The Concept of Development

& Why Development Administration?

VISIONTo become an ASEAN Premier State University in 2020.MISSIONThe Pangasinan State University, through instruction, research, extension and production, commits to develop highly principled, morally upright, innovative and globally competent individuals capable of meeting the needs of industry, public service and civil society

CORE VALUES

• Accountability and Transparency

• Credibility and Integrity

• Competence and Commitment to Achieve

• Excellence in Service Delivery

• Social and Environmental Responsiveness

• Spirituality

Paradigm 1: Politics/Administration Dichotomy, 1900-1926

Paradigm 2: The Principles of Administration, 1926-1937

Paradigm 3: Public Administration as a Political Science, 1950-1970

Paradigm 4: Public Administration as Management, 1956 -1970

Paradigm 5: Public Administration as Public Administration, 1970

Paradigm 6: From Government to Governance, 1990

Period of Orthodoxy

Scientific management

Bureaucracy

POSDECORB

The Most Serious Challenge

Administrative Behavior

Public Management

New Public Administration

Reinventing Government

New Public Management

New Public Service

Post Modernism

The Future Digital (e) Governance

Evolution of Paradigm

Source www.ginandjar.com

PA as a Developing Discipline

In the early 1960’s

Organization Development (OD)

began its rapid rise as a specialty

of management. As a focus OD

represented a particularly

tempting alternative to political

science for many public

administrationists

What is Development?

Concept of Development and Economic Development

• Development is primarily defined in the context of economy as it is equaled with economic development of the country.

• Various scholars of diverse disciplines have view development in the following context:

- Improvement-change (for the better)

- Economic growth, Modernization, Industrialization

“ A better quality of life in world’s poor countries calls for higher incomes-but it involves much more. It encompasses better education, higher standards of health and nutrition, less poverty, a cleaner environment, more quality of opportunities, greater individual freedom,

World Development ReportWorld Bank 1991

Three Core Values of Development

To increase the availability and widen the distribution of basic life sustaining goods such as food, shelter, health and protection

To raise levels of living, that is to say, higher incomes, the provision of more jobs, better education, and greater attention to cultural and humanistic values.

To extend the range of economic and social choices available to individuals and nations by freeing them from servitude and dependence not only in relation to other people and nation- states but also to the forces of ignorance and human misery.

Evolutionary Concept of Development

• Myrdal’s concept –”Soft State” underdevelopment is caused by external relationships (trade, aid, and investments)

• United Nations- looking for better alternatives for third world countries in dealing with developed countries.

• Brandt Commission Report- (Uphoff and Ilchman) development is one of the more depreciated terms in social science literature.

Ferrel Heady (2001)- in the case of modernization development tends to be discussed in societal terms.

(1) traditional society

(2) pre-condition for take-off

(3) self-sustaining growth

(4) drive to maturity, and

(5) age of high mass consumption

Walter Rostow (Rostowian concept)5 stages of economic growth.

Development process is successive stages (1960)

Harrold- Domar equation- GNP =NS; 3RD world nations must have mixture of savings, investments and foreign aid in order to be developed.

For example, if the national capital output of a country is 3 and the aggregate savings ratio is 6% of GNP then that country grows at 2% per year that is Y = 6/3 = 2.

Simon Kuznets –social, ideological and institutional aspects of development.

Dudley Seers-reduction of poverty, inequality and unemployment.

• Dag Hammarsjolk Report (The 1975 Dag Hammarsjolk Report on Development and International Cooperation, Uppsala, Sweden) The Report emphasized needs satisfaction, endogeneity and self-reliance, environmental harmony, and structural transformation as the pillars of development.

Michael Todaro (1977)

As a multi-dimensional process involving changes in structures, attitudes, and institutions as well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of inequality, and the eradication of absolute poverty.

• Amartya Sen: Expanding real freedoms that people enjoy. The five distinct types of freedom, seen as “ institution and instrumental” perspective are: 1. political freedoms, 2. economic facilities, 3. social opportunities 4. transparency guarantees, 5. protective security

• Douglas North- Institutions (Institutional building).

• Development is understood in terms of the following;

• Social

• Political

• Economic

• Environmental

Aspects of Development

• Social development: Process of growth and development of the capacities of the people and the improvement of society in which they live in order to obtain a better life for all.

• Economic development: discussed in terms of economic growth although economist were aware of non-economic factors.

• Political development: process of increasing rationality, equality, participation and secularization in the political system.

Social Development Defined

• Democratic governance: involves the interdependent democratization of the state and its governmental institutions.

• Civil society: All sectors and institutions in the political community outside of the state and its government.

