The Cold War Begins
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Transcript of The Cold War Begins
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The Cold War Begins
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Harry S. Truman
• VP in the Dark
• Background
• April 12, 1945: Roosevelt dies; Truman sworn in
• April 1945: Creation of the UN
• Potsdam: July 1945
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Return to Normalcy?
• Demobilization Fear: 12 million soldiers come home to need work
• Shortages
• Strikes
• New Government Role: Economic Regulation
• Employment Act of 1946
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Return to Normalcy? II
• GI Bill of Rights:– Home or Business Loan: 2000 dollars– Higher Education Grants: 80% of Gis go back
to school– But women pushed out of colleges
• Many Women Back to the Home– Eventually leads to Feminism in 50s and 60s
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The Quest for Housing
• Levittowns
• Federal Loans
• Suburbia
• The Baby Boom
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Civil Rights
• Committee on Civil Rights: 1946
• NAACP initiates a wave of lawsuits vs. Discrimination
• Executive Order 9981: July 1948 desegregation of the military
• End of Sports Discrimination– Jackie Robinson--Brooklyn Dodgers 1947
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Jackie Robinson
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Truman, 1948 Election, and the Fair Deal (I)
• 1946 Midterms
• Taft-Hartley Act of 1947
• Taxes
• Thomas Dewey: Liberal Republican
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Truman, 1948 Election, and the Fair Deal (II)
• Democrats Divided– Main party chooses Truman and his Fair Deal
• States Rights Party: Dixiecrats: Strom Thurmond
• Henry Wallace and Progressive Party
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Truman, 1948 Election, and the Fair Deal (III)
• The Whistlestop Campaign
• Truman’s Civil Rights Program
• The Election– “Dewey Wins” mistake– Truman: 24.18 million, 303 EV– Dewey: 22 million and 189 EV– Thurmond: 1.176 million and 39 EV– Wallace: 1.16 million and 0 EV
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Truman, 1948 Election, and the Fair Deal (IV)
• Conservative Resistance
• Extend social security
• Increase minimum wage
• Subsidize Housing
• Reform and trim the Bureaucracy, following recommendations by ex-President Hoover's commission.
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Atomic Diplomacy
• Brief Monopoly
• Partition of Germany
• Baruch Plan
• Iron Curtain Speech: Churchill, Fulton Missouri
• Containment
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Crisis in Europe
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan: 17 billion in aid (120 billion in today’s money. By contrast, US spent 21 billion in aid in 2006)
• Rise of Soviet Bloc
• Berlin Airlift
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Collective Security
• 1947 National Security Act--CIA and National Security Council
• NATO
– 1949: United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom
– 1952: Greece and Turkey
• ANZUS
• Warsaw Pact
• A New Era of Engagement
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Japan
• McArthur in Japan– Suppressing Militarism– Build a Democratic, Capitalist Society– Educational Changes– New Constitution– Abolishing the Military
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Fall of China: 1945-9
• The KMT (Chiang Kai-Shek) vs. Chinese Communists (Mao Tsetung)
• KMT was very corrupt
• Communists seen as patriots due to WWII
• KMT Collapses; US too busy in Europe
• KMT flees to Taiwan
• US looks for scapegoats
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The Bomb Spreads
• September 1949: Russian Atomic Bomb
• Hydrogen bomb
• National Security Council Paper #68: George McKennan and Containment
• Conservatism Shifts
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HUAC in Hawaii
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The Red Scare II (1945-55)
• No Normality
• American Communism Weak
• House Un-American Activities Committee– Private Persecutions– The Hollywood Ten
• The Hiss Case
• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
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Senator Joseph McCarthy
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Senator Joseph McCarthy
• Drunken Bully from Wisconsin
• The List of Subversives
• One Man Reign of Unsubstantiated Terror
• Truman and Eisenhower Do Nothing
• The Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954)
• Senate Censures McCarthy
• McCarthy drinks himself to death by 1957
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The Korean War Begins
• Syngman Rhee (South); Communists (North)• War Begins: June 25, 1950• Truman Responds• UN Peacekeeping: 590,000 South Koreans,
480,000 Americans, 26,000 Canadians, 15,000 UK, 7,000 Phillipinos, and thousands from 12 other countries, vs. 260,000 NK and 780,000 Chinese
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The Korean War, 1950-2
• MacArthur’s Counterattack
• Chinese Counterattack
• Truman vs. MacArthur
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The Election of 1952
• Second Term Self-Destruct
• Dwight D. Eisenhower / “Ike”
• Adlai Stevenson
• Election Day: Eisenhower: 55% popular, 442 EV, Stevenson: 45% and 89 EV (Most of South)
• Consensus Settles In