The continuation of the The continuation of the report of Joice….report of Joice….

Presented by: Presented by:

Lady Em B. CasiminaLady Em B. Casimina

• Understanding Video Understanding Video GraphicsGraphics

When an application wants to communicate When an application wants to communicate with the user through the PC’s screen: with the user through the PC’s screen:

First, build a message in the ‘virtual screen’ in the PC’s First, build a message in the ‘virtual screen’ in the PC’s memory.memory.

The message to be displayed is next passed from the The message to be displayed is next passed from the application to the operating system as a block of memory.application to the operating system as a block of memory.

The operating system then formats the message and The operating system then formats the message and transfers it to the display graphic card’s own memory as a transfers it to the display graphic card’s own memory as a pattern of pixels that represent the image or text message.pattern of pixels that represent the image or text message.

The graphics card then reads the formatted message out of The graphics card then reads the formatted message out of its display memory and paints it onto the screen.its display memory and paints it onto the screen.

Video/Graphics CardVideo/Graphics Card - converts digital data into signals that can be sent across - converts digital data into signals that can be sent across

a connector to your monitor, which interprets the signal into a connector to your monitor, which interprets the signal into an image on screen. an image on screen.

- A good graphics card seems to make an image on - A good graphics card seems to make an image on your monitor just appear, while a slow card causes an image your monitor just appear, while a slow card causes an image to slowly draw across the screen.to slowly draw across the screen.

- A good video card can improve the performance of - A good video card can improve the performance of Windows, especially with applications that require a high Windows, especially with applications that require a high amount of graphics redrawing, like publishing applications or amount of graphics redrawing, like publishing applications or games. The processor on the video card can offload portions games. The processor on the video card can offload portions of video processing from the CPU, which speeds up the of video processing from the CPU, which speeds up the screen display. Each adapter offers several different video screen display. Each adapter offers several different video modes. modes.

Two Basic categories of video modes:Two Basic categories of video modes: 1. Text mode 1. Text mode

- a monitor can display only ASCII characters.- a monitor can display only ASCII characters.2. Graphics Mode2. Graphics Mode - a monitor can display any bit-mapped image.- a monitor can display any bit-mapped image.

• Expansion SlotsExpansion Slots- - Expansion slots are located on the back of Expansion slots are located on the back of

the computer. They provide access to the AGP, the computer. They provide access to the AGP, PCI, and ISA expansion slots.PCI, and ISA expansion slots.

- Cards are plug into the slots to add more - Cards are plug into the slots to add more devices for the computer.devices for the computer.

• Speaker Speaker - - A motherboard speaker provides simple sound A motherboard speaker provides simple sound

output, such as indicating hardware errors during start up. output, such as indicating hardware errors during start up. This may either be a motherboard component called a This may either be a motherboard component called a piezo piezo speakerspeaker that resembles a small black cylinder, or a standard that resembles a small black cylinder, or a standard “voice-coil” speaker that is attached to the interior of the “voice-coil” speaker that is attached to the interior of the case and connected to the motherboard by wires. case and connected to the motherboard by wires.

• Internal ModemInternal Modem- A modem that resides on an expansion - A modem that resides on an expansion

board. In order to connect to the Internet you need board. In order to connect to the Internet you need some form of some form of ModemModem (Modulator/Demodulator)(Modulator/Demodulator)..

- Computers are digital machines in that the - Computers are digital machines in that the information is represented by codes of small information is represented by codes of small currents.currents.

- Standard telephone lines however, are - Standard telephone lines however, are analogue devices in that the information is directly analogue devices in that the information is directly represented by analogue waves. represented by analogue waves.

- We need Modems to convert (modulate) the - We need Modems to convert (modulate) the digital code into analogue waves and convert them digital code into analogue waves and convert them back into digital (demodulate) at the other end.back into digital (demodulate) at the other end.

• Power SupplyPower Supply- The power supply supplies the fuel (power), - The power supply supplies the fuel (power),

for the computer. It supplies power to the for the computer. It supplies power to the motherboard, the drives, and also, normally, contains motherboard, the drives, and also, normally, contains a fan that helps assist in the task of cooling the a fan that helps assist in the task of cooling the computer. computer.

