The Confederation and The Confederation and The ConstitutionThe Constitution

1776-17901776-1790

Chapter 9Chapter 9

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

The Revolution was not a radical or total The Revolution was not a radical or total changechange

It was not overturn of the entire political It was not overturn of the entire political system like France or Russiasystem like France or Russia

The RevolutionThe Revolution

The American Revolution did affect social The American Revolution did affect social customs, political institutions, and ideas about customs, political institutions, and ideas about government, society and gender rolesgovernment, society and gender roles

All Americans now wished to be called “Mr.” All Americans now wished to be called “Mr.” and “Mrs.” titles formerly reserved for the and “Mrs.” titles formerly reserved for the wealthywealthy

Inheritance laws of primogeniture were Inheritance laws of primogeniture were abolished.abolished.

The Anglican ChurchThe Anglican Church

The Anglican Church The Anglican Church was humbled after the was humbled after the RevolutionRevolution

Reformed as the Reformed as the Protestant Episcopal Protestant Episcopal ChurchChurch

The Virginia Statute of Religious The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom - 1786Freedom - 1786

Thomas Jefferson penned this religious Thomas Jefferson penned this religious document in 1786; it allowed for the complete document in 1786; it allowed for the complete separation of church and state in Virginia.separation of church and state in Virginia.

This was the first divorce between religion and This was the first divorce between religion and government in the USAgovernment in the USA

The Philadelphia QuakersThe Philadelphia Quakers

Philadelphia Quakers Philadelphia Quakers founded the first anti-founded the first anti-slavery society in the slavery society in the USUS

17751775

Abolition of Slavery in the NorthAbolition of Slavery in the North

Several Northern states either abolished Several Northern states either abolished slavery or provided for gradual emancipation slavery or provided for gradual emancipation (no state south of PA)(no state south of PA)

Still barred owning of propertyStill barred owning of property No education for slave childrenNo education for slave children Couldn’t hold certain jobsCouldn’t hold certain jobs Interracial marriage illegalInterracial marriage illegal

SlaverySlavery

A fight over the issue of slavery would have A fight over the issue of slavery would have divided the fragile new country, so the divided the fragile new country, so the feasibility of abolition was never considered.feasibility of abolition was never considered.

The institution would continue to be a divisive The institution would continue to be a divisive issue (1861-1865)issue (1861-1865)

Women's RoleWomen's Role

Change from Brit. Change from Brit. Empire to USA did not Empire to USA did not redefine women’s roles redefine women’s roles completelycompletely

Abigail AdamsAbigail Adams Mothers were to teach Mothers were to teach

civic virtue and civic virtue and republicanism to republicanism to childrenchildren

ConstitutionsConstitutions

The Continental The Continental Congress called upon Congress called upon each state to draft their each state to draft their own constitution own constitution

The authority of the The authority of the state would rest with the state would rest with the people.people.

MassachusettsMassachusetts

The MA state constitution is especially The MA state constitution is especially noteworthy (written by John Adams)noteworthy (written by John Adams)

Called a Constitutional Convention to draft the Called a Constitutional Convention to draft the documentdocument

Submitted draft directly to the people to vote Submitted draft directly to the people to vote and ratificationand ratification

Adopted in 1780Adopted in 1780

What is a Constitution?What is a Constitution?

An accumulation of laws, customs, and An accumulation of laws, customs, and precedents written down togetherprecedents written down together

Annual elections forced lawmakers to stay in Annual elections forced lawmakers to stay in touch with the people.touch with the people.

