The Complete Guide to Linux Administration CH01 powerpoint
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Transcript of The Complete Guide to Linux Administration CH01 powerpoint
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Chapter 1:Introducing Linux
The Complete Guide To Linux System Administration
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 2
Objectives
• Describe how Linux was created and how it compares to other operating systems
• List versions of Linux currently available
• Outline the skills required and challenges facing a system administrator
• Log in and begin using a Linux system
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 3
Objectives (continued)
• Explore a Linux file system from the command line
• Locate additional information about commands you want to use or learn about
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 4
A Brief History
• Popular graphical computers– Apple Macintosh– Microsoft Windows
• Linux– Alternative for people whose computing needs
require something different
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 5
Understanding Operating Systems
• Software – Collection of instructions that control the tasks a
computer performs– Can be changed without disassembling the
computer and rewiring
• Operating system– Software that helps other programs control
computer hardware and interact with users
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 6
Understanding Operating Systems (continued)
• Application– Software program that provides service for
computer user– Cannot act without “permission” from
operating system
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 7
Operating System Functions
• Initialize computer hardware
• Allocate system resources to programs
• Keep track of multiple programs running at same time
• Provide organized method for all programs to use system devices
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 8
Operating System Functions (continued)
• Major operating system components:– Kernel– Device drivers– Shell– Utility programs– Graphical user interface (GUI)
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 9
The UNIX Operating System
• UNIX – Operating system – Originally created at AT&T Bell Labs in
early 1970s– Designed to control networked computers that
were shared by many users– Features and low cost of Linux effectively driving
UNIX out of market
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 10
The Free Software Foundation and the GNU Project
• Free software foundation (FSF)– Software itself should not be restricted in
distribution by standard commercial license agreement
• GNU project– Completely free version of UNIX– Written from scratch
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 11
The Free Software Foundation and the GNU Project (continued)
• Software license– Legal definition of who can use software and how
it can be used
• GNU general public license (GPL) – Very different from standard commercial software
license– Author agrees to give away source code– Anyone is licensed to redistribute it in any form
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 12
The Free Software Foundation and the GNU Project (continued)
• GNU GPL– Any modifications to the source code must be
licensed under the GPL– Sometimes called copyleft– OpenSource
• Refers to software licensed under GPL
• Public domain – No one has copyright to software– Not same as GPL
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 13
Linux Arrives
• Linus Torvalds– Decided to create UNIX-like operating system
kernel for IBM-compatible PC– Solicited help via Internet– Released Linux kernel under GPL
• Linux development method– Person identifies need and begins writing program– Developer announces project on Internet
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 14
Linux Arrives (continued)
• Linux development method (continued)– Others respond and work on different parts of
project– Person leading project releases software– People download source code and try program;
send back information about problems – Developers fix bugs
• Forking– Creating new project based on existing source
code
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 15
Motivating Free Software Developers
• Why would so many people devote so much effort to something without expecting any reward?– Fills developer’s specific technical need– Respect of like-minded professionals– Sense of contribution and community– Valuable boost to developer’s resume
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 16
The Strengths Of Linux
• Stability
• Security
• Speed
• Cost
• Multiprocessing and other high-end features
• Applications
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 17
Linux In The Market
• Linux is packaged and sold
• Red hat software– Current market leader
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 18
Linux Distributions
• Linux distribution– Productized version of Linux
• Includes operating system kernel along with other components
• System utilities– Related to managing Linux system
• Price– Generally between $2 and $100
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 19
Linux Distributions (continued)
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 20
Red Hat Software
• Fedora distribution – Free product
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux configurations– WS (workstation)– ES (enterprise server)– AS (application server)
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux– Sold as subscription service
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 21
Red Hat Software (continued)
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux– Updates from Red Hat Network (RHN)
• Red Hat– Excels in service and support offered to large
companies using Linux
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 22
Hardware Requirements
• Can run on very minimal hardware
• Recommend that computer have minimum of:– 1 GB of free disk space – 64 MB of RAM
• For Red Hat Enterprise Linux installations:– 256 MB of RAM– 300 MHZ CPU– 800 MB of free disk space
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 23
Version Numbering
• Version numbers assigned to:– Each release of Linux kernel – Each component of Linux distribution – Linux distributions
• Most users select latest available version