- Power supplies come in a variety of wattages. - Power supplies come in a variety of wattages. 200 watt and 250 watt, are probably the most 200 watt and 250 watt, are probably the most commonly used power supplies. IDE stands for commonly used power supplies. IDE stands for Integrated Device ElectronicsIntegrated Device Electronics. The top device should . The top device should be made the “be made the “mastermaster” and the bottom device should ” and the bottom device should be the “be the “slaveslave”. The master drive is the primary drive. ”. The master drive is the primary drive. The slave, or secondary drive, is connected to the IDE The slave, or secondary drive, is connected to the IDE cable between the master drive and the motherboard cable between the master drive and the motherboard IDE connection. IDE connection.

- IDE cables consist of either 40 individual - IDE cables consist of either 40 individual wires, or 80 individual wires (for newer Ultra ATA/66 wires, or 80 individual wires (for newer Ultra ATA/66 drives). Most of these wires are used to transfer data drives). Most of these wires are used to transfer data between the motherboard and the drive (s). between the motherboard and the drive (s).

• Power CablesPower Cables- The power cables supply power from the - The power cables supply power from the

power supply to the drives. The power cables are red, power supply to the drives. The power cables are red, yellow, and black. yellow, and black.

- The yellow wire furnishes 12 volts of power.- The yellow wire furnishes 12 volts of power.

- The red wire furnishes 5 volts of power. - The red wire furnishes 5 volts of power.

- The two black wires are ground wires for each.- The two black wires are ground wires for each.

- Some drives, like the floppy, use a smaller - Some drives, like the floppy, use a smaller cable and connector, but their wires are still the same cable and connector, but their wires are still the same Voltage.Voltage.

• Output DevicesOutput Devices- An - An output device output device is any peripheral device is any peripheral device

that presents, displays, alters, or records output that presents, displays, alters, or records output after it has left a computer’s system unit. after it has left a computer’s system unit.

- Output device data can appear in various - Output device data can appear in various forms such as graphics, laser light, sound, or text. forms such as graphics, laser light, sound, or text.

Examples of Output Devices:Examples of Output Devices:1. 1. Computer SpeakerComputer Speaker

- convert output data into sound.- convert output data into sound.

2. Monitor2. Monitor - The monitor is the most popular output device. - The monitor is the most popular output device.

The monitor receives signals from a video card inside of the The monitor receives signals from a video card inside of the computer and gives the user a graphical or textual display. computer and gives the user a graphical or textual display. Monitors are important because they give users a visual Monitors are important because they give users a visual presentation of keyboard commands and mouse presentation of keyboard commands and mouse movements. movements.

- Monitors display output data and show users the - Monitors display output data and show users the end results of the processes taking place inside a computer.end results of the processes taking place inside a computer.

3. Printer3. Printer - Printers create images on paper, plastic, cloth and - Printers create images on paper, plastic, cloth and

other print media using technologies like ink transfer, heat other print media using technologies like ink transfer, heat transfer, chemical transfer, chemical reactions, and physical transfer, chemical transfer, chemical reactions, and physical force.force.

Types of PrintersTypes of Printers1. Laser Printers1. Laser Printers

- Laser Printer uses toner and an internal laser to print. - Laser Printer uses toner and an internal laser to print. The most popular Laser printer manufacturer is Hewlett The most popular Laser printer manufacturer is Hewlett Packard.Packard.

- The average laser printer prints in black. Color laser - The average laser printer prints in black. Color laser printers are about three to four times the cost of one color laser printers are about three to four times the cost of one color laser printers.printers.

2. Inkjet or Bubble Jet Printers2. Inkjet or Bubble Jet Printers- Inkjet or Bubble Jet uses ink to print. The quality of the - Inkjet or Bubble Jet uses ink to print. The quality of the

print is determined by DPI (Dots Per Inc). The higher the DPI print is determined by DPI (Dots Per Inc). The higher the DPI resolution better the quality of the print.resolution better the quality of the print. 3. Dot-matrix Printer3. Dot-matrix Printer

- creates characters by striking - creates characters by striking pinspins against an ink against an ink ribbon. Each pins make a ribbon. Each pins make a dot, dot, and combinations of dots form and combinations of dots form characters and illustrations.characters and illustrations.

Printers are also classified by the following Printers are also classified by the following characteristics:characteristics:

1. Quality of type: The output produced by printers is said to 1. Quality of type: The output produced by printers is said to be either be either letter qualityletter quality (as good as a type (as good as a type writer), writer), near letter near letter quality, or draft qualityquality, or draft quality. Only . Only daisy-wheel, ink-jet, daisy-wheel, ink-jet, and laser printers produce and laser printers produce letter-quality type. Some letter-quality type. Some dot-matrix printers dot-matrix printers claim letter-quality print, but if claim letter-quality print, but if you look you look closely, you can see the difference. closely, you can see the difference.

