THE COLD WAR

CHAPTERS 16 &17

POST WAR POLITICS

YALTA CONFERENCE: FEBRUARY 1945 FDR, CHURCHILL, STALIN AGREED ON:

United Nations International Peacekeeping organization

Division of Germany Democratic Elections for Poland German POW’s Forced Labor

POST WAR POLITICS

POTSDAM CONFERENCE: JULY 1945 TRUMAN, CHURCHILL, STALIN AMERICAN VIEW:

We had fought to bring DEMOCRACY to the world Wanted an ECONOMICALLY strong and POLITICALLY open world to create MARKETS

SOVIET VIEW: Wanted to rebuild to PROTECT interests SATTELITE NATIONS: countries subject to soviet

domination

USSR EXPANSION

1947: Hungary and Romania

1948 Albania and Bulgaria

1948: Czechoslovakia

1948: Finland & Yugoslavia

1949: East Germany

The competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the world

COLD WAR:

Harry S Truman

Became President in 1945

Ran again in 1948 Didn’t graduate

college “Fair Deal” meant to

create welfare & employment Republicans blocked

Desegregated the military

Force?Blockades?Embargo?Threats?

THINK – ANSWER

THIS QUESTION YOURSELF

PAIR – COMPARE YOUR ANSWER WITH YOUR GROUP, DECIDE ON A GROUP ANSWER

How do we stop the spread of Communism? How do win the Cold War?

US REACTION TO COMMUNISM IRON CURTAIN: The theoretical line

between communist countries and the “WEST”

George Kennan: Containment:

Eastern Europe is already lost to Communism US must stop the spread of Communism

TRUMAN DOCTRINE: Support Free peoples’ resistance to

Communism

MARSHALL PLAN

American Policy makers didn’t want to repeat post-WWI mistakes

We wanted to restore war-torn nations 1ST FUNDAMENTAL SHIFT in postwar foreign

policy: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 2ND: MARSHALL PLAN: USA will support

European nations’ economic recovery USSR invited to participate

Refused and pressured satellite nations to do same $13 Billion in aid to Western Europe

BERLIN, GERMANY

BEFORE AFTER

CAEN, FRANCE

BEFORE AFTER

DRESDEN, GERMANY

BEFORE AFTER

LONDON, ENGLAND

BEFORE AFTER

ROTTERDAM, HOLAND

BEFORE AFTER

BERLIN AIRLIFT

Capitalist Western Berlin & Communist East Berlin became symbols of the developing cold war

Hundreds of Thousands of Eastern Europeans left East Berlin

Stalin wanted to force Westerners out of Berlin

Berlin Airlift

June, 1948: All shipments through East Germany were banned

Truman didn’t want to risk war

BERLIN AIRLIFT: moved supplies into West Berlin by plane More than 200,000

flights Fuel, food, other

supplies May, 1949: Soviets gave

up blockade

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

COLLECTIVE SECURITY: principle of mutual military assistance

In 1955, USSR responded with…

WARSAW PACT: military alliance between USSR with its satellite

nations

Collins Type III

What was the Berlin Airlift? Who, What, Where, When, Why?

How was it an example of the “Cold War?”

___/ 10 FCA 1: Neatly written, correct spelling

___/ 10 FCA 2: Two complete paragraphs ___/ 20 FCA 3: Completely answer the

question

The Cold War Continues (1949) 1949: USSR gets the bomb!

October 1, 1949: People’s Republic of China

World Relations

1949: USSR develops the Atomic Bomb!

1952: In response, the US developed the Hydrogen Bomb: fireball 3 mile

diameter, 25 mile high cloud Some didn’t want to build it, Truman

gave OK 1953: USSR developed H-Bomb ARMS RACE: INTERNATIONAL

CONTEST BETWEEN COUNTRIES SEEKING A MILITARY ADVANTAGE

BRINKMANSHIP

BRINKMANSHIP: DIPLOMATIC ART OF GOING TO THE BRINK OF WAR WITHOUT ACTUALLY GETTING INTO WAR

Making threats without following through

MASSIVE RETALIATION: PLEDGE THE US WOULD USE OVERWHELMING FORCE AGAINST USSR TO SETTLE CONFLICT

Post War America

POST WAR ECONOMY

GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT: market value of all goods and services produced

PER CAPITA INCOME: average income per person

DOUBLES!1945: $212

billion1960: $504

billion

$1,526To

$2,788

BUSINESS REORGANIZE

CONGLOMERATES:

Large corporation that owns smaller companies that produce different goods and services

FRANCHISES:The right to open a restaurant using a parent company’s brand name and system

CHANGES IN WORKFORCE

Machines do the jobs people used to.

WHITE COLLAR: performing services for others

•“Government Issue” – nickname for soldiers•AIM: help veterans make a smooth entry into civilian life•Provided money for veterans to attend college or buy a house

GI Bill

•Helped millions of GI’s return to civilian life•Homes were bought•College attendance increased

GI Bill

Ended segregation in the Armed Forces

Executive Order 9981

Dramatic Rise in the Birth Rate after the war

Baby Boom

Cultural Changes in 1950s

Economic Boom created comfort and pride• Baby Boom: soaring birthrates• New Homes: Levittown, made possible by

GI Bill Offered suburban lifestyle to many African Americans not allowed Built with necessities – even TVs!

Levittown

Television

Between 1945-1950 5 million TVs By 1959 more than 40 million American

• Politics: leaders campaigned, Joseph McCarthy

• Advertising: one show sponsored, then commercials!

