Austria would help out if two countries

attacked Germany.attacked Germany. Austria would help if Russia attacked Austria would help if Russia attacked

Germany.Germany.

The Triple Alliance 1881The Triple Alliance 1881

Italy joined Austria and Germany.Italy joined Austria and Germany. France took Tunis (Bismarck encouraged France took Tunis (Bismarck encouraged

this) but Italy angry.this) but Italy angry. Aust, Ger & Italy would help each other if Aust, Ger & Italy would help each other if

one were attacked by TWO other powers. one were attacked by TWO other powers. BUT Italy would not have to join a fight BUT Italy would not have to join a fight

including Britain.including Britain.

The Dreikaiserbund treaty 1881The Dreikaiserbund treaty 1881

Renewed the old DreikaiserbundRenewed the old Dreikaiserbund German neutrality if Russia at war with a fourth German neutrality if Russia at war with a fourth

party! Britain!party! Britain! Russia would not support France in a war Russia would not support France in a war

involving Ger and Aust.involving Ger and Aust. Russia could re create the big Bulgaria sometime.Russia could re create the big Bulgaria sometime. Austria could keep Bosnia & Herzegovina Austria could keep Bosnia & Herzegovina

sometime.sometime. Treaty ran out in 1887Treaty ran out in 1887

Trouble in the Balkans 1885 - 87Trouble in the Balkans 1885 - 87

Revolt in Eastern Rumelia – it joins with Revolt in Eastern Rumelia – it joins with BulgariaBulgaria

Bulgaria declares independence – and Bulgaria declares independence – and throw out the Russians!throw out the Russians!

A German prince is elected king.A German prince is elected king. Russia is furiousRussia is furious France – Boulanger – ally with RussiaFrance – Boulanger – ally with Russia

Russia refuses to renew Russia refuses to renew DreikaiserbundDreikaiserbund

Bismarck is terrified – will Russia Bismarck is terrified – will Russia and France ally?and France ally?

The secret Reinsurance treaty 1887The secret Reinsurance treaty 1887

Secret agreements – why?Secret agreements – why? Russia to have main influence in the Russia to have main influence in the

BalkansBalkans Germany would be neutral in a war with a Germany would be neutral in a war with a

third power ( Russia said the same).third power ( Russia said the same). BUT clause not active if Ger attacked BUT clause not active if Ger attacked

France OR Russia attacked AustriaFrance OR Russia attacked Austria

So Bismarck had got friendly So Bismarck had got friendly with Russia again!with Russia again!

But the secrecy shows how hard it But the secrecy shows how hard it is becoming!is becoming!

1890 A new German kaiser 1890 A new German kaiser takes overtakes over

Bismarck is dismissed.Bismarck is dismissed.

Who can handle the diplomacy Who can handle the diplomacy now?now?