2. Speed: Measured in 2. Speed: Measured in characters per second (cps) or pages characters per second (cps) or pages per minute per minute (ppm)(ppm), the speed of printers varies widely. , the speed of printers varies widely. Daisy-wheel Daisy-wheel printers tend to be the slowest, printing printers tend to be the slowest, printing about 30 cps. Line about 30 cps. Line printers are fastest ( printers are fastest (up to3000 line up to3000 line per minuteper minute). Dot-matrix ). Dot-matrix printers can print up to printers can print up to 500 500 cpscps, and laser printers range , and laser printers range from about from about 4 to 20 4 to 20 text pages per minutetext pages per minute. .

3. Impact or non-impact: Impact printers include all printers that 3. Impact or non-impact: Impact printers include all printers that work work by striking an ink ribbon. Daisy-wheel, dot- by striking an ink ribbon. Daisy-wheel, dot-

matrix, and line printers and impact printers. matrix, and line printers and impact printers. Non-impact printers include laser printers and Non-impact printers include laser printers and ink-jet printers. The important difference ink-jet printers. The important difference

between impact and non-impact printers is between impact and non-impact printers is that impact printers are much noisier. that impact printers are much noisier.

4. Graphics: Some printers (daisy-wheel and line printers) can print 4. Graphics: Some printers (daisy-wheel and line printers) can print only text. Other printers can print both text and only text. Other printers can print both text and

graphics.graphics.

• Input DevicesInput Devices- An input devices is any peripheral appliance that - An input devices is any peripheral appliance that generates input for the computer and allows users generates input for the computer and allows users to enter information into the computer to be to enter information into the computer to be processed.processed.

- It allow users to provide a computer with - It allow users to provide a computer with commands, software, instructions, and information.commands, software, instructions, and information.

- Input devices are the pathways through - Input devices are the pathways through which information enters a computer’s system unit.which information enters a computer’s system unit.

Examples of Input Devices Examples of Input Devices Keyboard – the set of typewriter like keys that enables you to Keyboard – the set of typewriter like keys that enables you to

enter data into a computer. The keys on computer keyboards enter data into a computer. The keys on computer keyboards are often classified as follows:are often classified as follows:

Alphanumeric Keys = letter and numbersAlphanumeric Keys = letter and numbersPunctuation Keys = comma, period, semicolon, and so Punctuation Keys = comma, period, semicolon, and so

on.on.Special Keys = functions keys, control keys, arrow Special Keys = functions keys, control keys, arrow

keys, Caps keys, Caps Lock key, etc.Lock key, etc. - The standard layout of letters, numbers, and - The standard layout of letters, numbers, and punctuation is known as a punctuation is known as a QWERTY QWERTY keyboard because the keyboard because the first six keys on the top row of letters spell QWERTY. The first six keys on the top row of letters spell QWERTY. The QWERTY keyboard was designed in the 1800’s for QWERTY keyboard was designed in the 1800’s for mechanical typewriters and was actually designed to slow mechanical typewriters and was actually designed to slow typists down to avoid jamming the keys. Another keyboard typists down to avoid jamming the keys. Another keyboard design, which has letters positioned for speed typing, is the design, which has letters positioned for speed typing, is the DvorakDvorak keyboard. keyboard. - There are three types of keyboard connectors. - There are three types of keyboard connectors. These connectors include These connectors include AT, PS/2 and USB. AT, PS/2 and USB.

Special KeysSpecial Keys

Control Key Control Key – A key on PC keyboards labeled – A key on PC keyboards labeled Ctrl.Ctrl. On On Macintoshes, the Macintoshes, the control key is called an Apple key or control key is called an Apple key or Command key. Command key.

Alt KeyAlt Key – Short for – Short for alternate key, alternate key, the Alt key is like a second the Alt key is like a second Control Control key. key. Not all computer keyboards have an Alt Not all computer keyboards have an Alt key, but it is key, but it is standard on standard on all PCs. The meaning of any Alt all PCs. The meaning of any Alt key key combination depends on which application is running.combination depends on which application is running.

Arrow KeysArrow Keys – Also known as – Also known as cursor control keyscursor control keys Most computer Most computer keyboards contain four arrow keys for moving the keyboards contain four arrow keys for moving the

cursor cursor or insertion point right, left, up, or down. or insertion point right, left, up, or down.