Weak Executives and JudiciariesWeak Executives and Judiciaries STRONG Legislatures in touch w/ peopleSTRONG Legislatures in touch w/ people

DistrustDistrust

Distrust of His Distrust of His Majesty’s Officials Majesty’s Officials gave power back to gave power back to the people in the the people in the United StatesUnited States

States seized control States seized control of former Crown landsof former Crown lands

Loyalists land cut up Loyalists land cut up into small farmsinto small farms

Cheap land availableCheap land available

ManufacturingManufacturing

There was a sharp rise in manufacturing after There was a sharp rise in manufacturing after the American Revolutionthe American Revolution

Goods from England were cut off to the Goods from England were cut off to the YankeesYankees

This forced manufacturing of their ownThis forced manufacturing of their own Americans remained mostly agriculturalAmericans remained mostly agricultural

Independence Has DrawbacksIndependence Has Drawbacks

There were economic drawbacks to There were economic drawbacks to IndependenceIndependence

American ships were banned from English American ships were banned from English ports and British West Indies ports.ports and British West Indies ports.

BUT America could begin trade with BUT America could begin trade with foreign nations…such as the Baltic nations foreign nations…such as the Baltic nations and Asian nationsand Asian nations

1784 Empress of China brings ginseng to 1784 Empress of China brings ginseng to East Asian herbal doctorsEast Asian herbal doctors

InflationInflation

Inflation hit hard after Inflation hit hard after the warthe war

Avg. citizen was Avg. citizen was worse off after then b4 worse off after then b4 the warthe war

Rich class of Rich class of profiteers from war profiteers from war goodsgoods

Once-wealthy left Once-wealthy left poorpoor

PowerPower

Power was looked at suspiciously after the Power was looked at suspiciously after the RevolutionRevolution

It is hard to start a government and a new It is hard to start a government and a new nation without power of some sortnation without power of some sort

Experimentation & Innovation in GovernmentExperimentation & Innovation in Government

13 States13 States

All 13 states had All 13 states had similar government similar government structure and structure and constitutionsconstitutions

Had good leadership Had good leadership from Revolutionary from Revolutionary War and Continental War and Continental CongressCongress

Coined money, raised Coined money, raised armies/navies and set armies/navies and set tariffstariffs

ConfederationConfederation

Articles of Confederation – adopted by Articles of Confederation – adopted by Congress in 1777 during the War Congress in 1777 during the War

Document was translated to French to prove Document was translated to French to prove that the United States had a real gov'tthat the United States had a real gov't

Not ratified by all 13 states until 1781Not ratified by all 13 states until 1781

State JealousyState Jealousy

Smaller states were jealous of larger states Smaller states were jealous of larger states because of their land West of the Allegheny because of their land West of the Allegheny Mountains.Mountains.

Agreement on Articles of Confederation came Agreement on Articles of Confederation came when the sale of western land would benefit when the sale of western land would benefit the “common benefit” and create new and the “common benefit” and create new and separate “republican states” to be admitted to separate “republican states” to be admitted to the Union laterthe Union later

The Northwest TerritoryThe Northwest Territory

Fertile land of the Fertile land of the Northwest Territory Northwest Territory transferred to the transferred to the Central GovernmentCentral Government

Heritage thrown into Heritage thrown into common potcommon pot

Pioneers would buy Pioneers would buy land from the federal land from the federal governmentgovernment

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

Provided for a loose Provided for a loose confederation or firm confederation or firm friendshipfriendship

Linked for joint action Linked for joint action against any common against any common problemproblem

Weak Congress – Weak Congress – chief agency of govt.chief agency of govt.

No Executive BranchNo Executive Branch Judicial Arm left to Judicial Arm left to

statesstates

The USA under ConfederationThe USA under Confederation

Each state had a SINGLE vote in CongressEach state had a SINGLE vote in Congress RI and VA were equal in powerRI and VA were equal in power 9/13 for passage of a bill9/13 for passage of a bill 13/13 to change the Articles themselves13/13 to change the Articles themselves Unanimity almost impossibleUnanimity almost impossible Little could be doneLittle could be done

Confederation CongressConfederation Congress

No power to regulate commerceNo power to regulate commerce Each state had different laws about tariffs and Each state had different laws about tariffs and

navigationnavigation Congress had a tax policy, but no authority to Congress had a tax policy, but no authority to

enforce tax collectionenforce tax collection Tax quota for each state, state asked to please Tax quota for each state, state asked to please

paypay Might receive ¼ of what it asked for !!!Might receive ¼ of what it asked for !!!

