World War I World War I “The Great War” U.S. History & Government.
The Course of World War One
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Transcript of The Course of World War One
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The Course of World War OneSome key Ideas\
‘The lamps are going out all over Europe: we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime’
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LIMITED WAR v TOTAL WAR
‘Limited wars’ of the 18th / 19th century- largely the business of rulers and their armies
Armies small in size- manoeuvre to avoid battle rather than engaging in it
Societies largely untouched by war- trade continued TOTAL WAR- envelops the whole of society Total mobilization of the nation’s resources for victory (war
economy) Social, economic (cultural) and political structure affected /
undermined by involvement in war. Psychological trauma (‘The lost generation’) Wars had increased in intensity and impact in the 18th and 19th
century
World War One- Course- Key Terms- TOTAL WAR
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STAGE 1- The battle for a quick victory 1914
The breakdown of the war of movement / manoeuvre
The race to the sea The development of the Western Front-
trench warfare Defeats for Russia- Tannenberg and
Masurian Lakes
Key Phases of the War
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Attrition
Battle of the Somme Battle of Verdun
Phase 2- Deadlock- 1914-1917
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Importance of US entry into the war The Russian Revolution
Phase 3- The Tide Turns-1917
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Failure of the German offensive Failure of Germany’s allies Wilson’s Fourteen Points for Peace The armistice
Phase 4- 1918 the Final Collapse of Germany
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To what extent did the Allies’ initial resources surpass those of the Central Powers?
How did the aims of the two sides change after the beginning of the war?
Why did Germany’s success depend on a short war and how did its aims and those of its enemies make this unlikely?
What were the Belligerents’ Aims and Resources?
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http://www.activehistory.co.uk/Miscellaneous/menus/GCSE/The_Great_War_Course.htm
Fordie guardian
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Robert Graves
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Wilfred Owen What does
‘Exposure’ tell us about life on the Western Front?
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What factors enabled most soldiers to carry on fighting in spite of the appalling conditions they faced?
Key Question
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Rupert Brooke
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Siegfried Sassoon
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Schlieffen Plan ‘six week’ strategy- use of railway to return the German soldiers to the Eastern Front
A) Belgian fortifications.B) Russia attack began sooner than expected.C) German army was unable to capture Paris. French govt. retreated to Bordeaux. General Joffre ordered a counter attack- 1st
battle of the Marne (Sept. 1914). Germany forced to retreat- ‘digging in’ –creating
the Western Front- Channel to the Swiss Border.
How did the war of manoeuvre turn into stalemate?
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War of defence and the instruments of defence- trench, artillery, barbed wire and machine gun- proved more successful than instruments of attack- artillery, rifle and bayonet.
Surprise attack almost impossible- due to artillery barrage before an attack, aerial observation
War of attrition developed as no one side would succeed in attack- wear the other side down- exhaust supplies / will to continue- this transformed the conflict in TOTAL war.
Stalemate
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Chlorine gas Phosgene gas Mustard gas The tank Creeping barrage
What tactics were used to break the stalemate?
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August 1914- Battle of Tannenberg- surrender of 90000 Russian soldiers.
September- Battle of Masurian Lakes. Poorly trained and equipped Russian soldiers ‘ten
shots a day’. Massive impact on internal stability of Russia. 1915- Tsar takes over personal command of the army. Russia kept in the war by the allies by the offer of
Constantinople and control of the Straits. The existence of the ‘second’ front was important to
keep Austria / Germany tied down. Impact of the Brusilov Offensive
The Eastern Front
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Internal economic problems. The Tsarist system Revolutionary movements Soldier desertions in 1917. Abdication of the Tsar.
Collapse of Russia
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A front to relieve pressure on other fronts. Also a way of ‘breaking the deadlock’ on the
the Western Front. Russians had appealed for support against
Turkey. Strategic importance of the Ottoman Empire
(Black Sea). Seizure of the Dardanelles to open up supply routes to Russia / close the supply route to Central Europe.
Turkey and the Balkans
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Entente tactic of offering ‘everything to everybody’ in order to gain allies- e.g. Bulgaria offered land in Macedonia.
Bulgaria joined the Central Powers in 1915- pressure on Serbia.
Greece tried to remain independent- British forces in Greece.
Balkan Front
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Treaty of London May 1915. Irredenta. Caporetto 1917
Italian Front
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Why were the Central Powers defeated in World War One? (Higher Level style question- May 2008)
(20 Marks)
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Concept of Total war needs to be emphasised here. War was about economic strength which produced military strength.
Military- Failure of the Schlieffen plan produced a war on two fronts. Failure of Germany’s allies-
Political- the response and nature of political systems- e.g. DORA in Britain helped mobilize the entire resources of the country. Were democratic nations better able to respond to events?
Economic- the combined economic resources of the Entente Powers were greater. USA / Britain’s Empire
Why were the Central Powers defeated in World War One?
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Importance of economic factors