The Concepts of Sublimation and How Sublimation Works

Sublimation is the process in which a material changes from a frozen solid to a gas without passing through the intermediate liquid state.

Substances such as water and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be charted on a pressure versus temperature plot to reveal their state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) at a given temperature and pressure. At a typical atmospheric pressure, we know that water is a solid at temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius, a liquid from 0 to 100 degrees Celsius, and a gas at higher temperatures. Atmospheric pressure, however, can change, particularly with altitude. Higher altitudes yield lower atmospheric pressures.

We can experimentally observe that water doesn't always change phase at the same temperatures. For instance, with lower pressures, liquid water changes to a gas at temperatures lower than 100 degrees Celsius. If the pressure is dropped low enough, water reaches what's known as a triple point, the pressure and temperature at which a substance can exist in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms. Below the triple point, solid water sublimates, changing directly into a gas with a temperature increase, and never passing through the liquid phase. CO2 has a triple point at a pressure higher than 1 atmospheric pressure, meaning that at Earth's standard atmospheric pressure, CO2 will sublimate as it heats from a solid to a gas.

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