The United StatesThe United States

Capital @ PhiladelphiaCapital @ Philadelphia Could not command or Could not command or

coerce control the statescoerce control the states Articles were a 1Articles were a 1stst in in

republican govt.republican govt. EXPERIMENTAL!!EXPERIMENTAL!!

Articles cont…Articles cont…

The Articles of Confederation were a huge The Articles of Confederation were a huge stepping stone and learning process leading to stepping stone and learning process leading to the future US Constitutionthe future US Constitution

Outlined powers of the federal government, Outlined powers of the federal government, such as treaties and a national postal servicesuch as treaties and a national postal service

HELD STATES TOGETHER IN UNION!HELD STATES TOGETHER IN UNION!

LANDLAND

Confederation Congress Confederation Congress passed much-needed passed much-needed laws on landlaws on land

Old Northwest – NW of Old Northwest – NW of Ohio River, E. of Miss. Ohio River, E. of Miss. River, and S. of Great River, and S. of Great LakesLakes

Land Laws (important for test)Land Laws (important for test)

Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785 – provided that land – provided that land in the Old Northwest should be sold and in the Old Northwest should be sold and proceeds would go to pay off the national debtproceeds would go to pay off the national debt

Surveyed, Sold, SettledSurveyed, Sold, Settled Each township – 6 square milesEach township – 6 square miles 36 sections of 1 mile each36 sections of 1 mile each 1616thth section – provided for a public school section – provided for a public school

Land Laws cont…Land Laws cont…

Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – came to – came to grips with how a nation would deal with its grips with how a nation would deal with its colonies (territories)colonies (territories)

Temporary tutelage, permanent equalityTemporary tutelage, permanent equality 1 – subordinate to federal government 1 – subordinate to federal government 2 – after 60,000 people, eligible to apply for 2 – after 60,000 people, eligible to apply for

statehood into Unionstatehood into Union SLAVERY FORBIDDEN IN OLD SLAVERY FORBIDDEN IN OLD

NORTHWESTNORTHWEST

Foreign RelationsForeign Relations

USA and rest of the world had troubled USA and rest of the world had troubled relationshiprelationship

8 years before Britain would even send an 8 years before Britain would even send an ambassadorambassador

No commercial treaties with Britain signed No commercial treaties with Britain signed and old Navigation Laws still in effect in and old Navigation Laws still in effect in England (no commerce to or from US if not England (no commerce to or from US if not in a British ship)in a British ship)

England shut off West Indies trade to USEngland shut off West Indies trade to US

Foreign Relations cont…Foreign Relations cont…

SpainSpain – openly unfriendly with USA – openly unfriendly with USA Controlled mouth of Miss. RiverControlled mouth of Miss. River 1784 – closed Miss. River to American 1784 – closed Miss. River to American

commercecommerce Almost strangled American WestAlmost strangled American West Florida controlled by SpainFlorida controlled by Spain Spain and Britain incited Indians against USSpain and Britain incited Indians against US

Foreign Relations cont…Foreign Relations cont…

FranceFrance – got revenge against Britain by – got revenge against Britain by helping US win the warhelping US win the war

Became less friendly after the war was overBecame less friendly after the war was over Wanted repayment of all loansWanted repayment of all loans Restricted trade with the USARestricted trade with the USA

Foreign Relations cont…Foreign Relations cont…

North Africa CoastNorth Africa Coast – controlled by Muslims – controlled by Muslims Dey of Algiers – famous pirate who controlled Dey of Algiers – famous pirate who controlled

the Mediterranean Sea along with other the Mediterranean Sea along with other Muslim piratesMuslim pirates