• Political parties: meaningful and attractive organizations of people who want to play active political roles in affecting public policy and governance.

Democratic and Good Governance

• Capacity for governance: Refers to the ability of the state to make and enforce its decisions on all citizens and groups.

• National Identity: Citizens identification within the state to make them perform their duties and responsibilities as participants in the political process.

• Extractive capacity: The ability of the state to raise revenues and generate public support in order to perform its functions and render public service.

• Distributive capacity: The ability of the state to make decisions to distribute or redistribute material and other benefits in the society.

• World Bank World Development Report, 1991

• Michael P. Todaro economic development 6th New York University

References

Development Administration

• Dahl and Waldo pointed out that CULTURAL FACTORS could make public administrations one part of the globe quite a different animal from PA on another part.

• The movement gave rise to a semiautonomous subfield of comparative PA in which development administration concentrates on developing nations

• This type of ADMINISTRATION or MANAGEMENT, adapted for the particular needs of developing countries has been referred to interchangeably as development administration

• Broadly, DA is an integral part of societal development and is profoundly influenced by the overall political, economic, and cultural attributes of the society.

• DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION is different from ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENT, which could be any administration in any setting seeking REFORM, CHANGE, OR IMPROVEMENT OF ITS CAPACITY.

• The objective of DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION is how can the ideas and mechanisms of public administration be used as instruments of social and economic development

http://www.slideshare.net/Ginandjar/develo

pment-administration-chapter-6

• DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION” is generally similar to the traditional Public Administration” in its concern with how a government implement its rule, policies and norms. It differs, however, in its objectives, scope, and complexity

• DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION is more innovative, since it concerned with the societal changes involved in achieving developmental objectives.

http://www.slideshare.net/Ginandjar/develo

pment-administration-chapter-6

COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BETEWEEN DEVELOPED

AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

• DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION is often the name to the way a country’s government given acts to fulfill its role in achieving development (RIGGS, 1977)

Three Areas of Concern

1. How purposefully to guide government action toward development objectives;

2. How actually to take account of the many and complex interdependencies of societal change;

3. How to ensure that governmental administration is dynamic and innovative

FUNCTION OF DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

• To assure that an appropriately congenial environment and effective administration support are provided for delivery of capital, materials, and services where needed in the productive process – whether in public, private or mixed economies (GANT, 1979).

GROUPS OF NEEDED INPUTS

1) Skilled manpower

2) Finances

3) Logistics (or facilities for the physical flow of goods and services)

4) Information (Facilities for the physical transmission of data)

5) Participation ( of individuals and groups) &

6) Legitimate power (to enforce decisions)

These six inputs together compose the content of development.

MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

• There is a lack of consensus on what is the characteristics of the administrative situation in transitional societies, on possible stages or sequences in the process of administrative transformation, on relationship between administrative change and corresponding processes of political, economic and cultural development

• There is even disagreement on the relation between administration and culture – whether administrative behavior is uniquely determined by particular cultures or corresponds to general levels of socio-political integration (RIGGS).

Rise and Fall of DA

• In the immediate post-war period and its adoption as state ideology by the governments and emerging elites of the poorer nations, the question arose as to how the promised social transformation as to be achieved.

• The primary obstacles to development are administrative rather than economic, declared Donald Stone (1965). Others agreed and development administration was created to play a major role in facilitating development

• Many developing countries face ongoing need to build institutions and organizations able to overcome traditional barriers to the effective implementation of developmental policies.

• DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION represented the practical application of modernization theory. Its promoters saw it is a midwife for western development creating stable and orderly change (DWIVEDI AND NEF, 1982).

• It was a form of social engineering imported from the west and embodying faith in the application of rational scientific principles and efficacy of Keynesian welfare economics

• The creation and use of these abilities have always been primary challenges of DA. The absence and breakdown of these abilities have often been a major factors in DA’s failure to meet the satisfactorily levels of performance

• As a result, DA has not fared well in some critical areas, such as the conception of an inspiring, compatible vision and managing effectively to achieve this vision.

• In utilizing modern techniques, DA for example, seems to lag behind in private sector in leveraging technology to improve internal operations and to enhance the overall effectiveness of development administrations.

Unable to attain a timely correction of its deficiencies of to learn from its failures , DA largely remains burdened by a combination of inherited structures and behaviors and deeply internalized local cultural patterns.

This combination of legacies has had the effect of impeding performance and wasting badly needed institutional energies on other than productive endeavors to accomplish development mandates.

MDGs 8 GOALS

Reference

http://www.slideshare.net/Ginandjar/development-administration-chapter6

http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/