The Cold War:

A World Divided

Relationship b/w U.S. & Soviet Union was shaky before WWII even endedU.S. was upset Stalin signed non-aggression pactStalin blamed Allies for not invading sooner

Yalta Conference-February 1945Churchill, FDR, Stalin agree to:

decide to divide Germany into zones of occupation controlled by military forces (American, Soviet, British, French)

Germany to pay war reparations to Soviet UnionSoviet Union to join war against JapanStalin promises Eastern Europeans would have

free elections

Yalta Conference

1946 United Nations is created, headquarters NYC

50 countries join international organization to protect members from war

Security Council: 11 rotating members, 5 permanent (U.S., Britain, France, Soviet Union, China) have veto power

United Nations

WWII-U.S. lost 400,000, cities were not damaged, richest & most powerful Encourage democracyRebuild European gov’ts to bring stability & new markets for American goods $$$

Reunite & stabilize Germany, make Europe more secure

Gain raw materials

U.S. GOALS

WWII-Soviet Union lost 20 million (1 in 4 Soviets were killed/wounded), cities destroyedEncourage communism (promote worldwide

workers’ revolution)Rebuild the economy destroyed by war using

Eastern European industry & raw materialsControl Eastern Europe to protect Soviet

borders & balance out the U.S. influence in Western Europe

Keep Germany divided to prevent it from ever starting another war

Soviet GOALS

Represents Europe’s division into Democratic Western Europe & Communist Eastern Europe

Russians were tired of being invaded (centuries of invasion-Poles, Swedes, Napoleon, Germany twice)Create buffer (wall of protection) along Russia’s

western border turns those countries communist (Poland,

Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania)

Potsdam Conference- 1945 Truman, Stalin, ChurchillStalin refuses to allow free elections, says

communism & capitalism cannot exist in same world

Germany is divided in half-east & west at Berlin

IRON CURTAIN

A peep under the iron curtain

ContainmentU.S. policy to stop Soviet influence &

communism from expandingForm alliances and help weak countries resist

communismTruman Doctrine

Truman announces the U.S. will give economic & military aid for countries to resist communism

Controversial…should U.S. interfere in the affairs of other countries?

$400 million to Greece & Turkey

Containment & Truman Doctrine

Western Europe in ruins after WWIINot enough jobs or food

U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall proposed an assistance program

Provide food, machines, materials to rebuild Western Europe

Huge success

Marshall Plan

U.S. gave $12 billion in aid to European countries to improve the economies

Focus on Berlin

After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops.

Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.

· In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.

Soviet blockade:

West Germany

East Germany

West Berlin

East Berlin

Berlin Airlift1948 U.S., Britain, France decide to

withdraw troops from GermanySoviet Union wanted Germany kept

weak & dividedresponded by taking West Berlin

hostagecity faced starvation

Allies flew food & supplies into West Berlin for 11 months

Berlin Airlift

· The Soviet zone of Germany, including East Berlin, became known as the nation of East Germany.

Germany remains divided:

· In May of 1949, Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union ended the blockade.

October, 1949

Cold WarStruggle over political differences

carried on without using warLasted over 40 yrs b/w U.S. & Soviet

UnionNATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization

194910 Western European countries joined

U.S. & Canada to form military allianceAttack on any NATO member is an

attack on all

What is a Cold War?

Warsaw Pact 1955Formed as response to NATOAlliance of Soviet Union, East

Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania

Built Berlin Wall to separate East & West BerlinSymbol of the world divided

Warsaw Pact

The Korean War 1950-1953At end of WWII, Japanese

troops surrendered38th parallel line Korea

is split into 2 nations North Korea

communist, supported by Soviets

South Korea democratic, supported by West

Soviets supply NKorea w/ tanks, airplanes, $$$ to take over entire peninsula

Truman’s policy of containment is put to the test

InvasionJune 25, 1950

North Korea invades South KoreaTakes over entire

peninsula except Pusan (p543)

UN sends in international peacekeeping forces to help South Korea (soldiers from 15 nations, 80% U.S.)Leader: General

Douglas MacArthur

Here comes ChinaSept. 1950 MacArthur leads UN invasion

of KoreaPushes NKoreans back to Chinese

borderChinese feel threatened & sends in

300,000 troopsPush UN & SKorean troops out of

NKorea & capture Seoul (capital South Korea)

MacArthur calls for nuclear attack against ChinaTruman sees this as reckless“We are trying to prevent a world war,

not start one.”MacArthur won’t let up & is removed1953 UN regains control of SKorea

Aftermath of Korean WarJuly 1953 UN & NKorean forces sign

ceasefire, agree to border at 38th parallel (same as before war)

4 million soldiers & civilians deadN&S Korea still divided todayCommunist NKorea established collective

farms, build up militaryKim Jong Il built up nuclear weapons,

serious economic problemsSouth Korea prospered (w/ U.S. help)

Huge foreign trade & economic growth

The Nuclear ThreatU.S. had atomic bombs1949 Soviet Union exploded its own atomic

weapon1950 Truman responded by working on

Hydrogen Bomb (thousands xs stronger than a-bomb)1952 U.S. tests H-Bomb1953 Soviets test H-Bomb

“brinkmanship-”willingness to go to the brink (edge) of war (retaliate for any attack)Need nuclear weapons & planes to carry

outCUBAN MISSILE CRISIS=brinkmanship

The World is Divided1st world=United States & allies2nd world=Soviet Union & allies3rd world=developing nations, not aligned with eitherLocated in Latin America, Africa, Asia

Poor, politically unstable (colonialism)

Fidel Castro’s Cuba1950s Cuba backed by U.S., unpopular

dictatorFidel Castro leads revolution & becomes

dictatorSuspends elections, jails & executes

opponents, controls media, took over economy

Turns to Soviet Union more economic & military aid

U.S. tries to invade Cuba (Bay of Pigs)…disaster

Soviets respond by placing nuclear missiles in Cuba (90 miles from U.S.)Read The Cuban Missile Crisis & answer

questions

Major StrategiesForeign AidBoth superpowers gave $ to countries to

influence & win alliesPropaganda

Both used to win supportEspionage

Spies were sent into both sides, U-2 spy planes, etc.

BrinkmanshipGoing to the brink of war to get the other to

back downEx: Cuban Missile Crisis

AlliancesNATO, Warsaw Pact

Surrogate (substitute) WarsKorea, Vietnam

Uprisings in Poland, Hungary, & Czechoslovakia

Hungary1956 anti-communist revolt,

new gov’t & leaderSoviet troops crush uprising

& execute leader (Nagy)Czechoslovakia

1968 communist leader Dubcek begins reforms during “Prague Spring”End censorship, allow

criticism of gov’tSoviets invade country,

reverse reforms, kick him out of party

Détente & SALTDétente: lessening of Cold War tensions

After Vietnam War, U.S. backed away from direct confrontation w/ Soviet Union

President visits China & Soviet UnionSALT=Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Nixon & Soviet leader Brezhnev sign treaty limiting the number of missiles in both countries

Falls apart during late 1970s-1980s under Carter & Reagan