Enslaved Yankee sailorsEnslaved Yankee sailors US too weak to buy off the Barbary Pirates US too weak to buy off the Barbary Pirates

like the British Empirelike the British Empire

Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion

1786 – western Mass. 1786 – western Mass. Farmers, very poor and Farmers, very poor and backcountry, losing backcountry, losing farms to mortgage farms to mortgage foreclosures and late foreclosures and late taxestaxes

Capt. Daniel Shays led Capt. Daniel Shays led the revoltthe revolt

Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion

Shaysites wanted cheap paper money, Shaysites wanted cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and no foreclosures on their lighter taxes, and no foreclosures on their farmsfarms

100s attempted to enforce demands100s attempted to enforce demands MA took drastic actions & raised a small MA took drastic actions & raised a small

armyarmy Springfield – 3 Shaysites killed, one Springfield – 3 Shaysites killed, one

woundedwounded Shays condemned to death but pardonedShays condemned to death but pardoned

Federal Govt. Needed MuscleFederal Govt. Needed Muscle

Prosperity was coming Prosperity was coming back to shipping by back to shipping by 1789 and US was 1789 and US was coming out of postwar coming out of postwar depressiondepression

BUT – the federal BUT – the federal government needed government needed more muscle to enforce more muscle to enforce commercecommerce

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention

Ultimately, problems with commerce led to Ultimately, problems with commerce led to the need for a constitutional convention to the need for a constitutional convention to revamp the Articles of Confederationrevamp the Articles of Confederation

39 year old Alexander Hamilton called upon 39 year old Alexander Hamilton called upon Congress to meet in Philadelphia, PA in 1787 Congress to meet in Philadelphia, PA in 1787 ““for the sole and express purpose of revisingfor the sole and express purpose of revising” the ” the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention

May 25, 1787 – 55 representatives from 12 states May 25, 1787 – 55 representatives from 12 states (RI) met @ redbrick statehouse in Philadelphia(RI) met @ redbrick statehouse in Philadelphia

Meetings held in complete secrecyMeetings held in complete secrecy Armed guards, mostly lawyers Armed guards, mostly lawyers T.J. called them “demigods”T.J. called them “demigods” George Washington – unanimous chairmanGeorge Washington – unanimous chairman Franklin, Madison, Hamilton, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton, Henry wouldn’t come because he smelled a ratHenry wouldn’t come because he smelled a rat Jefferson, Adams & Jay in Europe – didn’t attendJefferson, Adams & Jay in Europe – didn’t attend

Patriots of PhiladelphiaPatriots of Philadelphia

Conservative, lawyers, shippers, Conservative, lawyers, shippers, moneylenders, experienced in moneylenders, experienced in politicspolitics

Young (avg. age 42)Young (avg. age 42) 19/55 owned slaves19/55 owned slaves ALL NATIONALISTS – intense ALL NATIONALISTS – intense

feeling of pride for one’s own feeling of pride for one’s own countrycountry

Patriots of PhiladelphiaPatriots of Philadelphia

These men wanted to take revolutionary These men wanted to take revolutionary idealism and create a stable, but powerful, idealism and create a stable, but powerful, political structure that would lastpolitical structure that would last

Wanted to give Central Govt. power over Wanted to give Central Govt. power over commercecommerce

Preservation of UnionPreservation of Union Secure Liberty and PropertySecure Liberty and Property 5656thth delegate was FEAR of the alternative delegate was FEAR of the alternative

CompromiseCompromise

11stst decision was made decision was made to SCRAP the Articles to SCRAP the Articles of Confederationof Confederation

It was an overthrow of It was an overthrow of government by government by peaceful meanspeaceful means

This led to several This led to several other compromises other compromises that would be ever that would be ever important to US important to US HistoryHistory

Virginia Plan “The Large State Virginia Plan “The Large State Plan”Plan”

Bicameral Congress Bicameral Congress with membership of with membership of each state decided by each state decided by populationpopulation

Would give large Would give large states most states most representatives in both representatives in both HousesHouses

Not favored by small Not favored by small statesstates

New Jersey Plan “Small State New Jersey Plan “Small State Plan”Plan”

Equal representation in Equal representation in unicameral Congress unicameral Congress regardless of size or regardless of size or populationpopulation

Large states against this Large states against this ideaidea

DeadlockDeadlock

Angry Debate Angry Debate

Would the Convention Unravel?Would the Convention Unravel?

