The Constitution Chapter 2 You think you know…. Declaration of Independence Written by Thomas...
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Transcript of The Constitution Chapter 2 You think you know…. Declaration of Independence Written by Thomas...
![Page 1: The Constitution Chapter 2 You think you know…. Declaration of Independence Written by Thomas Jefferson Inspired by John Locke D of I opens with Jefferson.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032806/56649efd5503460f94c12133/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Constitution
Chapter 2
You think you know…
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Declaration of Independence
• Written by Thomas Jefferson
• Inspired by John Locke
• D of I opens with Jefferson invoking Locke philosophy… “Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness”
• Jefferson continues by listing grievances against George III for violating inalienable rights
• declares US independence
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British Colonial Rule
Powerful British Government
Political Subunits (Colonies)
Unitary System – all power flows from one central government
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Articles of Confederation
1781 – 1789 – RIP
Confederate System – power concentrated in political subunits (states) with a weak central government (typically unite for a common goal)
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Constitution
Central US government
State governments
Federal System – powers are divided and/or shared between state and central governments (Current gov’t designed by framers)
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Articles of Confederation
• 1781-1789
• Original American gov’t system
• Weak central gov’t
• Individual and state liberties not threatened
• No executive (they hated kings)
• Confederacies are usually unstable
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A of C – Weaknesses
• Article II – “Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence.” Gov’t has no control
• Unicameral Congress (one house) with one vote per state– Supermajority (9 of 13) to pass a law– Supermajority (13 of 13) to amend
• No Executive (No President), no central authority• No Federal Judiciary (No Supreme Court), no
central law• No control of taxation, commerce between states or
with foreign nations, money system
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Shays’s Rebellion
• Colonies were in debt after the war, central gov’t tried to raise taxes
• Farmers in western Massachusetts rebelled against tax they could not afford
• Rebelled against foreclosures, forced judges out of court, freed debtors from jail
• Showed that national gov’t was weak, needed to seek a stronger national gov’t
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The Constitutional Convention
• 1787• Revising the A of C• Demographics of Delegates
-55 delegates (none from RI)-33 Lawyers-half were college graduates-7 former governors-7 plantation owners-8 business leaders-age 26-81 (avg. age 42)-all male, all white
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Two “Revision” Plans
• Virginia Plan– Favored large states– Strong central government– Bicameral (two house) legislature – larger
house elected by the people (House of Representatives, and a smaller house that was selected by larger house (Senate)
• (This would change in the 17th Amendment)
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Two “Revision” Plans
• New Jersey Plan– Agreed with strong central government…BUT– Congress would be unicameral (one house)
with states having equal votes– Did not want large population states to
dominate the legislature
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Great Compromise
• A bicameral legislature in which the House of Representatives membership apportioned according to the state populations, plus 3/5 the slave population
• An upper house, the Senate, which would have two members from each state, elected by the state legislature (popularly elected today)
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Three-fifths Compromise
• Agree to allow the South to count 3/5 the population in each state to balance the power of North and South
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Madisonian Principles of Gov’t in the Constitution
• Popular Sovereignty – power to govern belongs to the people, gov’t based on the consent of governed
• Separation of Powers – division of gov’t between branches: executive, legislative and judicial
• Checks and Balances – a system where branches have some authority over others
• Limited Government – gov’t is not all-powerful, and it does only what citizens allow
• Federalism – division of power between central government and individual states
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Separation of Powers
• Prevents an all-powerful ruling body
1. Legislature – passes law (Congress)
2. Executive – enforces law (President)
3. Judiciary – interprets law (Supreme Court)
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Amending the Constitution
• Meant to be difficult
• Require action from national and state gov
• Amendment proposed by 2/3 vote in each house of Congress and ratified (accepted) in at least ¾ of state legislatures
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Fed vs. Anti-Fed
• Ratification – formal approval
• Federalist – in favor of adoption of US Constitution creating a federal union and strong central government
• Anti-Federalist – opposed to ratification in 1787, opposed to strong central government
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Federalist Papers
• Annoyingly hard to read
• Best political theory ever written in US
• Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay
• Publius
• Convince public for ratification
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Federalist #10
• Madison addresses biggest fear of gov’t
• Faction – a group in a legislature or political party acting together in pursuit of some special interest (think fraction – ½, 1/3, etc)
• Founding fathers were concerned that our government would be ripped apart
• Madison defends our national Constitution
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Federalist #10
• Separation of Powers check the growth of tyranny
• Each branch of government keeps the other two from gaining too much power
• A republic guards against irresponsible direct democracy or “common passions”
• Factions will always exist, but must be managed to not severe from the system.
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Anti-Fed Response
• Central gov’t would threaten liberty
• Aristocratic tyranny could happen
• Demanded a guarantee of individual rights and liberty
• States power was too limited
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Bill of Rights
• 10 amendments to the Constitution
• guaranteed individual freedoms and rights
• limited power of national government, guaranteed rights to states
• Ratified in 1789, Bill of Rights added 1791