• Programming: reflected • 50s values • (family, game shows)

Family’s role

Mom: Stay home, cook, clean, create the perfect home

Dad: Provide financially, disciplinarian

Children: Obey! Be seen, not heard.

Create a House of Cards

But one of you will be a spy…

1947-1953

Cold War at Home

ACCUSATIONS

“Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist party?” 10 invoked 5th amendment rights: HOLLYWOOD TEN Jail times 6-12 months

BLACKLIST: people employers agreed not to hire

McCARRAN-WALTER ACT (1952) Most disloyal Americans from Communist countries Immigration quotas – discriminate against:

Asia, Southern & Central Europe Truman: “One of the most un-American acts I have

ever witnessed in my public career.” Congress passes over Truman’s veto

LOYALTY

Federal Employee Loyalty Program All new employees investigated FBI checks Those accused of “disloyalty” put before

Loyalty Review Board Little chance to defend self Adds to the suspicion of nation

HUAC House of Un-American Activities Committee

Extended post-WWII to find Communist infiltration

Movie industry

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg

American Communists Accused of selling A-Bomb secrets to

USSR Pleaded the 5th

Pablo Picasso “do not let this crime against humanity take place”

Electrocuted in 1953 at Sing-Sing Julius guilty Ethel knew, but didn’t take part Another example of racism, fear?

Senator Joseph McCarthy

"The State Department is infested with communists. I have here in my hand a list of 205—a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department.“

Senator Millard Tydings, was reported to have said, "Let me have him [McCarthy] for three days in public hearings, and he'll never show his face in the Senate again.“

Called McCarthy’s claims a “fraud and a hoax” Went after Tydings: created a fake photograph

Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations

Investigated members of the government on TV

Deemed books overseas “Pro-Communist” and had them burned

Eisenhower: Don’t join the book burners! McCarthy then went after members of the

military Army-McCarthy Hearings

"The American people have had a look at you for six weeks," he said. "You are not fooling anyone."

Censured by the Senate Died of alcoholism

Spreading fear and making baseless charges

McCarthyism

Korea Before the War

Korea under Japan’s control since 1905

Yalta: Allies agreed that Korea should be free from Japan

Temporarily divide Korea at 38˚ Parallel

North – USSR South -- America

Start of the Korean War

June, 1950 100,000 North Korean

troops crossed 38˚ Parallel

Carried Soviet-made weapons

Eisenhower: “We’ll have a dozen Koreas soon if we don’t take a firm stand”

Ordered US troops to support Korean Troops

Korean War

UN votes to support US efforts

POLICE ACTION: not war! Protect Pusan at all costs Inchon Landing: Led by

Douglas MacArthur, surprise!

70,000 troops landed and held ground

October 1: all of South Korea freed

Stop at 38 Parallel?

End of the Korean War

No! Make it to the Chinese

border Chinese feel threatened 260,000 Chinese troops

crossed border UN forces retreat to Seoul MacArthur called for

bombing of China Fired Fighting ended in 1951

80,000 Americans wounded 14,000 Dead

Collins Type II

How did the fear of communism affect American Policy at home and abroad? Legislation Trials Politics Berlin Korea etc

Title: Red Scare’s effects on US policy

Soviets advance in Technology USSR behind in number of weapons October 4, 1957: Soviets launched

SPUTNIK: first satellite launched into space

NASA: investigated the future of exploring space

Fear Rises in the New Suburbs

DUCK AND COVER!!!

Political Changes

1951 – congress passes 22nd amendment President may only serve two terms Reaction to whom??

Dwight Eisenhower & Richard Nixon Richard Nixon accused of having $18,000 as

campaign “gifts” (not illegal, but accused of dishonesty)

Nixon used new technology, TV, to give famous “Checkers Speech”

Ticket wins 1953: Stalin dies, Nikita Khrushchev comes

to power

PRESIDENT

VICE PRESIDENT

Making Deals…Or Not

Eisenhower proposed an “open skies” treaty Both countries would be

able to fly over other’s territory to see military operations

Soviets say no! (not a problem, we have

the U-2 Plane!) Americans still like Ike,

re-elect him in 1956

Cold War “Hot Spots”

In 1954 France was losing a battle to maintain their colony – Vietnam

Peace Agreement divided Vietnam in half North Half: Communist, Leader:

Ho Chi Minh Supposed to temporary 1956

elections for Vietnamese to choose what they wanted to be

Eisenhower didn’t like this –why?? SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty

Organization) Members would work together to

resist Communism

Vietnam

SEATO supported the creation of Anti-Communist nation: South Vietnam US provided a lot of support for South

Vietnam Why?

North Vietnamese wanted to bring all of Vietnam together

Middle East

1948: Creation of Israel Israel’s Arab neighbors (Egypt, Syria, Jordan,

Lebanon, Iraq) attacked Israel, Israel won Egypt sought the support of the USSR, so

the US withdrew their support from Egypt In response, Egypt seized control of the Suez

Canal EISENHOWER DOCTRINE: right of the US

to help, on request, any nation in the Middle East trying to resist Communist Aggression

Make two timelines – running parallel

POTSDAM SATELLITE NATIONS

CONTAINMENTTRUMAN

DOCTRINEMARSHALL

PLAN

COLD WAR• 1945-1989

COLD WAR• 1945-1989

BERLIN AIRLIFTMCCARREN-WALTER ACTBLACK LIST

CONGLOMERATE

FRANCHISE

COLD WAR• 1945-1989

GI BILLEXECUTIVE

ORDER 9981

MCCARTHYISM

KOREAN WAR