The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise

As temperatures cooled in Philadelphia, so too As temperatures cooled in Philadelphia, so too did the tempers of the delegatesdid the tempers of the delegates

House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives – representation – representation based on population of each statebased on population of each state

SenateSenate – equal representation for each state (2 – equal representation for each state (2 Senators for each)Senators for each)

* Every tax bill or revenue measure had to * Every tax bill or revenue measure had to originate in the House, where pop. matteredoriginate in the House, where pop. mattered

The ExecutiveThe Executive

The new Constitution The new Constitution called for a strong called for a strong executive head of stateexecutive head of state

Military commander in Military commander in chiefchief

Appointed federal Appointed federal judgesjudges

The Electoral CollegeThe Electoral College

Each state’s populous would vote for Each state’s populous would vote for Electors, not the president directlyElectors, not the president directly

The number of each state’s electors were to The number of each state’s electors were to be based on the number of Reps it had in be based on the number of Reps it had in the House (population)the House (population)

Electors would then cast ballot for presidentElectors would then cast ballot for president If no majority, then election would go to the If no majority, then election would go to the

House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives 1800 & 1824 only times this happened1800 & 1824 only times this happened

3/5 Compromise3/5 Compromise

Slave would be counted Slave would be counted as 3/5 of one person for as 3/5 of one person for state populationstate population

Convention decided Convention decided slave importation would slave importation would end by 1807 but not end by 1807 but not institution of slaveryinstitution of slavery

ConservatismConservatism

Most delegates did agree for the most partMost delegates did agree for the most part All wanted sound money (gold/silver)All wanted sound money (gold/silver) Protection of private propertyProtection of private property All wanted 3 branches of govt. with checks All wanted 3 branches of govt. with checks

and balancesand balances None wanted all-manhood-suffrageNone wanted all-manhood-suffrage Afraid of the masses, made barriers against Afraid of the masses, made barriers against

mobocracymobocracy

Federal JudgesFederal Judges

Elected for lifeElected for life President would be President would be

elected indirectlyelected indirectly Senators were not Senators were not

elected by people, but elected by people, but by the state by the state legislatureslegislatures

But the system did But the system did have democratic have democratic elementselements

September 17, 1787September 17, 1787

Only 42/55 delegates left to sign the Only 42/55 delegates left to sign the ConstitutionConstitution

3/42 delegates were opposed to the passage of 3/42 delegates were opposed to the passage of the document and voted against it.the document and voted against it.

Federalists Anti-FederalistFederalists Anti-Federalist

Silver-buckled, Silver-buckled, powerful, influential, powerful, influential, richrich

Most from the coastal Most from the coastal areas, wealthy, areas, wealthy, educated, better educated, better organized, controlled organized, controlled the pressthe press

Washington, Hamilton, Washington, Hamilton, FranklinFranklin

Opposed the Opposed the Constitution and the Constitution and the stronger federal govt.stronger federal govt.

Wanted a Bill of Wanted a Bill of RightsRights

Supporters of state’s Supporters of state’s rights, country, poorrights, country, poor

Sam Adams, Patrick Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Henry, Richard Henry LeeLee

U.S. HistoryU.S. History

Time has shown that Time has shown that both liberals and both liberals and conservatives from both conservatives from both American parties American parties cherish the heritage and cherish the heritage and agree on the importance agree on the importance of the U.S. of the U.S. Constitution !!!Constitution !!!

The End !!!!!!!!!The End !!!!!!!!!