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 24
Version Numbering (continued)
• Kernel version number components– Major version number– Minor version number
• Even indicates production release
• Odd indicates development release
– Patch-level number
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 25
Linux Certification
• Industry certification programs– Red Hat Certified Technician– Red Hat Certified Engineer– LPI Certification– Linux Certified Administrator (LCA) Certification– Linux+ Certification– Novell Certified Linux Engineer
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 26
Linux Certification (continued)
• Red Hat’s certification program– Very highly regarded– Training program consists of three courses
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The Work of a System Administrator
• Linux is increasingly part of information technology infrastructure of large organizations
• Knowledge of Linux can set you on path to a fulfilling and profitable career
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Careers in Linux
• System administrator
• Network administrator
• Software engineer
• Trainer
• Technical writer
• Product marketing
• Business consultant
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The Duties of a System Administrator
• Role– Make technology work and continue to work for
those who do “real work” of organization– Enable others to use technology benefits
• Responsibilities– Create new user accounts– Maintain system hardware– Train end users
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The Duties of a System Administrator (continued)
• Responsibilities– Keep system running smoothly– Document system– Define procedures and policies– Recover from emergencies– Plan systems
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Ethics, Privacy, and the Law
• Working as system administrator involves many ethical issues
• Fellow employees count on your work to do theirs
• Best route to success comes through making employer successful
• System administrators guild (SAGE)– www.sage.org
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Starting To Use Linux
• Should have access to computer with Linux installed
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The Complete Guide to Linux System Administration 33
Logging In
• Log in – Identify yourself to operating system so that it
knows:• You are authorized to use system
• Which parts of system to permit you to access
• User account – Set of permissions to use system– Has associated user name and password
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Logging In (continued)
• Modes – Graphical– Text
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Graphical Environments
• Popular desktops– KDE desktop – GNOME desktop
• Features– Taskbar– Main menu– Desktop icons– Multiple overlapping windows
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Opening a Terminal Window
• Terminal window– Resembles console– Enter commands from keyboard
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Exploring the File System
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File System Concepts
• Files are organized into directories
• Names are case sensitive
• Names can be long
• Names may contain many different types of characters
• Can include file extensions– Not required
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File System Concepts (continued)
• Directory relationships– Parent directory– Subdirectory
• Path– List of directories– Absolute path– Relative path
• Linux does not have separate drives
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File System Concepts (continued)
• Root directory– Parent of all directories– /
• /Usr subdirectory– Contains the greatest number of files and
subdirectories on newly installed systems
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Managing Files With Graphical Utilities
• File manager– Nautilus– Displays contents of a directory as collection of
icons or file names – Manage files and directories– Choose Browse Filesystem on main menu
• Home directory – Subdirectory where all personal files are stored
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Working at a Command Line
• Linux system administrators should be very comfortable working at command line– Much faster way to perform most tasks– Some tasks cannot be use graphical interface
• Commands– pwd mv slocate– cd ls file – mkdir cat cp– rmdir touch
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Working at a Command Line (continued)
• Command-line prompt consists of: – User name– Name of computer at which you are working– Last directory name in current working directory– $ character
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Working at a Command Line (continued)
• Parameters– Define what command will operate on
• Options– Alter how command operates
• Timestamp– Information about date and time when event
occurred
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Finding Command Help
• Learn more details
• Explore additional Linux topics
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Reading Linux Documentation
• Linux documentation project (LDP)– HOWTOS
• Linux on the internet– www.google.com
• Documentation included with software packages– Software packages provide some documentation– /Usr/doc– /Usr/share/doc
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Linux Command Information
• Man pages– Online manual pages– Man command
• Info page– Definitive source of information– Info command
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Summary
• Operating system – Provides interface between computer hardware
and applications run by user
• Linux offers important features, such as: – Stability – Speed – Security– Flexibility– Low cost
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Summary (continued)
• Several Linux certification programs are available
• Several versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux
• Most users rely on GUI to log in and use Linux – Text-only mode also available
• Information in Linux is stored in directories– Begins with root directory /
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Summary (continued)
• Linux files can include file extensions – Few Linux programs rely on file extensions to
define what file contains
• Information about Linux is available online – Part of LDP