Shift keyShift key – A key on computer keyboards that gives the other – A key on computer keyboards that gives the other keys an keys an alternate meaning. When combined with alternate meaning. When combined with alphabetic keys, the alphabetic keys, the Shift key causes the system to output a Shift key causes the system to output a capital letter. The Shift capital letter. The Shift key can also be combined with key can also be combined with other keys to produce program other keys to produce program – dependent results.– dependent results.

Function keysFunction keys – Special keys on the keyboard that have different – Special keys on the keyboard that have different meanings depending on which program is running. Function meanings depending on which program is running. Function keys are normally labeled F1 to F10 or F12 (or F15 on keys are normally labeled F1 to F10 or F12 (or F15 on Macintoshes). On older PCs, for example, 10 function keys are Macintoshes). On older PCs, for example, 10 function keys are grouped on the left side of the keyboard; new PCs have the grouped on the left side of the keyboard; new PCs have the enhanced keyboard, with twelve function keys aligned the top enhanced keyboard, with twelve function keys aligned the top of the keyboard. of the keyboard.

Caps Lock keyCaps Lock key – A toggle key on computer keyboards that, when – A toggle key on computer keyboards that, when activated, causes all subsequent alphabetic characters to be activated, causes all subsequent alphabetic characters to be uppercase, but has no effect on other keys.uppercase, but has no effect on other keys.

Mouse – The mouse is a device that controls the movement of Mouse – The mouse is a device that controls the movement of the the cursor or pointer on a display screen.cursor or pointer on a display screen.

- Invented by Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research - Invented by Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research Center in 1963, and pioneered by Xerox in the 1970’s.Center in 1963, and pioneered by Xerox in the 1970’s.

Microphone – Allows the computer to receive and record Microphone – Allows the computer to receive and record sound. sound. Necessary for voice recognition software and Necessary for voice recognition software and any software that any software that needs to record sound.needs to record sound.

Scanner - An input device that takes in an optical image and Scanner - An input device that takes in an optical image and digitizes it into an electron image represented as binary data. digitizes it into an electron image represented as binary data. This can be used to create a computerized version of a photo This can be used to create a computerized version of a photo or or illustration. illustration.

Digital camera – A digital camera takes pictures without film, and Digital camera – A digital camera takes pictures without film, and stores your snapshots as files in its memory or on a stores your snapshots as files in its memory or on a

diskettes, diskettes, and transfer it to your PC through a cable.and transfer it to your PC through a cable.

Graphic Tablet – Objects are drawn using a pen or a puck. Graphic Tablet – Objects are drawn using a pen or a puck. Drawings Drawings created on tablets are stored as mathematical line created on tablets are stored as mathematical line segments.segments.

Joy Stick – A device consisting of a hand held stick that pivots Joy Stick – A device consisting of a hand held stick that pivots about about one end and transmits its angle in two dimensions to a one end and transmits its angle in two dimensions to a computer. Joystick are often used to control games, and computer. Joystick are often used to control games, and usually usually have one or more push buttons whose state can also have one or more push buttons whose state can also be read be read by the computer by the computer

• Other Peripheral Devices Other Peripheral Devices

Peripheral devicesPeripheral devices – serve specific – serve specific purposes, enhance a computer’s functions, or add purposes, enhance a computer’s functions, or add a new service or an additional resource. a new service or an additional resource. Peripheral devices include both input and output Peripheral devices include both input and output devices.devices.

Examples of Peripheral DevicesExamples of Peripheral Devices

- CD ROM drive- CD ROM drive

- Modem- Modem

- External Drive Unit- External Drive Unit

• Five Elements Of Computing Five Elements Of Computing ProcessProcess

Hardware Hardware - equipment involved in the function - equipment involved in the function of a of a computer. Computer hardware consists of computer. Computer hardware consists of the the components that can be physically handled. components that can be physically handled. The The function of these components is typically function of these components is typically divided into divided into three main categories: input, three main categories: input, output, and storage.output, and storage.

Software Software - also called - also called “Program”,“Program”, is the is the instruction instruction that tell the hardware what to do.that tell the hardware what to do.

Data Data - is the raw facts that the computer can - is the raw facts that the computer can change change into useful information. The into useful information. The information we get out information we get out of the computer always of the computer always depends on the data we put depends on the data we put into it.into it.

People People - are also called the “- are also called the “end users”. end users”. Most Most computers need people to operate them.computers need people to operate them.

ProceduresProcedures - are the steps or directions that - are the steps or directions that the the end user needs to follow in order to end user needs to follow in order to complete a complete a certain task. certain task.

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